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Ismail SHH, Hamdy R, Altaie AM, Fayed B, Dakalbab S, El-Awady R, Soliman SSM. Decoding host cell interaction- and fluconazole-induced metabolic alterations and drug resistance in Candida auris. Mycologia 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39024116 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2363730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging drug-resistant pathogen associated with high mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the metabolic alterations and associated pathogenesis and drug resistance in fluconazole-treated Candida auris-host cell interaction. Compared with controls, secreted metabolites from fluconazole-treated C. auris and fluconazole-treated C. auris-host cell co-culture demonstrated notable anti-Candida activity. Fluconazole caused significant reductions in C. auris cell numbers and aggregated phenotype. Metabolites produced by C. auris with potential fungal colonization, invasion, and host immune evasion effects were identified. Metabolites known to enhance biofilm formation produced during C. auris-host cell interaction were inhibited by fluconazole. Fluconazole enhanced the production of metabolites with biofilm inhibition activity, including behenyl alcohol and decanoic acid. Metabolites with potential Candida growth inhibition activity such as 2-palmitoyl glycerol, 1-tetradecanol, and 1-nonadecene were activated by fluconazole. Different patterns of proinflammatory cytokine expression presented due to fluconazole concentration and host cell type (fibroblasts versus macrophages). This highlights the immune response's complexity, emphasizing the necessity for additional research to comprehend cell-type-specific responses to antifungal therapies. Both host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment increased the expression of CDR1 and ERG11 genes, both associated with drug resistance. This study provides insights into pathogenesis in C. auris due to host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment. Understanding these interactions is crucial for enhancing fluconazole sensitivity and effectively combating C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah H H Ismail
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salam Dakalbab
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Seiser S, Arzani H, Ayub T, Phan-Canh T, Staud C, Worda C, Kuchler K, Elbe-Bürger A. Native human and mouse skin infection models to study Candida auris-host interactions. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105234. [PMID: 37813159 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared certain fungal pathogens as global health threats for the next decade. Candida auris (C. auris) is a newly emerging skin-tropic multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections of high mortality in hospitals and healthcare settings. Here, we address an unmet need and present novel native ex vivo skin models, thus extending previous C. auris-host interaction studies. We exploit histology and immunofluorescence analysis of ex vivo skin biopsies of human adult and fetal, as well as mouse origin infected with C. auris via distinct routes. We demonstrate that an intact skin barrier efficiently protects from C. auris penetration and invasion. Although C. auris readily grows on native human skin, it can reach deeper layers only upon physical disruption of the barrier by needling or through otherwise damaged skin. By contrast, a barrier disruption is not necessary for C. auris penetration of native mouse skin. Importantly, we show that C. auris undergoes morphogenetic changes upon skin penetration, as it acquires pseudohyphal growth phenotypes in deeper human and mouse dermis. Taken together, this new human and mouse skin model toolset yields new insights into C. auris colonization, adhesion, growth and invasion properties of native versus damaged human skin. The results form a crucial basis for future studies on skin immune defense to colonizing pathogens, and offer new options for testing the action and efficacy of topical antimicrobial compound formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Seiser
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hossein Arzani
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya Ayub
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Trinh Phan-Canh
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clement Staud
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Worda
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Cox CA, Manavathu EK, Wakade S, Myntti M, Vazquez JA. Efficacy of biofilm disrupters against Candida auris and other Candida species in monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13684. [PMID: 38214428 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Candida species are now considered global threats by the CDC and WHO. Candida auris specifically is on the critical pathogen threat list along with Candida albicans. In addition, it is not uncommon to find Candida spp. in a mixed culture with bacterial organisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus producing polymicrobial infections. To eradicate these organisms from the environment and from patient surfaces, surface agents such as chlorhexidine (CHD) and Puracyn are used. Biofilm disrupters (BDs) are novel agents with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and have been used in the management of chronic wounds and to sterilise environmental surfaces for the past several years. The goal of this study was to evaluate BDs (BlastX, Torrent, NSSD) and CHD against Candida spp. and S. aureus using zone of inhibition assays, biofilm and time-kill assays. All BDs and CHD inhibited C. auris growth effectively in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, CHD and the BDs showed excellent antimicrobial activity within polymicrobial biofilms. A comparative analysis of the BDs and CHD against C. auris and C. albicans using biofilm kill-curves showed at least 99.999% killing. All three BDs and CHD have excellent activity against different Candida species, including C. auris. However, one isolate of C. auris in a polymicrobial biofilm assay showed resistance/tolerance to CHD, but not to the BDs. The fungicidal activity of these novel agents will be valuable in eradicating surface colonisation of Candida spp, especially C. auris from colonised environmental surfaces and from wounds in colonised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elias K Manavathu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sushama Wakade
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jose A Vazquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Eshawu AB, Ghalsasi VV. Metabolomics of natural samples: A tutorial review on the latest technologies. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300588. [PMID: 37942863 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is the study of metabolites present in a living system. It is a rapidly growing field aimed at discovering novel compounds, studying biological processes, diagnosing diseases, and ensuring the quality of food products. Recently, the analysis of natural samples has become important to explore novel bioactive compounds and to study how environment and genetics affect living systems. Various metabolomics techniques, databases, and data analysis tools are available for natural sample metabolomics. However, choosing the right method can be a daunting exercise because natural samples are heterogeneous and require untargeted approaches. This tutorial review aims to compile the latest technologies to guide an early-career scientist on natural sample metabolomics. First, different extraction methods and their pros and cons are reviewed. Second, currently available metabolomics databases and data analysis tools are summarized. Next, recent research on metabolomics of milk, honey, and microbial samples is reviewed. Finally, after reviewing the latest trends in technologies, a checklist is presented to guide an early-career researcher on how to design a metabolomics project. In conclusion, this review is a comprehensive resource for a researcher planning to conduct their first metabolomics analysis. It is also useful for experienced researchers to update themselves on the latest trends in metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Baba Eshawu
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Vihang Vivek Ghalsasi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
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Alhameed RA, Semreen MH, Hamad M, Giddey AD, Sulaiman A, Al Bataineh MT, Al-Hroub HM, Bustanji Y, Alzoubi KH, Soares NC. Multi-Omics Profiling of Candida albicans Grown on Solid Versus Liquid Media. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2831. [PMID: 38137975 PMCID: PMC10745582 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common pathogenic fungus that presents a challenge to healthcare facilities. It can switch between a yeast cell form that diffuses through the bloodstream to colonize internal organs and a filamentous form that penetrates host mucosa. Understanding the pathogen's strategies for environmental adaptation and, ultimately, survival, is crucial. As a complementary study, herein, a multi-omics analysis was performed using high-resolution timsTOF MS to compare the proteomes and metabolomes of Wild Type (WT) Candida albicans (strain DK318) grown on agar plates versus liquid media. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 1793 proteins and 15,013 peptides. Out of the 1403 identified proteins, 313 proteins were significantly differentially abundant with a p-value < 0.05. Of these, 156 and 157 proteins were significantly increased in liquid and solid media, respectively. Metabolomics analysis identified 192 metabolites in total. The majority (42/48) of the significantly altered metabolites (p-value 0.05 FDR, FC 1.5), mainly amino acids, were significantly higher in solid media, while only 2 metabolites were significantly higher in liquid media. The combined multi-omics analysis provides insight into adaptative morphological changes supporting Candida albicans' life cycle and identifies crucial virulence factors during biofilm formation and bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Abdulsalam Alhameed
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander D. Giddey
- Center for Applied and Translational Genomics, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ashna Sulaiman
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hamza M. Al-Hroub
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Faculdade de Lisboa, NOVA School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Balla N, Jakab Á, Kovács F, Ragyák Á, Tóth Z, Balázsi D, Forgács L, Bozó A, Al Refai F, Borman AM, Majoros L, Kovács R. Total transcriptome analysis of Candida auris planktonic cells exposed to tyrosol. AMB Express 2023; 13:81. [PMID: 37532970 PMCID: PMC10397170 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol, a secondary metabolite of Candida species, regulates fungal morphogenesis, and its application may represent a novel innovative therapy against emerging multi-resistant fungal superbug such as Candida auris. In the current study, the effects of tyrosol on growth, redox homeostasis, intracellular microelement contents and activities of virulence-related enzymes released by C. auris were examined. To gain further information about the effect of tyrosol exposure, we revealed gene transcriptional changes using total transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). At a concentration of 15 mM, tyrosol significantly decrease the growth of fungal cells within 2 h of its addition (5.6 × 107±1.2 × 107 and 2.5 × 107±0.6 × 107 colony forming unit/mL for control and tyrosol-treated cells, respectively). Furthermore, it enhanced the release of reactive oxygen species as confirmed by a dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay (7.3 ± 1.8 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] versus 16.8 ± 3.9 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1]), which was coincided with elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Tyrosol exerted in a 37%, 25%, 34% and 55% decrease in intracellular manganese, iron, zinc and copper contents, respectively, compared to control cells. The tyrosol treatment led to a 142 and 108 differentially transcripted genes with at least a 1.5-fold increase or decrease in transcription, respectively. Genes related to iron and fatty acid metabolism as well as nucleic acid synthesis were down-regulated, whereas those related to the antioxidative defence, adhesion and oxoacid metabolic processes were up-regulated. This study shows that tyrosol significantly influences growth, intracellular physiological processes and gene transcription in C. auris, which could highly support the development of novel treatment approaches against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Balla
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ágota Ragyák
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Agilent Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dávid Balázsi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Lajos Forgács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Aliz Bozó
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Farah Al Refai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRCCMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Fayed B, Lazreg IK, AlHumaidi RB, Qasem MAAA, Alajmy BMGN, Bojbarah FMAM, Senok A, Husseiny MI, Soliman SSM. Intra-clade Heterogeneity in Candida auris: Risk of Management. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:295. [PMID: 37486431 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged as a significant nosocomial fungal pathogen with a high risk of pathogenicity. Since the initial detection of C. auris in 2009, it gained lots of attention with a recent alert by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) due to its high infectivity and drug resistance. Several studies showed the capability of C. auris to secrete lytic enzymes, germinate, and form a biofilm that eventually results in interactions with the host cells, leading to serious infections. Other studies demonstrated a decrease in susceptibility of C. auris strains to available antifungals, which may be caused by mutations within the target genes, or the drug efflux pumps. However, the contribution of C. auris heterogeneity in pathogenicity and drug resistance is not well studied. Here, we shed light on the factors contributing to the development of heterogeneity in C. auris. These include phenotypic changes, biofilm formation, mechanisms of drug resistance, host invasion, mode of transmission, and expression of virulence factors. C. auris exhibits different phenotypes, particularly aggregative, and non-aggregative forms that play an important role in fungal heterogeneity, which significantly affects drug resistance and pathogenicity. Collectively, heterogeneity in C. auris significantly contributes to ineffective treatment, which in turn affects the fungal pathogenicity and drug resistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying reasons for C. auris heterogeneity and applying effective antifungal stewardship could play a major role in controlling this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Imene K Lazreg
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Razan B AlHumaidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Maryam A A A Qasem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Bashayir M Gh N Alajmy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Fatemh M A M Bojbarah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14 Dubai Healthcare City, P.O.Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mohamed I Husseiny
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
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Khan A, Moni SS, Ali M, Mohan S, Jan H, Rasool S, Kamal MA, Alshahrani S, Halawi M, Alhazmi HA. Antifungal Activity of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Candida albicans: An Updated Review. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:15-42. [PMID: 35249516 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220304143332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing continuously worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Fungi, regarded as eukaryotic pathogens, have many similarities to the host cells, which inhibit anti-fungal drug development progress. Various fungal model systems have been studied, and it was concluded that Candida spp. is the most common disease-causing fungus. Candida species are well known to cause infections not only in our mouth, skin, and vagina, but they are also a frequent cause of life-threatening hospital bloodstream infections. The morphological and developmental pathways of Candida have been studied extensively, providing insight into the fungus development. Candida albicans is known to be the most pathogenic species responsible for a variety of infections in humans. Conventional anti-fungal drugs, mainly azoles drugs available in the market, have been used for years developing resistance in C. albicans. Hence, the production of new anti-fungal drugs, which require detailed molecular knowledge of fungal pathogenesis, needs to be encouraged. Therefore, this review targets the new approach of "Green Medicines" or the phytochemicals and their secondary metabolites as a source of novel anti-fungal agents to overcome the drug resistance of C. albicans, their mechanism of action, and their combined effects with the available anti-fungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - M Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Huma Jan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar -190006, J&K, India
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 190001 J&K, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589. Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Halawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Boness HVM, de Sá HC, Dos Santos EKP, Canuto GAB. Sample Preparation in Microbial Metabolomics: Advances and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1439:149-183. [PMID: 37843809 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41741-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolomics has gained significant interest as it reflects the physiological state of microorganisms. Due to the great variability of biological organisms, in terms of physicochemical characteristics and variable range of concentration of metabolites, the choice of sample preparation methods is a crucial step in the metabolomics workflow and will reflect on the quality and reliability of the results generated. The procedures applied to the preparation of microbial samples will vary according to the type of microorganism studied, the metabolomics approach (untargeted or targeted), and the analytical platform of choice. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the sample preparation workflow for microbial metabolomics, highlighting the pre-analytical factors associated with cultivation, harvesting, metabolic quenching, and extraction. Discussions focus on obtaining intracellular and extracellular metabolites. Finally, we introduced advanced sample preparation methods based on automated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiter V M Boness
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Hanna C de Sá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Emile K P Dos Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele A B Canuto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Salvatore MM, Maione A, La Pietra A, Carraturo F, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Andolfi A, Salvatore F, Guida M, Galdiero E. A model for microbial interactions and metabolomic alterations in Candida glabrata-Staphylococcus epidermidis dual-species biofilms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279069. [PMID: 36512606 PMCID: PMC9746963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Candida glabrata and the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis are important biofilm-forming microorganisms responsible of nosocomial infections in patients. In addition to causing single-species disease, these microorganisms are also involved in polymicrobial infections leading to an increased antimicrobial resistance. To expand knowledge about polymicrobial biofilms, in this study we investigate the formation of single- and dual-species biofilms of these two opportunistic pathogens employing several complementary approaches. First, biofilm biomass, biofilm metabolic activity and the microbial composition in single- and dual-species biofilms were assessed and compared. Then, the expression of three genes of C. glabrata and three genes of S. epidermidis positively related to the process of biofilm formation was evaluated. Although S. epidermidis is a stronger biofilm producer than C. glabrata, both biological and genetic data indicate that S. epidermidis growth is inhibited by C. glabrata which dominates the dual-species biofilms. To better understand the mechanisms of the interactions between the two microorganisms, a broad GC-MS metabolomic dataset of extracellular metabolites for planktonic, single- and dual-species biofilm cultures of C. glabrata and S. epidermidis was collected. As demonstrated by Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of GC-MS metabolomic data, planktonic cultures, single- and dual-species biofilms can be sharply differentiated from each other by the nature and levels of an assortment of primary and secondary metabolites secreted in the culture medium. However, according to our data, 2-phenylethanol (secreted by C. glabrata) and the synergistically combined antifungal activity of 3-phenyllactic acid and of the cyclic dipeptide cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Trp) (secreted by S. epidermidis) play a major role in the race of the two microorganisms for predominance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail: (MG); (EG)
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (MG); (EG)
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Metabolic Plasticity of Candida albicans in Response to Different Environmental Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070723. [PMID: 35887478 PMCID: PMC9322845 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous commensal Candida albicans, part of the human microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen able to cause a wide range of diseases, from cutaneous mycoses to life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans adapts to different environments and survives long-time starvation. The ability to switch from yeast to hyphal morphology under specific environmental conditions is associated with its virulence. Using hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we profiled the intracellular and extracellular metabolome of C. albicans kept in water, yeast extract–peptone–dextrose (YPD), and M199 media, at selected temperatures. Experiments were carried out in hypoxia to mimic a condition present in most colonized niches and fungal infection sites. Comparison of the intracellular metabolites measured in YPD and M199 at 37 °C highlighted differences in specific metabolic pathways: (i) alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, (ii) arginine and proline metabolism, (iii) glycerolipid metabolism, attributable to the diverse composition of the media. Moreover, we hypothesized that the subtle differences in the M199 metabolome, observed at 30 °C and 37 °C, are suggestive of modifications propaedeutic to a subsequent transition from yeast to hyphal form. The analysis of the metabolites’ profiles of C. albicans allows envisaging a molecular model to better describe its ability to sense and adapt to environmental conditions.
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Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Citrullus colocynthis Fruits, Growing in the Hot Arid Desert of the UAE, Influenced by the Fruit Parts, Accessions, and Seasons of Fruit Collection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040656. [PMID: 35453341 PMCID: PMC9031273 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae) is an important medicinal plant traditionally used in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In a recent study, it has been reported that different individuals of the same population of C. colocynthis, growing in the hot arid desert of the UAE, exhibited variations in their fruit size, color, and stripe pattern. In addition, these plants differed genetically, and their seeds showed variation in size, color, and germination behavior (hereinafter, these individuals are referred to as accessions). In the present study, the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of different fruit parts (rinds, pulps, and seeds) of three different accessions with significant genetic variations, from a single C. colocynthis population, were assessed in response to different seasonal environments. Green fruits were collected in summer and winter from three accessions growing in the botanic garden of the University of Sharjah, UAE. Methanolic extracts from different fruit parts were prepared. The TPC was qualitatively determined by a Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while the antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging ability. The metabolic profiling of the antioxidant metabolites was determined using a gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS), associated with a literature search. The results showed that the TPC and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity varied between seasons, accessions, and fruit parts. The highest phenolics were in rinds, but the highest antioxidant activities were in seeds during the summer, reflecting the role of these compounds in protecting the developed seeds from harsh environmental conditions. The metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of 28 metabolites with significant antioxidant activities relevant to fruit parts and season. Collectively, the formation of phenolics and antioxidant activity in different fruit parts is environmentally and genetically dependent.
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Fayed B, Kohder G, Soliman SSM. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Candida auris Metabolites. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2517:165-172. [PMID: 35674952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unique metabolic features allow fungi to colonize and persist within the human host. Investigations of unique metabolic fingerprints of a pathogenic fungus can provide a more complete understanding of the infection process and an interpretation of associations between genotype and phenotype. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has proved to be one of the most powerful analytical techniques used for qualitative and quantitative detection of cellular metabolites. This technique has been used for comparative metabolomic analyses of both intracellular and secreted metabolites under variable conditions. This book chapter describes the use of GC-MS in the detection of both intracellular and secreted metabolites from Candida auris, a newly emerging fungal pathogen representing a serious global health threat due to its multidrug resistance profile. The identified fungal metabolites are compared using available software in order to assign a correlation between the pattern of accumulation of metabolites and behavior of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghalia Kohder
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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A. L. Bataineh MT, Soares NC, Semreen MH, Cacciatore S, Dash NR, Hamad M, Mousa MK, Salam JSA, Al Gharaibeh MF, Zerbini LF, Hamad M. Candida albicans PPG1, a serine/threonine phosphatase, plays a vital role in central carbon metabolisms under filament-inducing conditions: A multi-omics approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259588. [PMID: 34874940 PMCID: PMC8651141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the leading cause of life-threatening bloodstream candidiasis, especially among immunocompromised patients. The reversible morphological transition from yeast to hyphal filaments in response to host environmental cues facilitates C. albicans tissue invasion, immune evasion, and dissemination. Hence, it is widely considered that filamentation represents one of the major virulence properties in C. albicans. We have previously characterized Ppg1, a PP2A-type protein phosphatase that controls filament extension and virulence in C. albicans. This study conducted RNA sequencing analysis of samples obtained from C. albicans wild type and ppg1Δ/Δ strains grown under filament-inducing conditions. Overall, ppg1Δ/Δ strain showed 1448 upregulated and 710 downregulated genes, representing approximately one-third of the entire annotated C. albicans genome. Transcriptomic analysis identified significant downregulation of well-characterized genes linked to filamentation and virulence, such as ALS3, HWP1, ECE1, and RBT1. Expression analysis showed that essential genes involved in C. albicans central carbon metabolisms, including GDH3, GPD1, GPD2, RHR2, INO1, AAH1, and MET14 were among the top upregulated genes. Subsequent metabolomics analysis of C. albicans ppg1Δ/Δ strain revealed a negative enrichment of metabolites with carboxylic acid substituents and a positive enrichment of metabolites with pyranose substituents. Altogether, Ppg1 in vitro analysis revealed a link between metabolites substituents and filament formation controlled by a phosphatase to regulate morphogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tahseen A. L. Bataineh
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences at University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College Of Medicine And Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nelson Cruz Soares
- Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences at University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences at University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohamad Hamad
- Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences at University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Muath Khairi Mousa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | | | - Luiz F. Zerbini
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Research Institute for Medical & Health Sciences at University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Altaie AM, Hamdy R, Venkatachalam T, Hamoudi R, Soliman SSM. Estimating the viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity when complicated with periapical lesions. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:567. [PMID: 34749700 PMCID: PMC8573761 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oral cavity represents a main entrance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cells. Both ACE-2 and NRP-1 receptors and TMPRSS2 have been identified in the oral cavity. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of periapical lesions and their metabolites on the expression of these critical genes. This study aims to measure the impact of periapical lesions and their unique fatty acids (FAs) metabolites on the expression of the aforementioned genes, in addition to interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene and hence SARS-CoV-2 infection loads can be estimated. Methods Gene expression of ACE-2, NRP-1, TMPRSS2, and IL-6 was performed in periapical lesions in comparison to healthy oral cavity. Since FAs are important immunomodulators required for the lipid synthesis essential for receptors synthesis and viral replication, comparative FAs profiling was determined in oral lesions and healthy pulp tissues using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effect of major identified and unique FAs was tested on mammalian cells known to express ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 genes. Results Gene expression analysis indicated that ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 were significantly upregulated in healthy clinical samples compared to oral lesions, while the reverse was true with IL-6 gene expression. Saturated and monounsaturated FAs were the major identified shared and unique FAs, respectively. Major shared FAs included palmitic, stearic and myristic acids with the highest percentage in the healthy oral cavity, while unique FAs included 17-octadecynoic acid in periapical abscess, petroselinic acid and l-lactic acid in periapical granuloma, and 1-nonadecene in the radicular cyst. Computational prediction showed that the binding affinity of identified FAs to ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and S protein were insignificant. Further, FA-treated mammalian cells showed significant overexpression of ACE-2, NRP-1 and TMPRSS2 genes except with l-lactic acid and oleic acid caused downregulation of NRP-1 gene, while 17-octadecynoic acid caused insignificant effect. Conclusion Collectively, a healthy oral cavity is more susceptible to viral infection when compared to that complicated with periapical lesions. FAs play important role in viral infection and their balance can affect the viral loads. Shifting the balance towards higher levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene caused significant upregulation of the aforementioned genes and hence higher viral loads. On the other hand, there is a reverse correlation between inflammation and expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. Therefore, a mouth preparation that can reduce the levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene, while maintaining an immunomodulatory effect can be employed as a future protection strategy against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Muayad Altaie
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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Altaie AM, Venkatachalam T, Samaranayake LP, Soliman SSM, Hamoudi R. Comparative Metabolomics Reveals the Microenvironment of Common T-Helper Cells and Differential Immune Cells Linked to Unique Periapical Lesions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707267. [PMID: 34539639 PMCID: PMC8446658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periapical abscesses, radicular cysts, and periapical granulomas are the most frequently identified pathological lesions in the alveolar bone. While little is known about the initiation and progression of these conditions, the metabolic environment and the related immunological behaviors were examined for the first time to model the development of each pathological condition. Metabolites were extracted from each lesion and profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with healthy pulp tissue. The metabolites were clustered and linked to their related immune cell fractions. Clusters I and J in the periapical abscess upregulated the expression of MMP-9, IL-8, CYP4F3, and VEGF, while clusters L and M were related to lipophagy and apoptosis in radicular cyst, and cluster P in periapical granuloma, which contains L-(+)-lactic acid and ethylene glycol, was related to granuloma formation. Oleic acid, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-nonadecene, and L-(+)-lactic acid were significantly the highest unique metabolites in healthy pulp tissue, periapical abscess, radicular cyst, and periapical granuloma, respectively. The correlated enriched metabolic pathways were identified, and the related active genes were predicted. Glutamatergic synapse (16–20),-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, lipophagy, and retinoid X receptor coupled with vitamin D receptor were the most significantly enriched pathways in healthy control, abscess, cyst, and granuloma, respectively. Compared with the healthy control, significant upregulation in the gene expression of CYP4F3, VEGF, IL-8, TLR2 (P < 0.0001), and MMP-9 (P < 0.001) was found in the abscesses. While IL-12A was significantly upregulated in cysts (P < 0.01), IL-17A represents the highest significantly upregulated gene in granulomas (P < 0.0001). From the predicted active genes, CIBERSORT suggested the presence of natural killer cells, dendritic cells, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in different proportions. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphisms related to IL-10, IL-12A, and IL-17D genes were shown to be associated with periapical lesions and other oral lesions. Collectively, the unique metabolism and related immune response shape up an environment that initiates and maintains the existence and progression of these oral lesions, suggesting an important role in diagnosis and effective targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Muayad Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lakshman P Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Analysis of Volatile Molecules Present in the Secretome of the Fungal Pathogen Candida glabrata. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133881. [PMID: 34202061 PMCID: PMC8270331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis are the four most common human fungal pathogens isolated that can cause superficial and invasive infections. It has been shown that specific metabolites present in the secretomes of these fungal pathogens are important for their virulence. C. glabrata is the second most common isolate world-wide and has an innate resistance to azoles, xenobiotics and oxidative stress that allows this fungal pathogen to evade the immune response and persist within the host. Here, we analyzed and compared the C. glabrata secretome with those of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In C. glabrata, we identified a different number of metabolites depending on the growth media: 12 in synthetic complete media (SC), 27 in SC-glutamic acid and 23 in rich media (YPD). C. glabrata specific metabolites are 1-dodecene (0.09 ± 0.11%), 2,5-dimethylundecane (1.01 ± 0.19%), 3,7-dimethyldecane (0.14 ± 0.15%), and octadecane (0.4 ± 0.53%). The metabolites that are shared with C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and S. cerevisiae are phenylethanol, which is synthesized from phenylalanine, and eicosane and nonanoic acid (identified as trimethylsilyl ester), which are synthesized from fatty acid metabolism. Phenylethanol is the most abundant metabolite in all fungi tested: 26.36 ± 17.42% (C. glabrata), 46.77 ± 15.58% (C. albicans), 49.76 ± 18.43% (C. tropicalis), 5.72 ± 0.66% (C. parapsilosis.) and 44.58 ± 27.91% (S. cerevisiae). The analysis of C. glabrata's secretome will allow us to further our understanding of the possible role these metabolites could play in its virulence.
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Critical discovery and synthesis of novel antibacterial and resistance-modifying agents inspired by plant phytochemical defense mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109318. [PMID: 33186599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is at increasing risk worldwide since it is threatening the ability to control common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and death. Herein, we inspired by the effective plant phytochemical mechanisms evolved to overcome microbial pathogenesis and evolved resistance. Cuminaldehyde is previously reported as the main antibacterial component in Calligonum comosum essential oil. The toxicity of cuminaldehyde limits its medical application for human use. On the other hand, compared to cuminaldehyde, the plant total extract showed similar antibacterial activities, while maintained lower toxicity, although it contains 22 times less cuminaldehyde. Thus, we assumed that other components in the plant extracts specifically affect bacteria but not mammalian cells. Bioassay-guided fractionations combined with comparative metabolomics analysis of different plant extracts were employed. The results revealed the presence of bacterial species-specific phytochemicals. Cinnamyl linoleate and linoleic acid enhanced the antibacterial activities of cuminaldehyde and ampicillin against S. aureus including MRSA, while decanal and cinnamyl linoleate enhanced the activities against E. coli. Computational modeling and enzyme inhibition assays indicated that cinnamyl linoleate selectively bind to bacterial ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, an important enzyme involved in the virulence and resistance of multidrug resistant bacteria. The results obtained can be employed for the future preparation of pharmaceutical formula containing cinnamyl linoleate in order to overcome evolved multidrug resistance behaviors by microbes.
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Domenick TM, Gill EL, Vedam-Mai V, Yost RA. Mass Spectrometry-Based Cellular Metabolomics: Current Approaches, Applications, and Future Directions. Anal Chem 2020; 93:546-566. [PMID: 33146525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Domenick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Emily L Gill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126621. [PMID: 33096325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is a worrisome fungal pathogen of humans which emerged merely about a decade ago. Ever since then the scientific community worked hard to understand clinically relevant traits, such as virulence factors, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and its ability to adhere to human skin and medical devices. Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates and epidemiological studies outlining the path of nosocomial outbreaks have been the focus of research into this pathogenic and multidrug-resistant yeast since its first description in 2009. More recently, work was started by several laboratories to explore the biology of C. auris. Here, we review the insights of studies characterizing the mechanisms underpinning antifungal drug resistance, biofilm formation, morphogenetic switching, cell aggregation, virulence, and pathogenicity of C. auris. We conclude that, although some progress has been made, there is still a long journey ahead of us, before we fully understand this novel pathogen. Critically important is the development of molecular tools for C. auris to make this fungus genetically tractable and traceable. This will allow an in-depth molecular dissection of the life cycle of C. auris, of its characteristics while interacting with the human host, and the mechanisms it employs to avoid being killed by antifungals and the immune system.
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22
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Fun(gi)omics: Advanced and Diverse Technologies to Explore Emerging Fungal Pathogens and Define Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01020-20. [PMID: 33024032 PMCID: PMC7542357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01020-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of infectious fungal agents includes previously unidentified or rare pathogens with the potential to cause unprecedented casualties in biodiversity, food security, and human health. The influences of human activity, including the crisis of climate change, along with globalized transport, are underlying factors shaping fungal adaptation to increased temperature and expanded geographical regions. Furthermore, the emergence of novel antifungal-resistant strains linked to excessive use of antifungals (in the clinic) and fungicides (in the field) offers an additional challenge to protect major crop staples and control dangerous fungal outbreaks. The landscape of infectious fungal agents includes previously unidentified or rare pathogens with the potential to cause unprecedented casualties in biodiversity, food security, and human health. The influences of human activity, including the crisis of climate change, along with globalized transport, are underlying factors shaping fungal adaptation to increased temperature and expanded geographical regions. Furthermore, the emergence of novel antifungal-resistant strains linked to excessive use of antifungals (in the clinic) and fungicides (in the field) offers an additional challenge to protect major crop staples and control dangerous fungal outbreaks. Hence, the alarming frequency of fungal infections in medical and agricultural settings requires effective research to understand the virulent nature of fungal pathogens and improve the outcome of infection in susceptible hosts. Mycology-driven research has benefited from a contemporary and unified approach of omics technology, deepening the biological, biochemical, and biophysical understanding of these emerging fungal pathogens. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art multi-omics technologies, explore the power of data integration strategies, and highlight discovery-based revelations of globally important and taxonomically diverse fungal pathogens. This information provides new insight for emerging pathogens through an in-depth understanding of well-characterized fungi and provides alternative therapeutic strategies defined through novel findings of virulence, adaptation, and resistance.
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23
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Soliman SSM, Alhamidi TB, Abdin S, Almehdi AM, Semreen MH, Alhumaidi RB, Shakartalla SB, Haider M, Husseiny MI, Omar HA. Effective targeting of breast cancer cells (MCF7) via novel biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using cancer-derived metabolites. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240156. [PMID: 33022008 PMCID: PMC7537904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles provides many advantages over synthetic nanoparticles including clean and non-toxic approaches. Nanoparticle-based application for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics is a promising field that requires further enrichment and investigation. The use of biological systems for the generation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been extensively studied. The search for a biocompatibility approach for the development of nanoparticles is of great interest since it can provide more targeting and less toxicity. Here, we reported a bio-reductive approach of gold to AuNPs using metabolites extracted from mammalian cells, which provided a simple and efficient way for the synthesis of nanomaterials. AuNPs were more efficiently synthesized by the metabolites extracted from breast cancer (MCF7) and normal fibroblasts (F180) cells when compared to metabolites extracted from cell-free supernatants. The metabolites involved in biogenic synthesis are mainly alcohols and acids. Spectroscopic characterization using UV-visible spectra, morphological characterization using electron microscopy and structural characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the AuNPs synthesis from mammalian cells metabolites. AuNPs generated from MCF7 cells metabolites showed significant anticancer activities against MCF7 and low toxicity when compared to those generated from F180 cells metabolites. The results reflected the cytotoxic activities of the parent metabolites extracted from MCF7 versus those extracted from F180. Comparative metabolomics analysis indicated that MCF7-generated AuNPs harbored tetratetracontane, octacosane, and cyclotetradecane while those generated from F180 harbored a high percentage of stearic, palmitic, heptadecanoic acid. We related the variation in cytotoxic activities between cell types to the differences in AuNPs-harboring metabolites. The process used in this study to develop the nanoparticles is novel and should have useful future anticancer applications mainly because of proper specific targeting to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Tasneem B. Alhamidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shifaa Abdin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ahmed M. Almehdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Razan B. Alhumaidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Husseiny
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Hany A. Omar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Brandt
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Garbe
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Slavena Vylkova
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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25
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Nagy F, Vitális E, Jakab Á, Borman AM, Forgács L, Tóth Z, Majoros L, Kovács R. In vitro and in vivo Effect of Exogenous Farnesol Exposure Against Candida auris. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 32508780 PMCID: PMC7251031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spreading of multidrug-resistant Candida auris is considered as an emerging global health threat. The number of effective therapeutic regimens is strongly limited; therefore, development of novel strategies is needed. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule with a potential antifungal and/or adjuvant effect; it may be a promising candidate in alternative treatment against Candida species including C. auris. To examine the effect of farnesol on C. auris, we performed experiments focusing on growth, biofilm production ability, production of enzymes related to oxidative stress, triazole susceptibility and virulence. Concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μM farnesol caused a significant growth inhibition against C. auris planktonic cells for 24 h (p < 0.01-0.05). Farnesol treatment showed a concentration dependent inhibition in terms of biofilm forming ability of C. auris; however, it did not inhibit significantly the biofilm development at 24 h. Nevertheless, the metabolic activity of adhered farnesol pre-exposed cells (75 μM) was significantly diminished at 24 h depending on farnesol treatment during biofilm formation (p < 0.001-0.05). Moreover, 300 μM farnesol exerted a marked decrease in metabolic activity against one-day-old biofilms between 2 and 24 h (p < 0.001). Farnesol increased the production of reactive species remarkably, as revealed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay {3.96 ± 0.89 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] and 23.54 ± 4.51 [nmol DCF (OD640)-1] for untreated cells and farnesol exposed cells, respectively; p < 0.001}. This was in line with increased superoxide dismutase level {85.69 ± 5.42 [munit (mg protein)-1] and 170.11 ± 17.37 [munit (mg protein)-1] for untreated cells and farnesol exposed cells, respectively; p < 0.001}, but the catalase level remained statistically comparable between treated and untreated cells (p > 0.05). Concerning virulence-related enzymes, exposure to 75 μM farnesol did not influence phospholipase or aspartic proteinase activity (p > 0.05). The interaction between fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole and farnesol showed clear synergism (FICI ranges from 0.038 to 0.375) against one-day-old biofilms. Regarding in vivo experiments, daily 75 μM farnesol treatment decreased the fungal burden in an immunocompromised murine model of disseminated candidiasis, especially in case of inocula pre-exposed to farnesol (p < 0.01). In summary, farnesol shows a promising therapeutic or adjuvant potential in traditional or alternative therapies such as catheter lock therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Vitális
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Hospital Hygiene Ward, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrew M Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lajos Forgács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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26
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Farnesol and Tyrosol: Secondary Metabolites with a Crucial quorum-sensing Role in Candida Biofilm Development. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040444. [PMID: 32325685 PMCID: PMC7231263 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When living in biological and interactive communities, microorganisms use quorum-sensing mechanisms for their communication. According to cell density, bacteria and fungi can produce signaling molecules (e.g., secondary metabolites), which participate, for example, in the regulation of gene expression and coordination of collective behavior in their natural niche. The existence of these secondary metabolites plays a main role in competence, colonization of host tissues and surfaces, morphogenesis, and biofilm development. Therefore, for the design of new antibacterials or antifungals and understanding on how these mechanisms occur, to inhibit the secretion of quorum-sensing (e.g., farnesol and tyrosol) molecules leading the progress of microbial infections seems to be an interesting option. In yeasts, farnesol has a main role in the morphological transition, inhibiting hyphae production in a concentration-dependent manner, while tyrosol has a contrary function, stimulating transition from spherical cells to germ tube form. It is beyond doubt that secretion of both molecules by fungi has not been fully described, but specific meaning for their existence has been found. This brief review summarizes the important function of these two compounds as signaling chemicals participating mainly in Candida morphogenesis and regulatory mechanisms.
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Chakrabarti A, Singh S. Multidrug-resistant Candida auris: an epidemiological review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:551-562. [PMID: 32237924 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1750368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Since the emergence of Candida auris infection in 2009, the disease has been reported from multiple countries within a decade. The infection is classified under urgent threat, as it is multi-drug resistant, causes high mortality, spreads easily in hospital setting and is difficult to identify. Whole-genome sequencing has provided insights into this organisms biology and epidemiology. A comprehensive review of those issues would help the clinicians and scientists facing C. auris infection.Areas covered: We reviewed the epidemiological trends of C. auris infection, including the genomic epidemiology based on an electronic search using Pubmed and Google scholar. We also discuss the biology, virulence attributes of this pathogen, its clinical presentations and associated risk factors. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance known so far are also described in addition to factors involved in the nosocomial transmission, environmental survival and ecology of C. auris.Expert opinion: Despite the attention of multiple researchers evaluating every aspect of this organism and its epidemiology, there are several gaps in tracing its origin and understanding the dynamics of nosocomial transmission and global spread. Multidisciplinary, coordinated studies are required to understand the biology, ecology, method of survival and spread of the organism in healthcare setup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Essential Oil-Based Design and Development of Novel Anti- Candida Azoles Formulation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061463. [PMID: 32213931 PMCID: PMC7146627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida is the most common fungal class, causing both superficial and invasive diseases in humans. Although Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, C. auris is a new emergent serious pathogen causing complications similar to those of C. albicans. Both C. albicans and C. auris are associated with high mortality rates, mainly because of their multidrug-resistance patterns against most available antifungal drugs. Although several compounds were designed against C. albicans, very few or none were tested on C. auris. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel effective antifungal drugs that can accommodate not only C. albicans, but also other Candida spp., particularly newly emergent one, including C. auris. Inspired by the significant broad-spectrum antifungal activities of the essential oil cuminaldehyde and the reported wide incorporation of azoles in the antifungal drugs, a series of compounds (UoST1-11) was designed and developed. The new compounds were designed to overcome the toxicity of the aldehyde group of cuminaldehyde and benefit from the antifungal selectivity of azoles. The new developed UoST compounds showed significant anti-Candida activities against both Candida species. The best candidate compound, UoST5, was further formulated into polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The new formula, UoST5-NPs, showed similar activities to the nanoparticles-free drug, while providing only 25% release after 24 h, maintainng prolonged activity up to 48 h and affording no toxicity. In conclusion, new azole formulations with significantly enhanced activities against C. albicans and C. auris, while maintaining prolonged action and no toxicities at lower concentrations, were developed.
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Kean R, Brown J, Gulmez D, Ware A, Ramage G. Candida auris: A Decade of Understanding of an Enigmatic Pathogenic Yeast. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010030. [PMID: 32110970 PMCID: PMC7150997 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an enigmatic yeast that continues to stimulate interest within the mycology community due its rapid and simultaneous emergence of distinct clades. In the last decade, almost 400 manuscripts have contributed to our understanding of this pathogenic yeast. With dynamic epidemiology, elevated resistance levels and an indication of conserved and unique pathogenic traits, it is unsurprising that it continues to cause clinical concern. This mini-review aims to summarise some of the key attributes of his remarkable pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kean
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Jason Brown
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
| | - Dolunay Gulmez
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Alicia Ware
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)141 211 9752
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