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Murphy K, Tasoulis T, Dunstan N, Isbister GK. Anticoagulant activity in Australasian elapid snake venoms and neutralisation with antivenom and varespladib. Toxicon 2024; 247:107836. [PMID: 38945217 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The venoms of Australasian elapid snakes are known to possess coagulant activity, including some with strong procoagulant activity and others with anticoagulant activity, although the latter are less well known. This study investigates the anticoagulant activity of Australasian elapid snake venoms, and whether this activity is neutralised by commercial snake antivenom and varespladib (PLA2 inhibiting agent). Clotting assays were completed for 34 species of Australasian elapids. Antivenom neutralisation assays with tiger snake antivenom (TSAV) were performed on five species to determine if there was cross-neutralisation. Varespladib neutralisation assays were also completed for the same five species. All Pseudechis species venoms had anticoagulant activity, except P. porphyriacus, which was procoagulant. Pseudechis species venoms had similar anticoagulant potency ranging from the most potent P. colletti venom to the least potent P. butleri venom. The three Austrelaps (copperhead) species venoms were the next most potent anticoagulants. Six further snakes, Elapognathus coronatus, Acanthophis pyrrhus, A. antarcticus, Suta suta, Denisonia devisi and D. maculata, had weaker anticoagulant activity, except for D. maculata which had similar anticoagulant activity to Pseudechis species. Tiger Snake Antivenom (1200mU/mL) neutralised the anticoagulant effect of P. australis for concentrations up to 1 mg/mL. TSAV (1200mU/mL) also neutralised P. colletti, D. maculata, A. superbus and A. pyrrhus venoms at their EC50, demonstrating cross neutralisation. Varespladib neutralised the anticoagulant effect of P. australis venom at 5 μM and for venoms of P. colletti, D. maculata, A. superbus and A. pyrrhus. We found anticoagulant activity to be present in six genera of Australasian snakes at low concentrations, which can be completely neutralised by both antivenom and varespladib. Anticoagulant activity in Australian elapid venoms was associated with species possessing high PLA2 activity without procoagulant snake venom serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Murphy
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theo Tasoulis
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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2
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Jamal GA, Jahangirian E, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Tarrahimofrad H, Alikowsarzadeh N. Proteases, a powerful biochemical tool in the service of medicine, clinical and pharmaceutical. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38909284 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir A Jamal
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Molecular, Zist Tashkhis Farda Company (tBioDx), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Alikowsarzadeh
- Molecular and Life Science Department, Han University of Applied Science, Arnhem, Nederland
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3
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Abiola J, Berg AM, Aiyelaagbe O, Adeyi A, König S. Dabsylated Bradykinin Is Cleaved by Snake Venom Proteases from Echis ocellatus. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1027. [PMID: 38790989 PMCID: PMC11118064 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The vasoactive peptide bradykinin (BK) is an important member of the renin-angiotensin system. Its discovery is tightly interwoven with snake venom research, because it was first detected in plasma following the addition of viper venom. While the fact that venoms liberate BK from a serum globulin fraction is well described, its destruction by the venom has largely gone unnoticed. Here, BK was found to be cleaved by snake venom metalloproteinases in the venom of Echis ocellatus, one of the deadliest snakes, which degraded its dabsylated form (DBK) in a few minutes after Pro7 (RPPGFSP↓FR). This is a common cleavage site for several mammalian proteases such as ACE, but is not typical for matrix metalloproteinases. Residual protease activity < 5% after addition of EDTA indicated that DBK is also cleaved by serine proteases to a minor extent. Mass spectrometry-based protein analysis provided spectral proof for several peptides of zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like Eoc1, disintegrin EO4A, and three serine proteases in the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Abiola
- IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Röntgenstr. 21, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.A.)
- Organic Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Anna Maria Berg
- IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Röntgenstr. 21, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.A.)
| | - Olapeju Aiyelaagbe
- Organic Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Akindele Adeyi
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Simone König
- IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Röntgenstr. 21, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.A.)
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4
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Lai R, Yan S, Wang S, Yang S, Yan Z, Lan P, Wang Y, Li Q, Wang J, Wang W, Ma Y, Liang Z, Zhang J, Zhou N, Han X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Zhao X, Zhang G, Zhu H, Yu X, Lyu C. The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites. World J Emerg Med 2024; 15:333-355. [PMID: 39290598 PMCID: PMC11402871 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2009, the World Health Organization included snakebite on the list of neglected tropical diseases, acknowledging it as a common occupational hazard for farmers, plantation workers, and others, causing tens of thousands of deaths and chronic physical disabilities every year. This guideline aims to provide practical information to help clinical professionals evaluate and treat snakebite victims. These recommendations are based on clinical experience and clinical research evidence. This guideline focuses on the following topics: snake venom, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis, treatments, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Lai
- Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shijiao Yan
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Surgery Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Emergency Department, Chongqing University Central Hospital/Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhangren Yan
- Department of Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Pin Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University/Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Yonggao Wang
- General Surgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qi Li
- Emergency Department, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Emergency Department, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 408000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Emergency Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zijing Liang
- Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Emergency Department , Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Emergency Department, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524037, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- Emergency Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Xinchao Zhang
- Emergency Department, National Geriatrics Center of Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Emergency Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Emergency Department, the Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, BeiJing 100730, China
| | - Xuezhong Yu
- Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, BeiJing 100730, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lyu
- Emergency Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences/Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
- Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU013), Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Tippett Barr BA, Brown G, Perry M, Ridzon R, Warrell DA. Sudden death after a bite by a lowland swamp viper (Proatheris superciliaris) in Malawi: Dying of fright? Toxicon 2023; 235:107324. [PMID: 37838003 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Proatheris superciliaris, the lowland swamp viper, has a limited distribution along lakeshores and rivers in Malawi, Southern Tanzania, and central Mozambique. Its venom is known to be procoagulant. Only five P. superciliaris bites have been reported, all inflicted by captive snakes, and none was fatal. Here we present a case of sudden death following a bite by Proatheris superciliaris in rural Malawi that cannot be attributed to envenoming. A healthy 32-year-old woman was planting rice in a flooded rice paddy field when she suddenly told her sister in a quiet voice that she had been bitten by a snake. She then collapsed face-upwards into the ankle-deep water. She remained motionless while her sister and uncle carried her out of the rice paddy onto dry land a few meters away. The victim did not regain consciousness. Her uncle heard one exhalation but no further breathing. The snake responsible was killed by a friend. Although the venom of this species can cause life-threatening coagulopathy, this woman's death occurred too rapidly to be attributable to envenoming. Only two explanations seem plausible: anaphylaxis, or vasovagal shock triggered by fear. In the present case, the victim died within minutes of the bite, closely observed by her anxious relatives, but showed no features of anaphylaxis. In Malawi, as in much of sub-Saharan Africa, many people are reportedly terrified of snakes, believing that bites by almost any species can cause rapid death. In this case, death occurred less than 2 min after a bite from Proatheris superciliaris. We believe that the cause of death was most likely a severe vasovagal attack, in response to the fear and pain of the snakebite that triggered vasodilatation, bradycardia, and hypotension leading to cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mike Perry
- African Reptiles & Venom, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renee Ridzon
- Nyanja Health Research Institute, PO Box 579, Salima, Malawi
| | - David A Warrell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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6
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Messadi E. Snake Venom Components as Therapeutic Drugs in Ischemic Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1539. [PMID: 37892221 PMCID: PMC10605524 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD), especially myocardial infarction (MI), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although coronary reperfusion is the most straightforward treatment for limiting the MI size, it has nevertheless been shown to exacerbate ischemic myocardial injury. Therefore, identifying and developing therapeutic strategies to treat IHD is a major medical challenge. Snake venoms contain biologically active proteins and peptides that are of major interest for pharmacological applications in the cardiovascular system (CVS). This has led to their use for the development and design of new drugs, such as the first-in-class angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, developed from a peptide present in Bothrops jararaca snake venom. This review discusses the potential usefulness of snake venom toxins for developing effective treatments against IHD and related diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. It describes their biological effects at the molecular scale, their mechanisms of action according to their different pharmacological properties, as well as their subsequent molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. The molecules reported here have either been approved for human medical use and are currently available on the drug market or are still in the clinical or preclinical developmental stages. The information summarized here may be useful in providing insights into the development of future snake venom-derived drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erij Messadi
- Plateforme de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaires (P2C), Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques (LR20IPT01), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
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7
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Ferreira I, Oliveira I, Bordon K, Reis M, Wiezel G, Sanchez C, Santos L, Santos-Filho N, Pucca M, Antunes L, Lopes D, Arantes E. Beyond Angiogenesis: The Multitasking Approach of the First PEGylated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( CdtVEGF) from Brazilian Rattlesnake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:483. [PMID: 37624240 PMCID: PMC10467076 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A pioneering study regarding the isolation, biochemical evaluation, functional assays and first PEGylation report of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtVEGF and PEG-CdtVEGF). CdtVEGF was isolated from crude venom using two different chromatographic steps, representing 2% of soluble venom proteins. Its primary sequence was determined using mass spectrometry analysis, and the molecule demonstrated no affinity to heparin. The Brazilian crotalid antivenom recognized CdtVEGF. Both native and PEGylated CdtVEGF were able to induce new vessel formation and migration, and to increase the metabolic activity of human umbilical endothelial vascular cells (HUVEC), resulting in better wound closure (~50% within 12 h) using the native form. CdtVEGF induced leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity in mice, with a predominance of neutrophil influx followed by lymphocytes, demonstrating the ability to activate the immune system. The molecule also induced a dose-dependent increase in vascular permeability, and PEG-CdtVEGF showed less in vivo inflammatory activity than CdtVEGF. By unraveling the intricate properties of minor components of snake venom like svVEGF, this study illuminates the indispensable significance of exploring these molecular tools to unveil physiological and pathological processes, elucidates the mechanisms of snakebite envenomings, and could possibly be used to design a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Mouzarllem Reis
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Wiezel
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Santos
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 40110-909, BA, Brazil
| | - Norival Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuela Pucca
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara 14800-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Lopes
- Institute Multidisciplinary in Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 40110-909, BA, Brazil
| | - Eliane Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
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Tansuwannarat P, Tongpoo A, Phongsawad S, Sriapha C, Wananukul W, Trakulsrichai S. A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cobra Envenomation: Clinical Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:468. [PMID: 37505737 PMCID: PMC10467073 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of envenomation involving cobra species in Thailand (Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, and Naja sumatrana). Data of patients who had been bitten by a cobra or inoculated via the eyes/skin in 2018-2021 were obtained from the Ramathibodi Poison Center. There were 1045 patients admitted during the 4-year study period (bite, n = 539; ocular/dermal inoculation, n = 506). Almost all patients with ocular/dermal inoculation had eye involvement and ocular injuries, but none had neurological effects. Most of the patients bitten by a cobra had local effects (69.0%) and neurological signs and symptoms (55.7%). The median interval between the bite and the onset of neurological symptoms was 1 h (range, 10 min to 24 h). Accordingly, patients should be observed closely in hospitals for at least 24 h after a bite. Intubation with ventilator support was required in 45.5% of patients and for a median duration of 1.1 days. Antivenom was administered in 63.5% of cases. There were nine deaths, most of which resulted from severe infection. Neurological effects and intubation were significantly more common after a monocled cobra bite than after a spitting cobra bite. The administration of antivenom with good supportive care, including the appropriate management of complications, especially wound infection, might decrease fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phantakan Tansuwannarat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10540, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.P.)
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.T.); (C.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Achara Tongpoo
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.T.); (C.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Suraphong Phongsawad
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10540, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Charuwan Sriapha
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.T.); (C.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.T.); (C.S.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (A.T.); (C.S.); (W.W.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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9
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Naik SB. Intravenous snake bite: A catastrophic snake envenomation. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:239-245. [PMID: 37417008 PMCID: PMC10445712 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid onset of life-threatening clinical manifestations in venomous snake bite could be due to an intravenous bite. This article seeks to review and consider the clinical implications, pathophysiology, and management of this rare route of snake envenomation broadly by venomous snakes which are little described in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadananda B. Naik
- Senior Physician, Alva's Health Centre, Moodabidri, Karnataka, India
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10
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Figueiredo RG, Guerreiro MLDS, Azevedo E, de Moura MS, Trindade SC, de Bessa J, Biondi I. Pathophysiological and Clinical Significance of Crotalus durissus cascavella Venom-Induced Pulmonary Impairment in a Murine Model. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:282. [PMID: 37104220 PMCID: PMC10141213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotalus venom has broad biological activity, including neurotoxic, myotoxic, hematologic, and cytotoxic compounds that induce severe systemic repercussions. We evaluated the pathophysiological and clinical significance of Crotalus durissus cascavella (Cdc) venom-induced pulmonary impairment in mice. We conducted a randomized experimental study, involving 72 animals intraperitoneally inoculated with saline solution in the control group (CG), as well as venom in the experimental group (EG). The animals were euthanized at predetermined intervals (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h), and lung fragments were collected for H&E and Masson histological analysis. The CG did not present inflammatory alterations in pulmonary parenchyma. In the EG, interstitial and alveolar swelling, necrosis, septal losses followed by alveolar distensions, and areas of atelectasis in the pulmonary parenchyma were observed after three hours. The EG morphometric analysis presented pulmonary inflammatory infiltrates at all time intervals, being more significant at three and six (p = 0.035) and six and 12 h (p = 0.006). The necrosis zones were significant at intervals of one and 24 h (p = 0.001), one and 48 h (p = 0.001), and three and 48 h (p = 0.035). Crotalus durissus cascavella venom induces a diffuse, heterogeneous, and acute inflammatory injury in the pulmonary parenchyma, with potential clinical implications for respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. The early recognition and prompt treatment of this condition are essential to prevent further lung injury and to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lázaro da Silva Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Animais Peçonhentos e Herpetologia (LAPH), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Azevedo
- Laboratório de Animais Peçonhentos e Herpetologia (LAPH), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Souza de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Soraya Castro Trindade
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - José de Bessa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratório de Animais Peçonhentos e Herpetologia (LAPH), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
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Venom comparisons of endemic and micro-endemic speckled rattlesnakes Crotalus mitchellii, C. polisi and C. thalassoporus from Baja California Peninsula. Toxicon 2023; 224:107030. [PMID: 36649760 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A high diversity of rattlesnake species can be found in the Baja California peninsula and the island of the Gulf of California, nevertheless, their venom has been poorly evaluated. The aim of this work was to present the first characterization of endemic Crotalus mitchellii, micro endemic C. polisi and C. thalassoporus venoms. All samples provoke human plasma coagulation showing doses in the rank of 2.3-41.0 μg and also produce rapid hydrolysis of the alpha chain of bovine fibrinogen while the beta chain is attacked at larger incubation periods by C. polisi and especially by C. thalassoporus. Phospholipase activity ranging from 23.2 to 173.8 U/mg. The venoms of C. thalassoporus and C. polisi show very high hemorrhagic activity (from 0.03 to 0.31 μg). A total of 130 toxin-related proteins were identified and classified into ten families. Crotalus mitchellii venom was characterized by high abundance of crotoxin-like and other phospholipase proteins (34.5%) and serine proteinases (29.8%). Crotalus polisi showed a similar proportion of metalloproteinases (34%) and serine proteinases (22.8%) components with important contribution of C-type lectins (14.3%) and CRiSP (14.0%) proteins. Venom of C. thalassoporus is dominated by metalloproteases that amount to more than 66% of total toxin proteins. These results provide a foundation for comprehending the biological, ecological and evolutionary significance of venom composition of speckled rattlesnake from the Baja California peninsula.
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Batroxin I: A Novel Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptide with Cytotoxic Activity Isolated from Bothrops atrox Snake Venom. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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A current perspective on snake venom composition and constituent protein families. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:133-153. [PMID: 36437303 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are heterogeneous mixtures of proteins and peptides used for prey subjugation. With modern proteomics there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge of snake venom composition, resulting in the venom proteomes of 30% of vipers and 17% of elapids being characterised. From the reasonably complete proteomic coverage of front-fanged snake venom composition (179 species-68 species of elapids and 111 species of vipers), the venoms of vipers and elapids contained 42 different protein families, although 18 were only reported in < 5% of snake species. Based on the mean abundance and occurrence of the 42 protein families, they can be classified into 4 dominant, 6 secondary, 14 minor, and 18 rare protein families. The dominant, secondary and minor categories account for 96% on average of a snake's venom composition. The four dominant protein families are: phospholipase A2 (PLA2), snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP), three-finger toxins (3FTx), and snake venom serine protease (SVSP). The six secondary protein families are: L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRiSP), C-type lectins (CTL), disintegrins (DIS), kunitz peptides (KUN), and natriuretic peptides (NP). Venom variation occurs at all taxonomic levels, including within populations. The reasons for venom variation are complex, as variation is not always associated with geographical variation in diet. The four dominant protein families appear to be the most important toxin families in human envenomation, being responsible for coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, myotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Proteomic techniques can be used to investigate the toxicological profile of a snake venom and hence identify key protein families for antivenom immunorecognition.
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Bernasconi L, Schicchi A, Pirozzolo R, Negrini V, Scaravaggi G, Lonati D, Petrolini VM, Locatelli CA. Coronary thrombosis after European adder bite in a patient on dual antiplatelet therapy: A case report. Toxicon 2022; 220:106961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gonçalves-Machado L, Verçoza BRF, Nogueira FCS, Melani RD, Domont GB, Rodrigues SP, Rodrigues JCF, Zingali RB. Extracellular Vesicles from Bothrops jararaca Venom Are Diverse in Structure and Protein Composition and Interact with Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110806. [PMID: 36422980 PMCID: PMC9698812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex cocktails of non-toxic and toxic molecules that work synergistically for the envenoming outcome. Alongside the immediate consequences, chronic manifestations and long-term sequelae can occur. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were found in snake venom. EVs mediate cellular communication through long distances, delivering proteins and nucleic acids that modulate the recipient cell's function. However, the biological roles of snake venom EVs, including possible cross-organism communication, are still unknown. This knowledge may expand the understanding of envenoming mechanisms. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the EVs from Bothrops jararaca venom (Bj-EVs), giving insights into their biological roles. Fresh venom was submitted to differential centrifugation, resulting in two EV populations with typical morphology and size range. Several conserved EV markers and a subset of venom related EV markers, represented mainly by processing enzymes, were identified by proteomic analysis. The most abundant protein family observed in Bj-EVs was 5'-nucleotidase, known to be immunosuppressive and a low abundant and ubiquitous toxin in snake venoms. Additionally, we demonstrated that mammalian cells efficiently internalize Bj-EVs. The commercial antibothropic antivenom partially recognizes Bj-EVs and inhibits cellular EV uptake. Based on the proteomic results and the in vitro interaction assays using macrophages and muscle cells, we propose that Bj-EVs may be involved not only in venom production and processing but also in host immune modulation and long-term effects of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gonçalves-Machado
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Vital Brazil, Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Niterói 24230-410, Brazil
| | - Brunno Renato Farias Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Fábio César Sousa Nogueira
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteômica (LabProt)—LADETEC, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Rafael Donadélli Melani
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Unidade Proteômica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Silas Pessini Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-2139386782
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BmooMPα-I, a Metalloproteinase Isolated from Bothrops moojeni Venom, Reduces Blood Pressure, Reverses Left Ventricular Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Electrical Conduction in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110766. [PMID: 36356016 PMCID: PMC9697896 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BmooMPα-I has kininogenase activity, cleaving kininogen releasing bradykinin and can hydrolyze angiotensin I at post-proline and aspartic acid positions, generating an inactive peptide. We evaluated the antihypertensive activity of BmooMPα-I in a model of two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C). Wistar rats were divided into groups: Sham, who underwent sham surgery, and 2K1C, who suffered stenosis of the right renal artery. In the second week of hypertension, we started treatment (Vehicle, BmooMPα-I and Losartan) for two weeks. We performed an electrocardiogram and blood and heart collection in the fourth week of hypertension. The 2K1C BmooMPα-I showed a reduction in blood pressure (systolic pressure: 131 ± 2 mmHg; diastolic pressure: 84 ± 2 mmHg versus 174 ± 3 mmHg; 97 ± 4 mmHg, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05), improvement in electrocardiographic parameters (Heart Rate: 297 ± 4 bpm; QRS: 42 ± 0.1 ms; QT: 92 ± 1 ms versus 332 ± 6 bpm; 48 ± 0.2 ms; 122 ± 1 ms, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05), without changing the hematological profile (platelets: 758 ± 67; leukocytes: 3980 ± 326 versus 758 ± 75; 4400 ± 800, 2K1C Vehicle, p > 0.05), with reversal of hypertrophy (left ventricular area: 12.1 ± 0.3; left ventricle wall thickness: 2.5 ± 0.2; septum wall thickness: 2.3 ± 0.06 versus 10.5 ± 0.3; 2.7 ± 0.2; 2.5 ± 0.04, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05) and fibrosis (3.9 ± 0.2 versus 7.4 ± 0.7, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05). We concluded that BmooMPα-I improved blood pressure levels and cardiac remodeling, having a cardioprotective effect.
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Paumier A, Verre J, Tribolo S, Boujedaini N. Anti-oxidant Effect of High Dilutions of Arnica montana, Arsenicum Album, and Lachesis Mutus in Microglial Cells in Vitro. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221103698. [PMID: 35795190 PMCID: PMC9251990 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells play important roles in inflammatory responses. The level of oxidative stress is a well-known marker of inflammation. Homeopathic medicines are often used clinically to alleviate inflammation. We evaluated the anti-oxidative effect of high dilutions of Arnica montana (Arnica m.), Arsenicum album (Arsenicum a.), and Lachesis mutus (Lachesis m.) on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflamed microglial cells in vitro. Microglial cells, on exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), have induced production of ROS compared with resting cells. The dilutions significantly reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing the level of ROS produced. Arnica m. 1C, 3C, 5C, 7C, 9C, and 30C dilutions had a range of ROS reduction between 15 and 42.1%; Arsenicum a. 3C, 5C, 7C, 15C, and 30C dilutions had a range of ROS reduction between 17.6 and 35.3%; and Lachesis m. 3C, 5C, 7C, 9C, 15C, and 30C dilutions had a range of ROS reduction between 25 and 41.7%. To summarize, the dilutions with the greatest effect were Arnica m. 1C (42.1%), Arsenicum a. 30C (35.3%), and Lachesis m. 7C (41.7%). Arnica m., Arsenicum a., and Lachesis m. did not have the same effect on ROS production and were not dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Paumier
- Research Department, Laboratoires BOIRON, Messimy, France
| | - Justine Verre
- Research Department, Laboratoires BOIRON, Messimy, France
| | - Sandra Tribolo
- Research Department, Laboratoires BOIRON, Messimy, France
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Bitiscetin-3, a Novel C-Type Lectin-like Protein Cloned from the Venom Gland of the Viper Bitis arietans, Induces Platelet Agglutination and Inhibits Binding of Von Willebrand Factor to Collagen. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040236. [PMID: 35448845 PMCID: PMC9024624 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitiscetin-1 (aka bitiscetin) and bitiscetin-2 are C-type lectin-like proteins purified from the venom of Bitis arietans (puff adder). They bind to von Willebrand factor (VWF) and—at least bitiscetin-1—induce platelet agglutination via enhancement of VWF binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb). Bitiscetin-1 and -2 bind the VWF A1 and A3 domains, respectively. The A3 domain includes the major site of VWF for binding collagen, explaining why bitiscetin-2 blocks VWF-to-collagen binding. In the present study, sequences for a novel bitiscetin protein—bitiscetin-3—were identified in cDNA constructed from the B. arietans venom gland. The deduced amino acid sequences of bitiscetin-3 subunits α and β share 79 and 80% identity with those of bitiscetin-1, respectively. Expression vectors for bitiscetin-3α and -3β were co-transfected to 293T cells, producing the heterodimer protein recombinant bitiscetin-3 (rBit-3). Functionally, purified rBit-3 (1) induced platelet agglutination involving VWF and GPIb, (2) did not compete with bitiscetin-1 for binding to VWF, (3) blocked VWF-to-collagen binding, and (4) lost its platelet agglutination inducing ability in the presence of an anti-VWF monoclonal antibody that blocked VWF-to-collagen binding. These combined results suggest that bitiscetin-3 binds to the A3 domain, as does bitiscetin-2. Except for a small N-terminal fragment of a single subunit—which differs from that of both bitiscetin-3 subunits—the sequences of bitiscetin-2 have never been determined. Therefore, by identifying and analyzing bitiscetin-3, the present study is the first to present the full-length α- and β-subunit sequences and recombinant expression of a bitiscetin-family toxin that blocks the binding of VWF to collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikar Ralph
- Department of Internal Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | | | - Sanjib Kumar Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 76500, Nepal
| | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Dynamic Portfolio, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), 15 Chemin Louis-Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 6, Geneva, CH 1211, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
SNAKE ENVENOMATION REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT HEALTH PROBLEM IN much of the world. In 2009, it was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease, and in 2017, it was elevated into Category A of the Neglected Tropical Diseases list, further expanding access to funding for research and antivenoms. However, snake envenomation occurs in both tropical and temperate climates and on all continents except Antarctica. Worldwide, the estimated number of annual deaths due to snake envenomation (80,000 to 130,000) is similar to the estimate for drug-resistant tuberculosis and for multiple myeloma., In countries with adequate resources, deaths are infrequent (e.g., <6 deaths per year in the United States, despite the occurrence of 7000 to 8000 bites), but in countries without adequate resources, deaths may number in the tens of thousands. Venomous snakes kept as pets are not rare, and physicians anywhere might be called on to manage envenomation by a nonnative snake. Important advances have occurred in our understanding of the biology of venom and the management of snake envenomation since this topic was last addressed in the Journal two decades ago. For the general provider, it is important to understand the spectrum of snake envenomation effects and approaches to management and to obtain specific guidance, when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Seifert
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine and the New Mexico Poison and Drug Information Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (S.A.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.O.A.); and the National Natural Toxins Research Center and the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville (E.E.S.)
| | - James O Armitage
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine and the New Mexico Poison and Drug Information Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (S.A.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.O.A.); and the National Natural Toxins Research Center and the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville (E.E.S.)
| | - Elda E Sanchez
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine and the New Mexico Poison and Drug Information Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (S.A.S.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (J.O.A.); and the National Natural Toxins Research Center and the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville (E.E.S.)
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Moraes JDN, Francisco AF, Dill LM, Diniz RS, Oliveira CSD, Silva TMRD, Caldeira CADS, Corrêa EDA, Coutinho-Neto A, Zanchi FB, Fontes MRDM, Soares AM, Calderon LDA. New multienzymatic complex formed between human cathepsin D and snake venom phospholipase A2. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20220002. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleff Ferreira Francisco
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Souza Diniz
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Berton Zanchi
- Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil; Aparicio Carvalho University Center (FIMCA), Brazil
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22
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Shahzadi SK, Karuvantevida N, Banerjee Y. A Venomics Approach to the Identification and Characterization of Bioactive Peptides From Animal Venoms for Colorectal Cancer Therapy: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e31128. [PMID: 34932002 PMCID: PMC8734912 DOI: 10.2196/31128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is the third leading cause of death in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), after cardiovascular diseases and accidents. In the UAE, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the first and fourth most common cancer in males and females, respectively. Several treatment modalities have been employed for cancer treatment, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone replacement therapy, and immunotherapy. These treatment modalities often elicit adverse effects on normal cells, causing toxic side effects. To circumvent these toxicities, there has been an increased impetus towards the identification of alternate treatment strategies. Animal venoms are rich sources of pharmacologically active polypeptides and proteins. Objective In this proof-of-concept study, we will apply a high-throughput venomics strategy to identify and characterize anticancer bioactive peptides (BAPs) from 20 different animal venoms, specifically targeting CRC. We chose to focus on CRC because it is one of the foremost health issues in the UAE. Methods In the initial study, we will screen 2500 different peptides derived from 20 different animal venoms for anticancer activity specifically directed against 3 CRC cell lines and two control cell lines employing the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity. Of the 20 venoms, 3 that exhibit specific and potent anticancer activity directed against the 3 CRC cell lines will be selected; and from these 3 venoms, the specific peptides with anti-CRC activity will be isolated and characterized. Results This study is at the protocol development stage only, and as such, no results are available. However, we have initiated the groundwork required to disseminate the proposed study, which includes culturing of colorectal cancer cell lines and preparation of venom screens. Conclusions In summary, the proposed study will generate therapeutic leads to manage and treat one of the leading health issues in the UAE, namely, CRC. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/31128
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Kiran Shahzadi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yajnavalka Banerjee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Ruiz-Campos M, Sanz L, Bonilla F, Sasa M, Lomonte B, Zaruma-Torres F, Terán M, Fernández J, Calvete JJ, Caldeira CAS, Da Silva SL. Venomics of the poorly studied hognosed pitvipers Porthidium arcosae and Porthidium volcanicum. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104379. [PMID: 34534714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the first proteomics analyses of the venoms of two poorly studied snakes, the Manabi hognosed pitviper Porthidium arcosae endemic to the western coastal province of Manabí (Ecuador), and the Costa Rican hognosed pitviper P. volcanicum with distribution restricted to South Pacific Costa Rica and western Panamá. These venom proteomes share a conserved compositional pattern reported in four other congeneric species within the clade of South American Porthidium species, P. nasutum, P. lansbergii, P. ophryomegas, and P. porrasi. The paraspecific immunorecognition profile of antivenoms produced in Costa Rica (ICP polyvalent), Perú (Instituto Nacional de Salud) and Brazil (soro antibotrópico pentavalente, SAB, from Instituto Butantan) against the venom of P. arcosae was investigated through a third-generation antivenomics approach. The maximal venom-binding capacities of the investigated antivenoms were 97.1 mg, 21.8 mg, and 25.7 mg of P. arcosae venom proteins per gram of SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU antibody molecules, respectively, which translate into 28.4 mg, 13.1 mg, and 15.2 mg of total venom proteins bound per vial of SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU AV. The antivenomics results suggest that 21.8%, 7.8% and 6.1% of the SAB, ICP, and INS-PERU antibody molecules recognized P. arcosae venom toxins. The SAB antivenom neutralized P. arcosae venom's lethality in mice with an ED50 of 31.3 mgV/g SAB AV. This preclinical neutralization paraspecificity points to Brazilian SAB as a promising candidate for the treatment of envenomings by Ecuadorian P. arcosae. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Assessing the preclinical efficacy profile of antivenoms against homologous and heterologous medically relevant snake venoms represents an important goal towards defining the biogeographic range of their clinical utility. This is particularly relevant in regions, such as Mesoamerica, where a small number of pharmaceutical companies produce antivenoms against the venoms of a small number of species of maximum medical relevance among the local rich herpetofauna, leaving a wide range of snakes of secondary medical relevance, but also causing life-threatening human envenomings without nominal clinical coverage. This work is part of a larger project aiming at mapping the immunological characteristics of antivenoms generated in Latin American countries towards venoms of such poorly studied snakes of the local and neighboring countries' herpetofauna. Here we report the proteomics characterization of the Manabi hognosed pitviper Porthidium arcosae endemic to the western coastal province of Manabí (Ecuador), and the Costa Rican hognosed pitviper P. volcanicum with distribution restricted to southwestern Costa Rica, the antivenomics assessment of three bothropoid commercial antivenoms produced in Costa Rica, Perú, and Brazil against the venom components of P. arcosae, and the in vivo capacity of the Brazilian soro antibotrópico pentavalente (SAB) from Instituto Butantan to neutralize the murine lethality of P. arcosae venom. The preclinical paraspecific ED50 of 31.3 mg of P. arcosae venom per gram of antivenom points to Brazilian SAB as a promising candidate for the treatment of envenomings by the Manabi hognosed pitviper P. arcosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruiz-Campos
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabián Bonilla
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; Centro Investigaciones, Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Fausto Zaruma-Torres
- College of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Maria Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cleópatra A S Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas a Saúde CEBio/FIOCRUZ/UNIR, Rua da Beira 7671, Lagoa, CEP 76820-245 Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental (PGBIOEXP), Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, rede BIONORTE, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
| | - Saulo L Da Silva
- College of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.
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Willard NK, Salazar E, Oyervides FA, Wiebe CS, Ocheltree JS, Cortez M, Perez RP, Markowitz H, Iliuk A, Sanchez EE, Suntravat M, Galan JA. Proteomic Identification and Quantification of Snake Venom Biomarkers in Venom and Plasma Extracellular Vesicles. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090654. [PMID: 34564658 PMCID: PMC8473211 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The global exploration of snakebites requires the use of quantitative omics approaches to characterize snake venom as it enters into the systemic circulation. These omics approaches give insights into the venom proteome, but a further exploration is warranted to analyze the venom-reactome for the identification of snake venom biomarkers. The recent discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their critical cellular functions, has presented them as intriguing sources for biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis. Herein, we purified EV’s from the snake venom (svEVs) of Crotalus atrox and C. oreganus helleri, and from plasma of BALB/c mice injected with venom from each snake using EVtrap in conjunction with quantitative mass spectrometry for the proteomic identification and quantification of svEVs and plasma biomarkers. Snake venom EVs from C. atrox and C. o. helleri were highly enriched in 5′ nucleosidase, L-amino acid oxidase, and metalloproteinases. In mouse plasma EVs, a bioinformatic analysis for revealed upregulated responses involved with cytochrome P450, lipid metabolism, acute phase inflammation immune, and heat shock responses, while downregulated proteins were associated with mitochondrial electron transport, NADH, TCA, cortical cytoskeleton, reticulum stress, and oxidative reduction. Altogether, this analysis will provide direct evidence for svEVs composition and observation of the physiological changes of an envenomated organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kevin Willard
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Emelyn Salazar
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Fabiola Alejandra Oyervides
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Cierra Siobhrie Wiebe
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Jack Sutton Ocheltree
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Mario Cortez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | | | - Harry Markowitz
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (H.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Anton Iliuk
- Tymora Analytical Operations, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (H.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Elda Eliza Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Jacob Anthony Galan
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (N.K.W.); (E.S.); (F.A.O.); (C.S.W.); (J.S.O.); (M.C.); (E.E.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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V V, Achar RR, M.U H, N A, T YS, Kameshwar VH, Byrappa K, Ramadas D. Venom peptides - A comprehensive translational perspective in pain management. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:329-340. [PMID: 34604795 PMCID: PMC8473576 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom peptides have been evolving complex therapeutic interventions that potently and selectively modulate a range of targets such as ion channels, receptors, and signaling pathways of physiological processes making it potential therapeutic. Several venom peptides were deduced in vivo for clinical development targeting pain management, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, antimicrobial activity. Several contributions have been detailed for a clear perspective for a better understanding of venomous animals, their venom, and their pharmacological effects. Here we unravel and summarize the recent advances in wide venom peptides across varieties of species for their therapeutics prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya V
- K. S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be) University, Mangalore 575015, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Himathi M.U
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshita N
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, S.S. Nagar, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogish Somayaji T
- Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Biochemistry, St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore 575003, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Hamse Kameshwar
- School of Natural Science, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nangamangala, Mandya, India
- School of Natural Sciences, ACU-CRI, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT Campus, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
| | - K. Byrappa
- School of Natural Sciences, ACU-CRI, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT Campus, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
- Center for Material Science and Technology, Vijnana Bhavan, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesha Ramadas
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, AIMS, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara-571448, Nagamangala, Mandya, India
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Abstract
All living organisms depend on tightly regulated cellular networks to control biological functions. Proteolysis is an important irreversible post-translational modification that regulates most, if not all, cellular processes. Proteases are a large family of enzymes that perform hydrolysis of protein substrates, leading to protein activation or degradation. The 473 known and 90 putative human proteases are divided into 5 main mechanistic groups: metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, threonine proteases, and aspartic acid proteases. Proteases are fundamental to all biological systems, and when dysregulated they profoundly influence disease progression. Inhibiting proteases has led to effective therapies for viral infections, cardiovascular disorders, and blood coagulation just to name a few. Between 5 and 10% of all pharmaceutical targets are proteases, despite limited knowledge about their biological roles. More than 50% of all human proteases have no known substrates. We present here a comprehensive list of all current known human proteases. We also present current and novel biochemical tools to characterize protease functions in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. These tools make it achievable to define both beneficial and detrimental activities of proteases in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kimberly Main
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Henry Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Proteo-Trancriptomic Analyses Reveal a Large Expansion of Metalloprotease-Like Proteins in Atypical Venom Vesicles of the Wasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Braconidae). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070502. [PMID: 34357975 PMCID: PMC8310156 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorus pulchricornis (Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid wasp of lepidopteran caterpillars. Its parasitic success relies on vesicles (named M. pulchricornis Virus-Like Particles or MpVLPs) that are synthesized in the venom gland and injected into the parasitoid host along with the venom during oviposition. In order to define the content and understand the biogenesis of these atypical vesicles, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the venom gland and a proteomic analysis of the venom and purified MpVLPs. About half of the MpVLPs and soluble venom proteins identified were unknown and no similarity with any known viral sequence was found. However, MpVLPs contained a large number of proteins labelled as metalloproteinases while the most abundant protein family in the soluble venom was that of proteins containing the Domain of Unknown Function DUF-4803. The high number of these proteins identified suggests that a large expansion of these two protein families occurred in M. pulchricornis. Therefore, although the exact mechanism of MpVLPs formation remains to be elucidated, these vesicles appear to be “metalloproteinase bombs” that may have several physiological roles in the host including modifying the functions of its immune cells. The role of DUF4803 proteins, also present in the venom of other braconids, remains to be clarified.
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Averin AS, Utkin YN. Cardiovascular Effects of Snake Toxins: Cardiotoxicity and Cardioprotection. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:4-14. [PMID: 34707893 PMCID: PMC8526186 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms, as complex mixtures of peptides and proteins, affect various vital systems of the organism. One of the main targets of the toxic components from snake venoms is the cardiovascular system. Venom proteins and peptides can act in different ways, exhibiting either cardiotoxic or cardioprotective effects. The principal classes of these compounds are cobra cardiotoxins, phospholipases A2, and natriuretic, as well as bradykinin-potentiating peptides. There is another group of proteins capable of enhancing angiogenesis, which include, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factors possessing hypotensive and cardioprotective activities. Venom proteins and peptides exhibiting cardiotropic and vasoactive effects are promising candidates for the design of new drugs capable of preventing or constricting the development of pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases, which are currently the leading cause of death worldwide. For example, a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from Bothrops jararaca snake venom was the first snake venom compound used to create the widely used antihypertensive drugs captopril and enalapril. In this paper, we review the current state of research on snake venom components affecting the cardiovascular system and analyse the mechanisms of physiological action of these toxins and the prospects for their medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia
| | - Yu. N. Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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29
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Cañas CA, Castro-Herrera F, Castaño-Valencia S. Clinical syndromes associated with Viperidae family snake envenomation in southwestern Colombia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:51-56. [PMID: 32879965 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In southwestern Colombia there is a notable variety of snakes that belong to the Viperidae family (vipers). The particular clinical manifestation related to species is poorly reported. METHODS Based on a prospective study about envenomation caused by vipers from 2011 to 2019 at the Fundación Valle del Lili Hospital, Cali, in southwest Colombia, we selected cases of admitted patients in which the snakes responsible were fully identified. They were cataloged by clinical syndrome according to prevalent signs (edema-inducing, necrotizing, blister-inducing, procoagulant, anticoagulant or myotoxic) and were related to the species that caused the envenomation. RESULTS From a cohort of 53 patients, 21 patients (16 males [72.7%]) with an average age of 35 (3-69) y were included. The syndromes associated with envenomation were anticoagulant and necrotizing effects of Bothrops asper (five patients [22.7%]), blister-inducing and anticoagulant effects of Bothrops rhombeatus (five [22.7%]), anticoagulant effects of Bothrops punctatus (three patients [13.6%]), edema-inducing and anticoagulant effects of Bothriechis schlegelii (five [22.7%]), edema-inducing and myotoxic effects of Bothrocophias colombianus (one [4.5%]), edema-inducing and myotoxic effects of Bothrocophias myersi (one [4.5%]) and edema-inducing effects of Porthidium nasutum (one [4.5%]). CONCLUSION In southwestern Colombia there is notable variety in species of snakes belonging to the family Viperidae (vipers) whose envenomation causes various clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Cañas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Valle del Lili, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Fernando Castro-Herrera
- Department of Physiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Santiago Castaño-Valencia
- Department of Physiological Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia
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30
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Damm M, Hempel BF, Süssmuth RD. Old World Vipers-A Review about Snake Venom Proteomics of Viperinae and Their Variations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060427. [PMID: 34204565 PMCID: PMC8235416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution, snake venoms have frightened but also fascinated humanity and nowadays they constitute potential resources for drug development, therapeutics and antivenoms. The continuous progress of mass spectrometry techniques and latest advances in proteomics workflows enabled toxinologists to decipher venoms by modern omics technologies, so-called ‘venomics’. A tremendous upsurge reporting on snake venom proteomes could be observed. Within this review we focus on the highly venomous and widely distributed subfamily of Viperinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). A detailed public literature database search was performed (2003–2020) and we extensively reviewed all compositional venom studies of the so-called Old-World Vipers. In total, 54 studies resulted in 89 venom proteomes. The Viperinae venoms are dominated by four major, four secondary, six minor and several rare toxin families and peptides, respectively. The multitude of different venomics approaches complicates the comparison of venom composition datasets and therefore we differentiated between non-quantitative and three groups of quantitative workflows. The resulting direct comparisons within these groups show remarkable differences on the intra- and interspecies level across genera with a focus on regional differences. In summary, the present compilation is the first comprehensive up-to-date database on Viperinae venom proteomes and differentiating between analytical methods and workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Damm
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Benjamin-Florian Hempel
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, (BCRT), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-314-24205
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Romanelli MA, Soeiro PA, Silva RCD, Taveira-da-Silva R, Melo PA, Lara LS. Revisiting the acute kidney injury in Wistar rats experimentally envenomated wity Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicon 2021; 199:117-126. [PMID: 34116084 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus on whether serotherapy prevents acute kidney injury (AKI) and there is no pharmacotherapy to impede the disease. We aimed to elaborate an AKI model induced by the administration of Bothrops jararacussu (Bj) venom for preclinical studies. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 different groups: (1) Bj-IV: intravenous administration of 0.4 mg/kg Bj; (2) Bj-IP: intraperitoneal administration of 2.0 mg/kg Bj; (3) Bj-IM: intramuscular administration of 3.5 mg/kg Bj. For each corresponding control group, a 0.9% saline solution was administered. Kidneys, blood and urine samples were collected 24 or 72 h after administration of the Bj venom for renal function analysis. The IV- and IP-Bj groups presented a moderate tubular injury (score 3) and a time-dependent kidney dysfunction. In the Bj-IM group, renal tubular injury was aggravated (score 4) with collagen deposition and renal dysfunction was observed in the first 24 h: hyperfiltration, proteinuria, albuminuria and decreased fractional sodium excretion (FENa), regardless of the administered dose. Over time, the glomerular lesion was intensified, with a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 67%), blood urea-nitrogen (BUN; 68%) and urine volume decrease (71%). Proteinuria and tubular function returned to control levels after 72 h. We attributed the pronounced kidney injury and reduced filtration function in the Bj-IM to the muscle damage provoked by the IM administration. We concluded that the Bj-IM is the best preclinical model of AKI with the monitoring of the progression of renal function in the periods of 24 and 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara A Romanelli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula A Soeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Costa da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosilane Taveira-da-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne S Lara
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Giribaldi J, Smith JJ, Schroeder CI. Recent developments in animal venom peptide nanotherapeutics with improved selectivity for cancer cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107769. [PMID: 33989705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms are a rich source of bioactive peptides that efficiently modulate key receptors and ion channels involved in cellular excitability to rapidly neutralize their prey or predators. As such, they have been a wellspring of highly useful pharmacological tools for decades. Besides targeting ion channels, some venom peptides exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and preferentially affect cancer over healthy cells. This is unlikely to be driven by an evolutionary impetus, and differences in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment are probably behind the serendipitous selectivity shown by some venom peptides. However, strategies such as bioconjugation and nanotechnologies are showing potential to improve their selectivity and potency, thereby paving the way to efficiently harness new anticancer mechanisms offered by venom peptides. This review aims to highlight advances in nano- and chemotherapeutic tools and prospective anti-cancer drug leads derived from animal venom peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Giribaldi
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer J Smith
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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33
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Chan QWT, Rogalski J, Moon KM, Foster LJ. The application of forensic proteomics to identify an unknown snake venom in a deceased toddler. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110820. [PMID: 33984813 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is the global analysis of proteins in a sample, and its methodologies are commonly applied in life science research. Despite its wide applicability however, proteomics is rarely used as a tool in criminal investigations. Here we present a case where the technique provided key evidence in a case that involved the death of a two-year old girl. The defendant was known to keep exotic snakes, including several venomous species, which led the coroner to probe whether there could be snake venom in the blood of the deceased. One major challenge of the investigation was the overwhelming presence of several blood proteins, such as apolipoprotein and complement proteins, which hinders the detection of less abundant analytes. In a counter-acting strategy, a combination of immunodepletion and fractionation methods was used; the sample was then submitted to tandem mass spectrometry for peptide identification. Using this strategy, 15,000 peptides could be sequenced. However, the subsequent challenge was to differentiate between human and snake proteins, given the genetic similarities that are shared by the two vertebrate species. After a thorough bioinformatics search and manual inspection, we found that<1% of the sequenced peptides could be matched unequivocally to snake proteins, including a well-known venom component, phospholipase A2. This evidence, in part, led to a court-issued search warrant of the defendant's home, followed by his arrest and an eventual guilty plea with formal sentencing to 18 months in prison. The work outlined here is an example of how proteomics technology can help to expand the toolkit for molecular forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie W T Chan
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2185 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jason Rogalski
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2185 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2185 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2185 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Remarkable intrapopulation venom variability in the monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) unveils neglected aspects of India's snakebite problem. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104256. [PMID: 33957314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interpopulation venom variation has been widely documented in snakes across large geographical distances. This variability is known to markedly influence the effectiveness of snakebite therapy, as antivenoms manufactured against one population may not be effective against others. In contrast, the extent of intrapopulation venom variability, especially at finer geographical scales, remains largely uninvestigated. Moreover, given the historical focus on the 'big four' Indian snakes, our understanding of venom variation in medically important yet neglected snakes, such as the monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia), remains unclear. To address this shortcoming, we investigated N. kaouthia venoms sampled across a small spatial scale (<50 km) in Eastern India. An interdisciplinary approach employed in this study unveiled considerable intrapopulation differences in the venom proteomic composition, pharmacological and biochemical activities, and toxicity profiles. Documentation of stark differences in venoms at such a finer geographical scale, despite the influence of similar ecological and environmental conditions, is intriguing. Furthermore, evaluation of in vitro and in vivo venom recognition and neutralisation potential of Indian polyvalent 'big four' antivenoms and Thai monovalent N. kaouthia antivenom revealed concerning deficiencies. These results highlight the negative impact of phylogenetic divergence and intrapopulation snake venom variation on the effectiveness of conventional antivenom therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to our understanding of snake venom variation across large distances, which is theorised to be shaped by disparities in ecology and environment, intrapopulation variation at finer geographic scales remains scarcely investigated. Assessment of intrapopulation venom variability in Naja kaouthia at a small spatial scale (<50 km) in Eastern India unravelled considerable differences in venom compositions, activities and potencies. While the influence of subtle differences in prey preference and local adaptations cannot be ruled out, these findings, perhaps, also emphasise the role of accelerated molecular evolutionary regimes that rapidly introduce variations in evolutionarily younger lineages, such as advanced snakes. The inability of 'big four' Indian antivenoms and Thai N. kaouthia monovalent antivenom in countering these variations highlights the importance of phylogenetic considerations for the development of efficacious snakebite therapy. Thus, we provide valuable insights into the venoms of one of the most medically important yet neglected Indian snakes.
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Liblik K, Byun J, Saldarriaga C, Perez GE, Lopez-Santi R, Wyss FQ, Liprandi AS, Martinez-Sellés M, Farina JM, Mendoza I, Burgos LM, Baranchuk A. Snakebite Envenomation and Heart: Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100861. [PMID: 33992425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease which can result in morbidity and mortality. Cardiac implications are poorly understood due to the low frequency of cardiotoxicity combined with a lack of robust information, as snakebites commonly occur in remote and rural areas. This review aims to assess cardiovascular implications of snakebite envenoming and proposes an algorithm for screening of cardiovascular manifestations. A systematic review was performed and 29 articles relating to cardiovascular involvement in snakebite envenomation were selected. Cardiovascular involvement seems to be rare and includes a wide spectrum of outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, ventricular dysfunction, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and myocarditis. In a significant proportion of the cases analyzed (24.39%), the cardiovascular manifestations had major consequences (cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or death). Clinical monitoring, physical examination, and early electrocardiogram should be considered as key measures to detect cardiovascular involvement in patients with evidence of systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Liblik
- Department of Medicine, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Byun
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Saldarriaga
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Cardiovascular Clinic Santa Maria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo E Perez
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Lopez-Santi
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital Italiano de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Q Wyss
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro S Liprandi
- Guatemala Cardiovascular Services and Technology, Cardiosolutions, Guatemala City
| | | | - Juan M Farina
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Universidad Europea, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Mendoza
- Tropical Cardiology, Tropical Medicine Institute, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Lucrecia M Burgos
- Department of Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Heart Transplant, Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Kim TK, Tirloni L, Bencosme-Cuevas E, Kim TH, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Mulenga A. Borrelia burgdorferi infection modifies protein content in saliva of Ixodes scapularis nymphs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:152. [PMID: 33663385 PMCID: PMC7930271 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease (LD) caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is the most prevalent tick-borne disease. There is evidence that vaccines based on tick proteins that promote tick transmission of B. burgdorferi could prevent LD. As Ixodes scapularis nymph tick bites are responsible for most LD cases, this study sought to identify nymph tick saliva proteins associated with B. burgdorferi transmission using LC-MS/MS. Tick saliva was collected using a non-invasive method of stimulating ticks (uninfected and infected: unfed, and every 12 h during feeding through 72 h, and fully-fed) to salivate into 2% pilocarpine-PBS for protein identification using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We identified a combined 747 tick saliva proteins of uninfected and B. burgdorferi infected ticks that were classified into 25 functional categories: housekeeping-like (48%), unknown function (18%), protease inhibitors (9%), immune-related (6%), proteases (8%), extracellular matrix (7%), and small categories that account for <5% each. Notably, B. burgdorferi infected ticks secreted high number of saliva proteins (n=645) than uninfected ticks (n=376). Counter-intuitively, antimicrobial peptides, which function to block bacterial infection at tick feeding site were suppressed 23-85 folds in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Similar to glycolysis enzymes being enhanced in mammalian cells exposed to B. burgdorferi : eight of the 10-glycolysis pathway enzymes were secreted at high abundance by B. burgdorferi infected ticks. Of significance, rabbits exposed to B. burgdorferi infected ticks acquired potent immunity that caused 40-60% mortality of B. burgdorferi infected ticks during the second infestation compared to 15-28% for the uninfected. This might be explained by ELISA data that show that high expression levels of immunogenic proteins in B. burgdorferi infected ticks. CONCLUSION Data here suggest that B. burgdorferi infection modified protein content in tick saliva to promote its survival at the tick feeding site. For instance, enzymes; copper/zinc superoxide dismutase that led to production of H2O2 that is toxic to B. burgdorferi were suppressed, while, catalase and thioredoxin that neutralize H2O2, and pyruvate kinase which yields pyruvate that protects Bb from H2O2 killing were enhanced. We conclude data here is an important resource for discovery of effective antigens for a vaccine to prevent LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Emily Bencosme-Cuevas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Heung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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Kasozi KI, Niedbała G, Alqarni M, Zirintunda G, Ssempijja F, Musinguzi SP, Usman IM, Matama K, Hetta HF, Mbiydzenyuy NE, Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Welburn SC. Bee Venom-A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Public Health 2020; 8:594458. [PMID: 33363088 PMCID: PMC7758230 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.594458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by severe cytokine storm syndrome following inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 directly interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in the human body. Complementary therapies that impact on expression of IgE and IgG antibodies, including administration of bee venom (BV), have efficacy in the management of arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. A recent epidemiological study in China showed that local beekeepers have a level of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 with and without previous exposure to virus. BV anti-inflammatory properties are associated with melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), both of which show activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including H1N1 and HIV, with activity mediated through antagonist activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Melittin is associated with the underexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and protein kinase Akt. BV therapy also involves group III secretory phospholipase A2 in the management of respiratory and neurological diseases. BV activation of the cellular and humoral immune systems should be explored for the application of complementary medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infections. BV "vaccination" is used to immunize against cytomegalovirus and can suppress metastases through the PLA2 and phosphatidylinositol-(3,4)-bisphosphate pathways. That BV shows efficacy for HIV and H1NI offers opportunity as a candidate for complementary therapy for protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Gniewko Niedbała
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerald Zirintunda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - Ibe Michael Usman
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kevin Matama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Klupczynska A, Plewa S, Dereziński P, Garrett TJ, Rubio VY, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Identification and quantification of honeybee venom constituents by multiplatform metabolomics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21645. [PMID: 33303913 PMCID: PMC7729905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom (HBV) has been a subject of extensive proteomics research; however, scarce information on its metabolite composition can be found in the literature. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify the metabolites present in HBV. To gain the highest metabolite coverage, three different mass spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies were applied. In the first step, untargeted metabolomics was used, which employed high-resolution, accurate-mass Orbitrap MS. It allowed obtaining a broad overview of HBV metabolic components. Then, two targeted metabolomics approaches, which employed triple quadrupole MS, were applied to quantify metabolites in HBV samples. The untargeted metabolomics not only confirmed the presence of amines, amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acids in HBV, but also provided information on venom components from other metabolite classes (e.g., nucleosides, alcohols, purine and pyrimidine derivatives). The combination of three MS-based metabolomics platforms facilitated the identification of 214 metabolites in HBV samples, among which 138 were quantified. The obtaining of the wide free amino acid profiles of HBV is one of the project’s achievements. Our study contributed significantly to broadening the knowledge about HBV composition and should be continued to obtain the most comprehensive metabolite profile of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klupczynska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Dereziński
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Vanessa Y Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University - Kalisz, Poland, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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Tchaou BA, de Tové KMS, N’Vènonfon CFT, Mfin PK, Aguemon AR, Chobli M, Chippaux JP. Acute kidney failure following severe viper envenomation: clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200059. [PMID: 33335542 PMCID: PMC7724935 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of snakebite envenomation, which is still little known in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to describe the clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects of AKI following severe snakebite envenomation managed in the intensive care unit. METHOD A prospective observational survey was performed in Benin over a period of 18 months. All patients suffering severe snakebite envenomation (SBE) were included. The diagnosis of AKI was made using the KDIGO criteria. Kidney ultrasound exam was performed in all patients to assess internal bleeding and morphological and structural abnormalities of the kidneys. RESULTS Fifty-one cases of severe SBE were included. All patients presented inflammatory syndrome and showed abnormal WBCT whereas bleeding was found in 46 of them (90%). The median time to hospital presentation was three days. The majority of patients were male (M/F sex ratio = 1.55) and the median age was 26. Sixteen patients (31%) showed AKI according to the KDIGO criteria. Severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 and 3) was observed in three patients, including one stage 2 and two stage 3. Kidney ultrasound revealed three cases of kidney capsular hematoma (6%), two cases of kidney hypertrophy (3%), three cases of kidney injury (4%), two stage 1 KDIGO and one stage 2 KDIGO. Only one patient benefited from hemodialysis. All patients showing AKI recovered without sequels. The median duration of hospital stays was four days. Seven patients died (14%) including four among the 16 AKI patients. Antivenom has been administered to 41 patients (80%). The comparison between patients without and with AKI did not show any significant difference except gender (p = 10-2). CONCLUSION AKI is a common complication of severe snakebite envenomation. Resulting from inflammatory and hemorrhagic disorders, AKI may prove to be a short-term life-threatening factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Adelin Tchaou
- Department of Anesthesia-Resuscitation and Emergency, Borgou-Alibori University Hospital Center, Parakou, Bénin
| | - Kofi-Mensa Savi de Tové
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Borgou-Alibori University Hospital Center, Parakou, Bénin
| | | | - Patrick Kouomboua Mfin
- Department of Anesthesia-Resuscitation and Emergency, Borgou-Alibori University Hospital Center, Parakou, Bénin
| | - Abdou-Rahman Aguemon
- Department of Anesthesia-Resuscitation and Emergency, Borgou-Alibori University Hospital Center, Parakou, Bénin
| | - Martin Chobli
- Department of Anesthesia-Resuscitation and Emergency, Borgou-Alibori University Hospital Center, Parakou, Bénin
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González Rodríguez II, Francisco AF, Moreira-Dill LS, Quintero A, Guimarães CLS, Fernandes CAH, Takeda AAS, Zanchi FB, Caldeira CAS, Pereira PS, Fontes MRM, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Isolation and structural characterization of bioactive compound from Aristolochia sprucei aqueous extract with anti-myotoxic activity. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100049. [PMID: 32613196 PMCID: PMC7322210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioactive compound isolated from the stem extract of Aristolochia sprucei through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was identified via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as the aristolochic acid (AA). This compound showed an inhibitory effect over the myotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops asper venoms, being also effective against the indirect hemolytic activity of B. asper venom. Besides, AA also inhibited the myotoxic activity of BthTX-I and MTX-II with an efficiency greater than 60% against both myotoxins. Docking predictions revealed an interesting mechanism, through which the AA displays an interaction profile consistent with its inhibiting abilities, binding to both active and putative sites of svPLA2. Overall, the present findings indicate that AA may bind to critical regions of myotoxic Asp 49 and Lys49-PLA2s from snake venoms, highlighting the relevance of domains comprising the active and putative sites to inhibit these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela I González Rodríguez
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Aristides Quintero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Informaciones e Investigaciones Toxicológicas y Químicas Aplicadas (CEIITOXQUIA) and Departamento de Química, FCNYE, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, UNACHI, David, Panama
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Brasileiro Do Meio Ambiente e Dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes A S Takeda
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Zanchi
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT - EpiAmO, Brazil
| | - Cléopatra A S Caldeira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Goiás, IFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada a Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT - EpiAmO, Brazil
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Menezes TN, Naumann GB, Peixoto P, Rouver WN, Gomes HL, Campos FV, Borges MH, Dos Santos RL, Bissoli NS, Sanchez EF, Figueiredo SG. Bothrops leucurus venom induces acute hypotension in rats by means of its phospholipase A 2 (blD-PLA 2). Toxicon 2020; 185:5-14. [PMID: 32569848 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects induced by snake venoms, in spite of having a crucial role in the outcome of the envenomation, have been less studied than other toxic activities displayed by these venoms. In this study we evaluated acute cardiovascular responses to Bothrops leucurus venom - Bl-V - both in vivo, in anesthetized rats, and in vitro, in isolated rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Bl-V (10-100 μg protein/kg) caused dose-dependent hypotension, followed by gradual recovery (2-20 min) to basal levels, and induced dose-dependent (1-20 μg/mL) vasodilation in pre-contracted arteries, what was more pronounced when the endothelium remained intact. These effects were partially counteracted by pre-treatment with indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Prior incubation of Bl-V with commercial pentavalent Bothrops antivenom also attenuated the cardiovascular effects induced by the venom, in spite of it not being among the venoms used for the development of the bothropic antivenom. Through an approach based on two chromatographic steps and mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF and MALDI-ISD), a component with acute cardiovascular effects was isolated and identified as the basic phospholipase blD-PLA2, previously purified from the venom of B. leucurus. Taken together, our results show that, at low doses, the venom of B. leucurus induces transient, acute hypotension in anesthetized rats following systemic vasodilation in a dose-dependent way. In addition, we provide clear evidence of the involvement of the enzymatic activity of blD-PLA2 in this cardiovascular response, acting via the production of vasodilating prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago N Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Naumann
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Peixoto
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Wender N Rouver
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Helena L Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Fabiana V Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Marcia H Borges
- Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Roger L Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Diretoria do Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Kheeree N, Sangtanoo P, Srimongkol P, Saisavoey T, Reamtong O, Choowongkomon K, Karnchanatat A. ACE inhibitory peptides derived from de-fatted lemon basil seeds: optimization, purification, identification, structure–activity relationship and molecular docking analysis. Food Funct 2020; 11:8161-8178. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study determines optimized process conditions to maximize ACE inhibitory peptide production. The two novel hexa-peptides (LGRNLPPI and GPAGPAGL) from de-fatted lemon basil seeds (DLBS) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhameemee Kheeree
- Program in Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Papassara Sangtanoo
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Piroonporn Srimongkol
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Tanatorn Saisavoey
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine
- Mahidol University
- Bangkok 10400
- Thailand
| | | | - Aphichart Karnchanatat
- Research Unit in Bioconversion/Bioseparation for Value-Added Chemical Production
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
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Urra FA, Miranda-Calle AB, Araya-Maturana R. Philodryas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) Envenomation, a Neglected Issue in Chile. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E697. [PMID: 31795440 PMCID: PMC6950111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, although it also occurs outside the tropics. In this work, we analyzed the literature on Philodryas species in Chile (Philodryaschamissonis, P.simonsii, and P.tachymenoides) from 1834 to 2019, searching for epidemiological, clinical, and molecular aspects of envenomation. Ninety-one percent of the studies found regarded taxonomy, ecology, and natural history, suggesting that snakebites and venom toxins are a neglected issue in Chile. All snakebite cases reported and toxicological studies concerned the species Philodryaschamissonis. Using 185 distributional records from the literature and museum collections for this species, we show for the first time that the reported snakebite cases correlate with human population density, occurring in the Valparaiso and Metropolitan regions in Central Chile. The reduced number of snakebite cases, which were previously considered as having a low incidence in Chile, may be a consequence of under-reported cases, probably due to the inadequate publication or scarce research on this issue. Absence of information about official pharmacological treatment, post-envenoming sequels, clinical management of particular patient groups (e.g., with non-communicable diseases, pregnant women, and the elderly) was also detected. In conclusion, despite having over 185 years of literature on Chilean snakes, knowledge on the envenomation of Philodryas genus remains scarce, seriously affecting adequate medical handling during an ophidic accident. This review highlights the need to develop deep research in this area and urgent improvements to the management of this disease in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A. Urra
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | | | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile
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