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Magdy G, Elmansi H, Shabana RA, El-Enany N. A sustainable sensitive spectrofluorimetric approach for the determination of the multipotent protein lactoferrin in different pharmaceuticals and infant milk formula: Compliance with greenness metrics. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4772. [PMID: 38712470 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The current study presents the first spectrofluorimetric approach for the estimation of lactoferrin, depending on the measurement of its native fluorescence at 337 nm after excitation at 230 nm, without the need for any hazardous chemicals or reagents. It was found that the fluorescence intensity versus concentration calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-10.0 μg/mL with quantitation and detection limits of 0.082 and 0.027 μg/mL, respectively. The method was accordingly validated according to the ICH recommendations. The developed method was applied for the estimation of lactoferrin in different dosage forms, including capsules and sachets with high percent recoveries (97.84-102.53) and low %RSD values (<1.95). Lactoferrin is one of the key nutrients in milk powder and a significant nutritional fortifier. In order to assess the quality of milk powder, it is essential to rapidly and accurately quantify the lactoferrin content of the product. Therefore, the presented study was successfully applied for the selective estimation of lactoferrin in milk powder with acceptable percent recoveries (96.45-104.92) and %RSD values (≤3.607). Finally, the green profile of the method was estimated using two assessment tools: Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), which demonstrated its excellent greenness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura National University, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Heba Elmansi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha Abo Shabana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nahed El-Enany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura, Egypt
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2
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Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
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3
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Wang X, Zu X, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Wang X, Chai Q, Zhang Y, Chen H, Wang H. N, S-Doped Carbon Dots Prepared by Peanut Protein Isolates and Cysteamine as Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Sensors for Fe 2+, Fe 3+ and Lactoferrin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010216. [PMID: 36616565 PMCID: PMC9823515 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with various biological activities that has been extensively used in food and medical applications. Several methods for detecting LF have been reported, but they still face challenges in terms of sensitivity and simplicity of detection. To achieve an accurate and efficient detection of LF, we developed a method for the determination of LF in lactoferrin supplements using carbon dots (CDs) fluorescent probes. The N, S-doped PPI carbon dots (N, S-PPI-CDs) were prepared using a protein (peanut protein isolate) and cysteamine as precursors. The prepared N, S-PPI-CDs exhibited intense blue fluorescence and good biocompatibility, while the fluorescence intensity of the N, S-PPI-CDs showed a good linear relationship with Fe2+/Fe3+ concentration (0-2 μM). The N, S-PPI-CDs exhibited a high potential ability to rapidly detect Fe2+/Fe3+ within 30 s, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.21 μM/0.17 μM. Due to the reversible binding of LF to Fe, the N, S-PPI-CDs showed a high sensitivity and selectivity for LF, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.92 μg/mL. In addition, LF was quantified in real sample LF supplements and showed a fluctuation in recovery of less than 2.48%, further demonstrating the effectiveness of the fluorescent N, S-PPI-CDs sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xinyu Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Shandong Center for Food and Drug Evaluation & Inspection, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qian Chai
- Shandong Center for Food and Drug Evaluation & Inspection, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yunjuan Zhang
- Shandong Center for Food and Drug Evaluation & Inspection, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- Shandong Center for Food and Drug Evaluation & Inspection, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.W.)
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Liu J, Li T, Qin H, Li L, Yan M, Zhu C, Qu F, Abd El-Aty AM. Self-assembly and label-free fluorescent aptasensor based on deoxyribonucleic acid intercalated dyes for detecting lactoferrin in milk powder. Front Nutr 2022; 9:992188. [PMID: 36185658 PMCID: PMC9521185 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.992188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein, regulates the immune system. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is critical for child physical growth and development. As a common additive in the dairy industry, it is crucial to quantify LF content. This study established a self-assembly and universal fluorescence aptasensor for detecting LF in milk powder based on structure-selective dyes of PicoGreen intercalated in the label-free aptamer. Herein, the aptamer functions as both a specific recognition element against targets and a fluorescent signal reporter integrated with structure-selective dyes. First, the aptamer folds into a three-dimensional spatial structure based on complementary base pairings and intermolecular weak non-covalent interactions. Then, the dye is intercalated into the minor groove structures of the aptamer and triggers its potential fluorescent property. When the target exists, the aptamer binds to it preferentially, and its space structure unfolds. This causes the freeing of the subsequent dye and decreases the corresponding fluorescence. Hence, the reflected fluorescence signals could directly determine the target concentrations. Under the optimum conditions, a good linear relationship (R2, 0.980) was obtained in the Lf range from 20 to 500 nM with a detection limit of 3 nM (2.4 mg/kg) and good specificity, as well as a reliable recovery of 95.8–105.1% in milk powder. In addition, the universality was also confirmed with a good performance by quickly changing the aptamers against other targets (chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid, bovine thyroglobulin, and human transferrin) or utilizing another fluorescence dye. Therefore, this self-assembly aptasensor provides a universal and concise strategy for effective detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Linsen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mengmeng Yan,
| | - Chao Zhu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
- Chao Zhu,
| | - Feng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Characterization and determination of bovine immunoglobulin G subtypes in milk and dairy products by UPLC-MS. Food Chem 2022; 390:133170. [PMID: 35597093 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method was established for the characterization and quantitative determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3) in bovine dairy products. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied to qualitatively confirm the theoretical peptides with specificity, enzymatic hydrolysis curve and stability among in heavy chain constant (CH1, CH2 and CH3) regions. The characteristic peptides VHNEGLPAPIVR, EPSVFIFPPKPK, GLPAPIVR, VVSALR were screened to quantitative analysis bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and the total amount of bovine IgG1 and IgG3, respectively. Isotope-labeled peptides were obtained by isotope dimethylation reaction, which aimed to correct the matrix effects. The results showed that the recovery was between 98.7% and 103.5%, and the precision of inter-day and intra-day was less than 6.8%. Moreover, this method had good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999). Therefore, this research provided an effective method for quantitatively detecting bovine IgG subtypes in milk and dairy products.
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Mbye M, Ayyash M, Abu-Jdayil B, Kamal-Eldin A. The Texture of Camel Milk Cheese: Effects of Milk Composition, Coagulants, and Processing Conditions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868320. [PMID: 35520282 PMCID: PMC9062519 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous people in African, Middle Asian, Middle Eastern, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries highly value camel milk (CM) as it plays a vital role in their diet. The protein composition of CM as well as the structure of its casein micelles differs significantly from bovine milk (BM). Cheeses made from CM have a weak curd and soft texture compared to those made from BM. This review article presents and discusses the effect of milk protein composition, processing conditions (pasteurization and high-pressure treatment), and coagulants (camel chymosin, organic acids, plant proteases) on the quality of CM cheeses. CM cheese's weak texture is due to compositional characteristics of the milk, including low κ-casein-to-β-casein ratio (≈0.05 in CM vs. ≈0.33 in BM), large micelle size, different whey protein components, and higher proteolytic activity than BM. CM cheese texture can be improved by preheating the milk at low temperatures or by high pressure. Supplementing CM with calcium has shown inconsistent results on cheese texture, which may be due to interactions with other processing conditions. Despite their structure, CM cheeses are generally well liked in sensory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mbye
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basim Abu-Jdayil
- Department of Petroleum & Chemical Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Wang T, Liang Y, Zhao X, Tang K, Guan Y, Wang H. Carboxyl-Rich Carbon Dots as Highly Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent Sensor for Detection of Fe 3+ in Water and Lactoferrin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4317. [PMID: 34960868 PMCID: PMC8706276 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As lactoferrin (LF) plays an essential role in physiological processes, the detection of LF has attracted increasing attention in the field of disease diagnosis. However, most current methods require expensive equipment, laborious pretreatment, and long processing time. In this work, carboxyl-rich carbon dots (COOH-CDs) were facilely prepared through a one-step, low-cost hydrothermal process with tartaric acid as the precursor. The COOH-CDs had abundant carboxyl on the surface and showed strong blue emission. Moreover, COOH-CDs were used as a fluorescent sensor toward Fe3+ and showed high selectivity for Fe3+ with the limit of detection (LoD) of 3.18 nM. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to reveal the mechanism of excellent performance for Fe3+ detection. Meanwhile, COOH-CDs showed no obvious effect on lactobacillus plantarum growth, which means that COOH-CDs have good biocompatibility. Due to the nontoxicity and excellent detection performance for Fe3+, COOH-CDs were employed as a fluorescent sensor toward LF and showed satisfying performance with an LoD of 0.776 µg/mL, which was better than those of the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (T.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiangzhong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ke Tang
- College of Biotechnology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (T.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Yutong Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (X.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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An Efficient Heparin Affinity Column Purification Method Coupled with Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography for the Quantification of Native Lactoferrin in Breast Milk. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4675343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a bioactive multifunctional protein and found in the highest amounts in human milk. Several methods can be used to quantify LF. However, quantification of native LF has garnered relatively little interest to date. This study aimed to develop a novel efficient two-step method for quantifying native LF in breast milk. During the analysis, LF was first extracted with phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), purified using a heparin affinity column. Subsequently, LF was detected using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) at a wavelength of 201 nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 5–200 mg/L. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L, respectively, indicating that the validated method could be employed to quantify LF in breast milk. Compared with previous HPLC methods, this method demonstrated several remarkable advantages, including simple operation, low-cost detection, and high accuracy. Hence, the results demonstrate an efficient method that can be employed commercially to purify and analyze LF in human milk samples.
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Chen YZ, Li C, Gu J, Lv SC, Song JY, Tang ZB, Duan GX, Qin LQ, Zhao L, Xu JY. Anti-Oxidative and Immuno-Protective Effect of Camel Milk on Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in C57BL/6 J Mice. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211003798. [PMID: 33867894 PMCID: PMC8020251 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective is to investigate the protective effect of camel milk (CM) on radiation-induced intestinal injury. METHODS The C57BL/6 J mice in 2 experiments were assigned into control group (Con), irradiation group (IR), and CM+irradiation group (CM+IR). After receiving the CM via gavage for 14 days, the mice in the first experiment were exposed to 6 Gy X-ray whole body irradiation, and survival rate was compared among the groups. Mice in the second experiment were exposed to 4 Gy irradiation and sacrificed at day 7. The small intestines were collected to examine the histopathological changes and to determine the anti-oxidative index and HMGB1/TLR4 inflammatory pathway. Fasting blood was used to measure serum pro-inflammatory factors. RESULTS Compared with the IR group, the survival time was prolonged, and survival rate was increased in the CM+IR group. CM increased levels of SOD and GSH and decreased MDA in the jejunum. Furthermore, intestinal protein expression of HMGB1/TLR4 pathway (TLR4, NF-κB, and HMGB1) was up-regulated by CM intervention. CM decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and increased IL-10 level. CONCLUSIONS CM extended the survival time and had a protective effect against radiation-induced jejunum injury by regulation of antioxidant capacity and HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 inflammatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Si-chen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-bing Tang
- Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Lin Zhao and Jia-Ying Xu, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. ;
| | - Jia-Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Lin Zhao and Jia-Ying Xu, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. ;
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