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Podolski-Renić A, Čipak Gašparović A, Valente A, López Ó, Bormio Nunes JH, Kowol CR, Heffeter P, Filipović NR. Schiff bases and their metal complexes to target and overcome (multidrug) resistance in cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116363. [PMID: 38593587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major challenges in cancer therapy. In this respect, Schiff base-related compounds (bearing a R1R2CNR3 bond) gained high interest during the past decades. Schiff bases are considered privileged ligands for various reasons, including the easiness of their preparation and the possibility to form complexes with almost all transition metal ions. Schiff bases and their metal complexes exhibit many types of biological activities and are used for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. Until now, 13 Schiff bases have been investigated in clinical trials for cancer treatment and hypoxia imaging. This review represents the first collection of Schiff bases and their complexes which demonstrated MDR-reversal activity. The areas of drug resistance covered in this article involve: 1) Modulation of ABC transporter function, 2) Targeting lysosomal ABCB1 overexpression, 3) Circumvention of ABC transporter-mediated drug efflux by alternative routes of drug uptake, 4) Selective activity against MDR cancer models (collateral sensitivity), 5) Targeting GSH-detoxifying systems, 6) Overcoming apoptosis resistance by inducing necrosis and paraptosis, 7) Reactivation of mutated p53, 8) Restoration of sensitivity to DNA-damaging anticancer therapy, and 9) Overcoming drug resistance through modulation of the immune system. Through this approach, we would like to draw attention to Schiff bases and their metal complexes representing highly interesting anticancer drug candidates with the ability to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia H Bormio Nunes
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nenad R Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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2
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Janowska S, Holota S, Lesyk R, Wujec M. Aromatase Inhibitors as a Promising Direction for the Search for New Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2024; 29:346. [PMID: 38257259 PMCID: PMC10819800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aromatase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of estrogens, which are hormones that contribute to the growth of certain types of breast cancer. In particular, aromatase catalyzes the conversion of androgens (male hormones) into estrogens (female hormones) in various tissues, including the adrenal glands, ovaries, and adipose tissue. Given the role of estrogen in promoting the growth of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers, aromatase has become an important molecular target for the development of anticancer agents. Aromatase inhibitors can be classified into two main groups based on their chemical structure: steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors. This work presents a review of the literature from the last ten years regarding the search for new aromatase inhibitors. We present the directions of search, taking into account the impact of structure modifications on anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Janowska
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Serhii Holota
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (S.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine; (S.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Monika Wujec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Maghraby MTE, Mazyad Almutairi T, Bräse S, Salem OIA, Youssif BGM, Sheha MM. New 1,2,3-Triazole/1,2,4-triazole Hybrids as Aromatase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Apoptotic Antiproliferative Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:7092. [PMID: 37894571 PMCID: PMC10609154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 1,2,3-triazole/1,2,4-triazole hybrids 5a, 5b, and 6a-i was designed and synthesized as antiproliferative agents targeting aromatase enzymes. The antiproliferative activity of the new hybrids against four cancer cells was studied using Erlotinib as a control. Compounds 6a and 6b demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activity among these hybrids, with GI50 values of 40 nM and 35 nM, respectively. Compound 6b was the most potent derivative, with a GI50 of 35 nM, comparable to Erlotinib's GI50 of 33 nM. Compound 6b inhibited all cancer cell lines with comparable efficacy to Erlotinib. Compounds 5a, 5b, and 6a-i were tested for inhibitory action against aromatase as a potential target for their antiproliferative activity. Results revealed that compounds 6a and 6b were the most potent aromatase inhibitors, with IC50 values of 0.12 ± 0.01 µM and 0.09 ± 0.01 µM, respectively, being more potent than the reference Ketoconazole (IC50 = 2.6 ± 0.20 µM) but less potent than Letrozole (IC50 = 0.002 ± 0.0002). These findings indicated that compounds 6a and 6b had significant aromatase inhibitory action and are potential antiproliferative candidates. The findings were further linked to molecular docking investigations, which gave models of strong interactions with the aromatase domain for inhibitors with high binding scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T-E Maghraby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; (M.T.-E.M.); (O.I.A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, New Valley 72511, Egypt
| | - Tahani Mazyad Almutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, IBCS-FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ola I. A. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; (M.T.-E.M.); (O.I.A.S.)
| | - Bahaa G. M. Youssif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; (M.T.-E.M.); (O.I.A.S.)
| | - Mahmoud M. Sheha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New-Assiut 71684, Egypt
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4
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Rashdan H, Abdelmonsef A. Towards Covid-19 TMPRSS2 enzyme inhibitors and antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, antimicrobial potency, molecular docking, and drug-likeness prediction of thiadiazole-triazole hybrids. J Mol Struct 2022; 1268:133659. [PMID: 35818577 PMCID: PMC9255848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3,4-Thiadiazole analogues 3 and 4 were synthesised via the reaction of 1-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethan-1one 2 with vanillin or thiophene-2-carboxaldhyde, respectively through chalcone reaction. Compounds 3 and 4 were submitted to react with thiosemicarbazide affording 5-(4‑hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5) give 3-(5-methyl-1-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4,5 dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (6), respectively. The letters were reacted with N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride to give compounds 7 and 8. The chemical compositions of the novel compounds were affirmed by spectral and microanalytical data. Meanwhile, all the newly synthesized compounds have been screened for their ability to prevent the proliferation of different pathogens named Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in vitro. Additionally, the potency of the newly synthesized compounds to be anti-COVID-19 candidates was studied through a molecular docking study. The newly prepared molecules 2-8 were studied in silico against transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to identify their potential therapeutic activity against Coronavirus. Moreover, the drug-likeness of the compounds was tested theoretically by ADMET studies. Compound 8 exhibited a better binding affinity (-9.1 kcal/mol) against the target enzyme TMPRSS2. Additionally, it respects Lipinski's rule of five and has acceptable ADMET properties, indicating that compound 8 could be interesting for the treatment of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.R.M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Institute, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - A.H. Abdelmonsef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
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5
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Radwan EK, Rashdan HRM, Hemdan BA, Koryam AA, El-Naggar ME. A dual-functional sulfone biscompound containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety for decolorization and disinfection of contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77238-77252. [PMID: 35676578 PMCID: PMC9581830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Water decontamination from toxic dyes and pathogenic microorganisms is critical for life on Earth. Herein, we report the synthesis of sulfone biscompound containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety and evaluation of its dye decolorization and biocidal and disinfection efficiencies. The decolorization efficiency was tested under different experimental conditions, while the biocidal action was examined against various types of waterborne pathogens, and the disinfection of some pathogenic microbes was executed in artificially contaminated water. The findindgs illustrated that the solution initial pH (pHi) affected the decolorization efficiency significantly. About complete removal of 10 mg/L malachite green (MG) dye was achieved after 10 min using 3 g/L of the sulfone biscompound at pHi 6. The pseudo-second-order equation suited the adsorption kinetics accurately, while the equilibrium data was suited by Langmuir isotherm model. Electrostatic, n-π, and π-π interactions brought about the adsorption of MG onto the sulfone biscompound. The biocidal results indicated that the sulfone biscompound had a powerful antibacterial potential against the tested bacterial species. Likewise, the distinction trail revealed that after 70-90 min of direct contact with an effective dose, the tested pathogens could be completely eliminated (6-log reduction). Overall, the newly synthesized sulfone biscompound can efficiently remove cationic dyes and disinfect contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad K Radwan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Huda R M Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Bahaa A Hemdan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Koryam
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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6
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Al-Humairi AH, Speransky DL, Sadchikova EV. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity on Cell Cultures of New Azolotriazines. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Novel series of 1,2,3-triazolyl-acetamide scaffolds: Synthesis, biological activity and computational molecular modeling. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Nitu S, Milea MS, Boran S, Mosoarca G, Zamfir AD, Popa S, Funar-Timofei S. Experimental and Computational Study of Novel Pyrazole Azo Dyes as Colored Materials for Light Color Paints. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5507. [PMID: 36013644 PMCID: PMC9410184 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of eight new pyrazole azo dyes using ethyl 5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate as the diazotization component and various active methylene derivatives as coupling components. These new azo dyes were characterized by spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-VIS), and spectrometric (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS) analyses. The dye structures were modeled by the MMFF94s force field and quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set, in the gas phase. Weak electrostatic hydrogen bonds for the azo and hydrazo dye tautomers were found in the ground state. The CIS, TD (using the B3LYP and M06-2X functionals), and ZINDO methods were used to estimate the dye UV-VIS spectra in ethanol, which were compared with the experimental ones. The anti-configuration arrangement of the π-bonds and the presence of the prevalent hydrazo dye tautomer were supported by the computed 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. A good accordance between the experimental and predicted absorption maxima and chemical shifts was observed. Color investigations using the CIEL*a*b* space were conducted for all dyes in powder and for their mixtures in water-based acrylic resins. The results confirm the newly synthesized dyes' color properties and that they might be used for light color paints in the varnishes industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Nitu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. V. Parvan, No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Silviu Milea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. V. Parvan, No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorina Boran
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. V. Parvan, No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giannin Mosoarca
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. V. Parvan, No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina D. Zamfir
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 300224 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simona Popa
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. V. Parvan, No. 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Simona Funar-Timofei
- “Coriolan Dragulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
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9
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In silico study to identify novel potential thiadiazole-based molecules as anti-Covid-19 candidates by hierarchical virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2022; 33:1727-1739. [PMID: 35729938 PMCID: PMC9198413 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new category of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles was developed by submitting methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate to react with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides in presence of few drops of diisopropyl ethyl amine. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were inferred by means of their micro-analytical and spectral data. Utilizing combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics techniques, the binding affinities and features of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against four SARS-CoV-2 target enzymes, namely, main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Compound 7 demonstrated promising binding affinities with the target enzymes Mpro, PLpro, RdRp, and RBD with docking scores of −11.4, −9.4, −8.2, and −6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, compound 7 exhibited MM-GBSA//100 ns MD docking score of −35.9 kcal/mol against Mpro. Structural and energetic analyses revealed the stability of the 7-Mpro complex over 100 ns MD simulations. In addition, compound 7 obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five, as it has acceptable absorption, distribution, and oral bioavailability inside the body. Therefore, compound 7 is considered as a promising starting point for designing potential therapeutic agents against Covid-19.
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10
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Development of Metal Complexes for Treatment of Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126418. [PMID: 35742870 PMCID: PMC9223400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) is a global epidemic. This pandemic, which has been linked to high rates of death, has forced some countries throughout the world to implement complete lockdowns in order to contain the spread of infection. Because of the advent of new coronavirus variants, it is critical to find effective treatments and vaccines to prevent the virus’s rapid spread over the world. In this regard, metal complexes have attained immense interest as antibody modifiers and antiviral therapies, and they have a lot of promise towards SARS-CoV-2 and their suggested mechanisms of action are discussed, i.e., a new series of metal complexes’ medicinal vital role in treatment of specific proteins or SARS-CoV-2 are described. The structures of the obtained metal complexes were fully elucidated by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques also. Molecular docking and pharmacophore studies presented that most of complexes studied influenced good binding affinity to the main protease SARS-CoV-2, which also was attained as from the RCSB pdb (Protein Data Bank) data PDB ID: 6 W41, to expect the action of metal complexes in contradiction of COVID-19. Experimental research is required to determine the pharmacokinetics of most of the complexes analyzed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-related disease. Finally, the toxicity of a metal-containing inorganic complex will thus be discussed by its capability to transfer metals which may bind with targeted site.
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Novel Thiadiazole-Based Molecules as Promising Inhibitors of Black Fungi and Pathogenic Bacteria: In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113613. [PMID: 35684551 PMCID: PMC9182183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides in the presence of a few drops of diisopropylethylamine. The chemical structure of the newly fabricated compounds was inferred from their microanalytical and spectral data. With the increase in microbial diseases, fungi remain a devastating threat to human health because of the resistance of microorganisms to antifungal drugs. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) have higher mortality rates in many populations. The present study aimed to find new antifungal agents using the disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were estimated by the microdilution assay. An in vitro experiment of six synthesized chemical compounds exhibited antifungal activity against Rhizopus oryzae; compounds with an imidazole moiety, such as the compound 7, were documented to have energetic antibacterial, antifungal properties. As a result of these findings, this research suggests that the synthesized compounds could be an excellent choice for controlling black fungus diseases. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was achieved on the synthesized compounds, of which compounds 2, 6, and 7 showed the best interactions with the selected protein targets.
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12
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Gandham SK, Kudale AA, Rao Allaka T, Jha A. Design and Synthesis of Benzoxepine–Based 1,2,3‐Triazoles: Molecular Docking and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Gandham
- Department of Chemistry GITAM Institute of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 530045 India
| | | | - Tejeswara Rao Allaka
- Institute of Science and Technology Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 500085 India
| | - Anjali Jha
- Department of Chemistry GITAM Institute of Science GITAM (Deemed to be University) Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 530045 India
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13
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Sabt A, Abdelrahman MT, Abdelraof M, Rashdan HRM. Investigation of Novel Mucorales Fungal Inhibitors: Synthesis, In‐Silico Study and Anti‐Fungal Potency of Novel Class of Coumarin‐6‐Sulfonamides‐Thiazole and Thiadiazole Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department National Research Center Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Mohamad T. Abdelrahman
- Radioisotopes Department Nuclear Research Centre Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelraof
- Microbial Chemistry Department Biotechnology Research Institute National Research Centre 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.) Giza P.O. 12622 Egypt
| | - Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute National Research Centre, Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt E-mail: hr.rashdan.nrc.sci.eg
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14
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Triazoles Synthesis & Applications as Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors for Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Treatment. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5349279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been emerged as promising agents for treating hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women because of their inhibitory effect on estrogen synthesis. Indeed, these compounds can block the activity of aromatase, the enzyme that intervenes in the last steps of estrogen production pathway. Triazoles are the core structures of nonsteroidal AIs. The nitrogen atom of the triazole moiety plays a fundamental role in the aromatase functionality by interacting with the iron ions of the heme group. In general, AIs possess numerous advantages as they quench the last step of estrogen synthesis without any inhibitory effects on the production of other steroids produced via the same pathway. Some AIs as anastrozole, letrozole, and vorozole have already been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the treatment of breast cancer. The previously mentioned compounds present severe and adverse effects as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), resistance onset on long-term treatments, and a higher risk of bone fractures. This review focuses intensively on the role of AIs in the treatment of hormone-sensitive types of cancers, especially the role of triazoles as nonsteroidal AIs. Also, the review provides an overview about the chemistry of triazoles along with the different methods by which the
-triazoles and s-triazoles are synthesized.
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15
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Solvent-Free Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Novel Potential 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-Based Molecules against Microbial Pathogens. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020342. [PMID: 35056655 PMCID: PMC8779762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles was synthesized by the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate (2) with selected derivatives of hydrazonoyl halide by grinding method at room temperature. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were resolved from correct spectral and microanalytical data. Moreover, all synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. However, compounds 3 and 5 showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The other prepared compounds exhibited either only antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like compounds 4 and 6, or only antifungal activity like compound 7. A molecular docking study of the compounds was performed against two important microbial enzymes: tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and N-myristoyl transferase (Nmt). The tested compounds showed variety in binding poses and interactions. However, compound 3 showed the best interactions in terms of number of hydrogen bonds, and the lowest affinity binding energy (−8.4 and −9.1 kcal/mol, respectively). From the in vitro and in silico studies, compound 3 is a good candidate for the next steps of the drug development process as an antimicrobial drug.
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16
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Rashdan HRM, Abdelmonsef AH, Abou-Krisha MM, Yousef TA. Synthesis, Identification, Computer-Aided Docking Studies, and ADMET Prediction of Novel Benzimidazo-1,2,3-triazole Based Molecules as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:7119. [PMID: 34885701 PMCID: PMC8659132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2-azido-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives 1a,b were reacted with a β-ketoester such as acetylacetone in the presence of sodium ethoxide to obtain the desired molecules 2a,b. The latter acted as a key molecule for the synthesis of new carbazone derivatives 4a,b that were submitted to react with 2-oxo-N-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)acetohydrazonoyl chloride to obtain the target thiadiazole derivatives 6a,b. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were inferred from correct spectral and microanalytical data. Moreover, the newly prepared compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies with DNA gyrase B and exhibited binding energy that extended from -9.8 to -6.4 kcal/mol, which confirmed their excellent potency. The compounds 6a,b were found to be with the minimum binding energy (-9.7 and -9.8 kcal/mol) as compared to the standard drug ciprofloxacin (-7.4 kcal/mol) against the target enzyme DNA gyrase B. In addition, the newly synthesized compounds were also examined and screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Among the newly synthesized molecules, significant antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms was obtained for the compounds 6a,b. The in silico and in vitro findings showed that compounds 6a,b were the most active against bacterial strains, and could serve as potential antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Institute, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Aboubakr H. Abdelmonsef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (A.H.A.); (M.M.A.-K.)
| | - Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (A.H.A.); (M.M.A.-K.)
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Yousef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Mansoura Laboratory, Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drug, Forensic Medicine, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
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17
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Alam MM. 1,2,3-Triazole hybrids as anticancer agents: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100158. [PMID: 34559414 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advancements in the development of anticancer agents, more effective and safer anticancer drugs still need to be developed as the current agents cause unwanted side effects and many patients have become drug resistant. 1,2,3-Triazoles, due to their remarkable biological potential, have received considerable attention in drug discovery for the development of anticancer agents. The present review article presents an overview of the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole hybrids with anticancer potential over the last 2 years, their chemical structures, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action, as well as insights into the docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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18
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Said MA, Khan DJO, Al-blewi FF, Al-Kaff NS, Ali AA, Rezki N, Aouad MR, Hagar M. New 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold Schiff Bases as Potential Anti-COVID-19: Design, Synthesis, DFT-Molecular Docking, and Cytotoxicity Aspects. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091012. [PMID: 34579249 PMCID: PMC8472185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schiff bases encompassing a 1,2,3-triazole motif were synthesized using an efficient multi-step synthesis. The formations of targeted Schiff base ligands were confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and CHN analysis). The spectral data analysis revealed that the newly designed hydrazones exist as a mixture of trans-E and cis-E diastereomers. Densityfunctional theory calculations (DFT) for the Schiff bases showed that the trans-trans form has the lowest energy structure with maximum stability compared to the other possible geometrical isomers that could be present due to the orientation of the amidic NH-C=O group. The energy differences between the trans-trans on one side and syn-syn and syn-trans isomers on the other side were 9.26 and 5.56 kcal/mol, respectively. A quantitative structure-activity relationship investigation was also performed in terms of density functional theory. The binding affinities of the newly synthesized bases are, maybe, attributed to the presence of hydrogen bonds together with many hydrophobic interactions between the ligands and the active amino acid residue of the receptor. The superposition of the inhibitor N3 and an example ligand into the binding pocket of 7BQY is also presented. Further interesting comparative docking analyses were performed. Quantitative structure-activity relationship calculations are presented, illustrating possible inhibitory activity. Further computer-aided cytotoxicity analysis by Drug2Way and PASS online software was carried out for Schiff base ligands against various cancer cell lines. Overall, the results of this study suggest that these Schiff base derivatives may be considered for further investigation as possible therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa A. Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Daoud J. O. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Fawzia F. Al-blewi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadia S. Al-Kaff
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adeeb A. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Mohamed Reda Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia; (D.J.O.K.); (F.F.A.-b.); (A.A.A.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 30799, Saudi Arabia;
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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19
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Rashdan HRM, Shehadi IA, Abdelrahman MT, Hemdan BA. Antibacterial Activities and Molecular Docking of Novel Sulfone Biscompound Containing Bioactive 1,2,3-Triazole Moiety. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164817. [PMID: 34443405 PMCID: PMC8399954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new synthetic 1,2,3-triazole-containing disulfone compound was derived from dapsone. Its chemical structure was confirmed using microchemical and analytical data, and it was tested for its in vitro antibacterial potential. Six different pathogenic bacteria were selected. MICs values and ATP levels were determined. Further, toxicity performance was measured using MicroTox Analyzer. In addition, a molecular docking study was performed against two vital enzymes: DNA gyrase and Dihydropteroate synthase. The results of antibacterial abilities showed that the studied synthetic compound had a strong bactericidal effect against all tested bacterial strains, as Gram-negative species were more susceptible to the compound than Gram-positive species. Toxicity results showed that the compound is biocompatible and safe without toxic impact. The molecular docking of the compound showed interactions within the pocket of two enzymes, which are able to stabilize the compound and reveal its antimicrobial activity. Hence, from these results, this study recommends that the established compound could be an outstanding candidate for fighting a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacterial strains, and it might therefore be used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Ihsan A. Shehadi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohamad T. Abdelrahman
- Radioisotopes Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Bahaa A. Hemdan
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
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20
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Rani S, Raheja K, Luxami V, Paul K. A review on diverse heterocyclic compounds as the privileged scaffolds in non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:105017. [PMID: 34091288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer, emerging malignancy is common among women due to overexpression of estrogen. Estrogens are biosynthesized from androgens by aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme complex, and play a pivotal role in stimulating cell proliferation. Therefore, deprivation of estrogen by blocking aromatase is considered as the effective way for the inhibition and treatment of breast cancer. In recent years, various non-steroidal heterocyclic functionalities have been extensively developed and studied for their aromatase inhibition activity. This review provides information about the structural-activity relationship of heterocycles (Type II) towards aromatase. This aids the medicinal chemist around the significance of different heterocyclic moieties and helps to design potent aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Rani
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India
| | - Konpal Raheja
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India
| | - Vijay Luxami
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147001, India.
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21
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Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and In Silico ADMET Screening of New Heterocycles Linked Thiazole Conjugates as Potent Anti-Hepatic Cancer Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061705. [PMID: 33803823 PMCID: PMC8003218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazoles are important scaffolds in organic chemistry. Biosynthesis of thiazoles is considered to be an excellent target for the design of novel classes of therapeutic agents. In this study, a new series of 2-ethylidenehydrazono-5-arylazothiazoles 5a–d and 2-ethylidenehydrazono-5-arylazo- thiazolones 8a–d were synthesized via the cyclocondensation reaction of the appropriate hydrazonyl halides 4a–d and 7a–d with ethylidene thiosemicarbazide 3, respectively. Furthermore, the thiosemicarbazide derivative 3 was reacted with different bromoacetyl compounds 10–12 to afford the respective thiazole derivatives 13–15. Chemical composition of the novel derivatives was established on bases of their spectral data (FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry) and microanalytical data. The newly synthesized derivatives were screened for their in vitro anti-hepatic cancer potency using an MTT assay. Moreover, an in silico technique was used to assess the interaction modes of the compounds with the active site of Rho6 protein. The docking studies of the target Rho6 with the newly synthesized fourteen compounds showed good docking scores with acceptable binding interactions. The presented results revealed that the newly synthesized compounds exhibited promising inhibition activity against hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2).
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22
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Rashdan HR, Shehadi IA, Abdelmonsef AH. Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation, Computer-Aided Docking Studies, and ADMET Prediction of 1,2,3-Triazolyl-Pyridine Hybrids as Human Aurora B Kinase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1445-1455. [PMID: 33490804 PMCID: PMC7818638 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyridine hybrids were prepared through the reaction of the triazole derivative (1) with the appropriate aldehyde (2a-g) and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium acetate in refluxed acetic acid. The chemical composition of the products was established on the basis of spectral and elemental analyses. Aurora B kinase is a protein with diverse biological actions in controlling tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation and metastasis, making it an emerging target for diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alteration in the target protein expression causes unequal distribution of genetic information, causing HCC. The new compounds were tested for their antihepatic cancer activity, and some of them had strong efficacy against human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R.M. Rashdan
- Chemistry
of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug
Industries Research Division, National Research
Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ihsan A. Shehadi
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, University
of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
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23
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Zorn KM, Foil DH, Lane TR, Hillwalker W, Feifarek DJ, Jones F, Klaren WD, Brinkman AM, Ekins S. Comparing Machine Learning Models for Aromatase (P450 19A1). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15546-15555. [PMID: 33207874 PMCID: PMC8194505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase, or cytochrome P450 19A1, catalyzes the aromatization of androgens to estrogens within the body. Changes in the activity of this enzyme can produce hormonal imbalances that can be detrimental to sexual and skeletal development. Inhibition of this enzyme can occur with drugs and natural products as well as environmental chemicals. Therefore, predicting potential endocrine disruption via exogenous chemicals requires that aromatase inhibition be considered in addition to androgen and estrogen pathway interference. Bayesian machine learning methods can be used for prospective prediction from the molecular structure without the need for experimental data. Herein, the generation and evaluation of multiple machine learning models utilizing different sources of aromatase inhibition data are described. These models are applied to two test sets for external validation with molecules relevant to drug discovery from the public domain. In addition, the performance of multiple machine learning algorithms was evaluated by comparing internal five-fold cross-validation statistics of the training data. These methods to predict aromatase inhibition from molecular structure, when used in concert with estrogen and androgen machine learning models, allow for a more holistic assessment of endocrine-disrupting potential of chemicals with limited empirical data and enable the reduction of the use of hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M. Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daniel H. Foil
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Wendy Hillwalker
- Global Product Safety, SC Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, WI, USA
| | | | - Frank Jones
- Global Product Safety, SC Johnson and Son, Inc., Racine, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
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