1
|
Fik-Jaskółka M, Mittova V, Motsonelidze C, Vakhania M, Vicidomini C, Roviello GN. Antimicrobial Metabolites of Caucasian Medicinal Plants as Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:487. [PMID: 38927153 PMCID: PMC11200912 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential of antimicrobial metabolites derived from Caucasian medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. With the rise of antibiotic resistance posing a global health threat, there is a pressing need to investigate alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Caucasian medicinal plants have traditionally been used for their therapeutic properties, and recent research has highlighted their potential as sources of antimicrobial compounds. Representatives of 15 families of Caucasian medicinal plant extracts (24 species) have been explored for their efficacy against these pathogens. The effect of these plants on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi is discussed in this paper. By harnessing the bioactive metabolites present in these plants, this study aims to contribute to the development of new antimicrobial treatments that can effectively combat bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of resistance emergence. Herein we discuss the following classes of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity: phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, and sulfur-containing compounds of Allium species. The review discusses the pharmacological properties of selected Caucasian medicinal plants, the extraction and characterization of these antimicrobial metabolites, the mechanisms of action of antibacterial and antifungal plant compounds, and their potential applications in clinical settings. Additionally, challenges and future directions in the research of antimicrobial metabolites from Caucasian medicinal plants are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fik-Jaskółka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Valentina Mittova
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | | | - Malkhaz Vakhania
- Teaching University Geomedi, 4 King Solomon II Str., Tbilisi 0114, Georgia; (V.M.)
| | - Caterina Vicidomini
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou M, Sun Y, Luo L, Pan H, Zhang Q, Yu C. Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals nutritional properties and pigmentation mechanism of tea-scented rosehips. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3392-3404. [PMID: 38105397 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruits of the genus Rosa, commonly known as rosehips, have attracted significant attention owing to their rich content of various bioactive compounds. However, their utility is generally secondary to the ornamental appeal of their flowers. This study aimed to explore the quality differences among tea-scented rosehips found in Yunnan, China, including those of Rosa odorata var. odorata (RO), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (RG), and Rosa yangii (RY). Morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of their fruits were evaluated. RESULTS The study revealed significant variability in composition and biological activities based on fruit color. RO exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C, with the strongest antioxidant activity (10.99 μmol Trolox·g-1 ), followed by RG (7.91 μmol Trolox·g-1 ) and RY (6.52 μmol Trolox·g-1 ). This supports RO's potential as a functional food source. Untargeted metabolomics identified and quantified 502 metabolites, with flavonoids (171) and phenolic acids (147) as the main metabolites. The differential metabolites among the fruits are primarily enriched for flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Insights into color formation supported the role of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols in fruit color variation. CONCLUSION Tea-scented rosehips offer vibrant colors and high nutritional value with potent biological activities. Rosa odorata var. odorata stands out as a functional food source owing to its rich bioactive compounds. These findings lay the groundwork for utilizing rosehips in functional foods, health supplements, and food additives, emphasizing the practical and beneficial applications of Rosa spp. independent of their ornamental value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanz-Lamora H, Nicola-Llorente M, Torres-Oteros D, Pérez-Martí A, Aghziel I, Lozano-Castellón J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Canudas S, Marrero PF, Haro D, Relat J. The Antiobesity Effects of Rosehip (Rosa canina) Flesh by Antagonizing the PPAR Gamma Activity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300539. [PMID: 38332573 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE The rosehip (Rosa canina) is a perennial shrub with a reddish pseudofruit that has demonstrated antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and antiobesogenic effects in rodent models but there is low information about the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects on the onset and progression of diet-induced obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice are subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD)-supplemented or not with R. canina flesh for 18 weeks. The results indicated that the R. canina flesh exerts a preventive effect on HFD-induced obesity with a significant reduction in body-weight gain and an improvement of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance caused by a HFD. At the tissue level, subcutaneous white adipose tissue exhibits a higher number of smaller adipocytes, with decreased lipogenesis. On its side, the liver shows a significant decrease in lipid droplet content and in the expression of genes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose metabolism. Finally, the data suggest that most of these effects agree with the presence of a putative Perosxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist in the R. canina flesh. CONCLUSIONS R. canina flesh dietary supplementation slows down the steatotic effect of a HFD at least in part through the regulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hèctor Sanz-Lamora
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Mariano Nicola-Llorente
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Daniel Torres-Oteros
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Martí
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Inass Aghziel
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Julián Lozano-Castellón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Sílvia Canudas
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
| | - Pedro F Marrero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Diego Haro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Food Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety of the University of Barcelona (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E-08921, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBER-OBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fayaz F, Singh K, Gairola S, Ahmed Z, Shah BA. A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Rosa Species (Rosaceae). Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:364-378. [PMID: 37937578 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266274385231023075011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The Rosa L. genus is a significant plant family in the Rosaceae group, consisting of around 200 species, primarily shrubs. In India, it has 37 species, most located in the Western Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Roses are highly regarded for their beauty and growth and are popular worldwide for their nutritional, therapeutic, ornamental, and cosmetic value. The rose hips are utilized in creating various food and drink items, such as jams, jellies, teas, and alcoholic beverages. The Rosa species has various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative/anticancer, anti-arthritic, neurological, and anti-obesity activity. This review aims to provide an in- -depth overview of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the Rosa species in India, focusing on Rosa indica L., which has significant potential for future chemical and biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Fayaz
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kanwaljeet Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sumeet Gairola
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Plant Sciences & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Products and Medicinal Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Medveckienė B, Levickienė D, Vaitkevičienė N, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Kulaitienė J. Changes in Pomological and Physical Parameters in Rosehips during Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1314. [PMID: 36987001 PMCID: PMC10054635 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rosehips of various Rosa spp. are well known for having human health-promoting compounds like mineral nutrients, vitamins, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. However, little is known about rosehip characteristics which describe the fruit quality and may indicate appropriate harvest times. Our study evaluated the pomological (width, length, and weight of fruits, flesh weight, and seed weight), texture, and CIE colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), chroma (C), and hue angle (h°) of rosehip fruits of Rosa canina, Rosa rugosa, and genotypes of Rosa rugosa 'Rubra' and 'Alba', harvested at five ripening stages (I-V). The main results revealed that genotype and ripening stage significantly affected parameters. The significantly longest (R. canina) and widest fruits (R. Rugosa) were measured at ripening stage V. Genotypes of R. rugosa 'Rubra' and 'Alba' had significantly higher fruit and flesh weights at ripening stage V. Rosehips of all investigated genotypes expressed darkness (lower L*) during ripening, and had the highest hue angle h° values at ripening stage I while the lowest was at stage V. The significantly lowest skin elasticity of rosehips was found at stage V. However, R. canina was distinguished by the highest fruit skin elasticity and strength. As our results show, the desired pomological, colour, and texture features of various species and cultivars rosehips can be optimised according to the harvest time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Zhou M, Luo L, Pan H, Zhang Q, Yu C. Metabolic profiles, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of rosehips from Xinjiang, China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
Sallustio V, Chiocchio I, Mandrone M, Cirrincione M, Protti M, Farruggia G, Abruzzo A, Luppi B, Bigucci F, Mercolini L, Poli F, Cerchiara T. Extraction, Encapsulation into Lipid Vesicular Systems, and Biological Activity of Rosa canina L. Bioactive Compounds for Dermocosmetic Use. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093025. [PMID: 35566374 PMCID: PMC9104920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Valorization of wild plants to obtain botanical ingredients could be a strategy for sustainable production of cosmetics. This study aimed to select the rosehip extract containing the greatest amounts of bioactive compounds and to encapsulate it in vesicular systems capable of protecting their own antioxidant activity. Chemical analysis of Rosa canina L. extracts was performed by LC-DAD-MS/MS and 1H-NMR and vitamins, phenolic compounds, sugars, and organic acids were detected as the main compounds of the extracts. Liposomes, prepared by the film hydration method, together with hyalurosomes and ethosomes, obtained by the ethanol injection method, were characterized in terms of vesicle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro release and biocompatibility on WS1 fibroblasts. Among all types of vesicular systems, ethosomes proved to be the most promising nanocarriers showing nanometric size (196 ± 1 nm), narrow polydispersity (0.20 ± 0.02), good entrapment efficiency (92.30 ± 0.02%), and negative zeta potential (−37.36 ± 0.55 mV). Moreover, ethosomes showed good stability over time, a slow release of polyphenols compared with free extract, and they were not cytotoxic. In conclusion, ethosomes could be innovative carriers for the encapsulation of rosehip extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sallustio
- Drug Delivery Research Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Ilaria Chiocchio
- Pharmaceutical Botany Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (I.C.); (M.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Pharmaceutical Botany Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (I.C.); (M.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Marco Cirrincione
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab.), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Michele Protti
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab.), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Angela Abruzzo
- Drug Delivery Research Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Drug Delivery Research Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Drug Delivery Research Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab.), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Ferruccio Poli
- Pharmaceutical Botany Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (I.C.); (M.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Drug Delivery Research Lab., Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.); (B.L.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0512095615
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fruits of Rosa brunonii Lindle: An Ethnomedicinal Plant from Foothills of Himalaya with Antibacterial, Antitumor and Cytotoxic Properties. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Urban green infrastructure significantly influences the functioning of a city and the comfort of its residents. Lawns are an essential element of public greenery. They represent a live component, and if they are lacking, of low quality, or neglected, this will cause major problems in the urban environment. The vegetation structure of urban grassy areas changes under the influence of different management methods used for their maintenance. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the species diversity of urban lawns and to determine the influence of this vegetation on factors based on the representation of the species found. Three sites with urban lawns were chosen in a built-up city area where different types of vegetation management were applied: Typical management, in which grassy areas are mowed twice a year; intensive management, in which lawns are mowed several times a year and the biomass is removed; and extensive management, in which lawns are mowed irregularly, once a year at most, and the biomass is left unevenly on the site. Extensive management and unkempt urban grassy areas represent a high risk of fire due to the presence of plant species that produce great amounts of biomass. Combined with dry and warm weather, the dead biomass can lead to outbreaks of fire. Extensive management of urban grassy areas brings some benefits, such as lower maintenance costs and increased biodiversity and bioretention. On the other hand, intensive management reduces the risk of fire and the biodiversity of the plant community. Attention should be paid to the composition of vegetative species and their functions that could threaten the safety of residents, with the risk of fire being one of them. However, the vegetation biomass of grassy areas affected by management practices is only a precondition for the risk of fire because weather and drought occurrence play important roles as well.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kowalczewski PŁ, Gumienna M, Rybicka I, Górna B, Sarbak P, Dziedzic K, Kmiecik D. Nutritional Value and Biological Activity of Gluten-Free Bread Enriched with Cricket Powder. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041184. [PMID: 33672127 PMCID: PMC7926918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cricket powder, described in the literature as a source of nutrients, can be a valuable ingredient to supplement deficiencies in various food products. Work continues on the implementation of cricket powder in products that are widely consumed. The aim of this study was to obtain gluten-free bread with a superior nutritional profile by means of insect powder addition. Gluten-free breads enriched with 2%, 6%, and 10% of cricket (Acheta domesticus) powder were formulated and extensively characterized. The nutritional value, as well as antioxidant and β-glucuronidase activities, were assessed after simulated in vitro digestion. Addition of cricket powder significantly increased the nutritional value, both in terms of the protein content (exceeding two-, four-, and seven-fold the reference bread (RB), respectively) and above all mineral compounds. The most significant changes were observed for Cu, P, and Zn. A significant increase in the content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the enriched bread was also demonstrated; moreover, both values additionally increased after the digestion process. The total polyphenolic compounds content increased about five-fold from RB to bread with 10% CP (BCP10), and respectively about three-fold after digestion. Similarly, the total antioxidant capacity before digestion increased about four-fold, and after digestion about six-fold. The use of CP also reduced the undesirable activity of β-glucuronidase by 65.9% (RB vs. BCP10) in the small intestine, down to 78.9% in the large intestine. The influence of bread on the intestinal microflora was also evaluated, and no inhibitory effect on the growth of microflora was demonstrated, both beneficial (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and pathogenic (Enterococcus and Escherichia coli). Our results underscore the benefits of using cricket powder to increase the nutritional value and biological activity of gluten-free food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (B.G.); (K.D.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-7297
| | - Małgorzata Gumienna
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (B.G.); (K.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Iga Rybicka
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Barbara Górna
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (B.G.); (K.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Paulina Sarbak
- Students’ Scientific Club of Food Technologists, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (B.G.); (K.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Dominik Kmiecik
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.G.); (B.G.); (K.D.); (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kowalczewski PŁ, Olejnik A, Rybicka I, Zielińska-Dawidziak M, Białas W, Lewandowicz G. Membrane Filtration-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis Affects the Biological Activity of Potato Juice. Molecules 2021; 26:852. [PMID: 33561978 PMCID: PMC7914785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of recently published studies indicate that potato juice is characterized by interesting biological activity that can be particularly useful in the case of gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, the studies also described the high nutritional value of its proteins. This article is a report on the impact of the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins combined with membrane filtration. The obtained potato juice protein hydrolysate (PJPH) and its concentrate (cPJPH) were characterized in terms of their nutritional value and biological activity. The amino acid profile and scoring, the content of mineral compounds, and the antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity were assessed. The study proved that the antioxidant activity of PJPH is higher than that of fresh potato juice, and the cytotoxicity against human gastric carcinoma cell line (Hs 746T), human colon cancer cell line (Caco-2), human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), and human normal colon mucosa cell line (CCD 841 CoN) showed biological activity specifically targeted against cancer cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that the membrane filtration-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of potato juice proteins may increase their biological activity and allow for potato juice to be used in the production of medicinal preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Olejnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.); (W.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Iga Rybicka
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Zielińska-Dawidziak
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, 48 Mazowiecka St., Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-623 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Białas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.); (W.B.); (G.L.)
| | - Grażyna Lewandowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (A.O.); (W.B.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghendov-Mosanu A, Cristea E, Patras A, Sturza R, Niculaua M. Rose Hips, a Valuable Source of Antioxidants to Improve Gingerbread Characteristics. Molecules 2020; 25:E5659. [PMID: 33271766 PMCID: PMC7731331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzes the complex of bioactive compounds from rose hips pulp powder (RHP) obtained after separating the seeds from Rosa canina L. in order to obtain the oil. The extract prepared from RHP was characterized in terms of the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, flavonols, carotenoids, but also the content of individual polyphenols and carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and CIELab color parameters. The effects of some salts, potentially present in foods, and pH variations were examined to predict possible interactions that could occur when adding rosehip pulp as a food component. The results turned out to be a high content of polyphenols, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. The main phenolic components are procyanidin B1, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and catechin. The carotenoid complex includes all-trans-β-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, cis-β-carotene, cis-γ-carotene and cis-lycopene. The addition of CaCl2 and NaCl to the RHP extract reduced the antioxidant activity and the strong acidic environment (pH to 2.5) decreased the antioxidant activity by 29%. The addition of rose hip powder to gingerbread has improved its general characteristics, and increased its antioxidant activity and microbiological stability, the effects of 4% RHP being the most important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliona Ghendov-Mosanu
- Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St, MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova; (A.G.-M.); (E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Elena Cristea
- Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St, MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova; (A.G.-M.); (E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Antoanela Patras
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Rodica Sturza
- Department of Oenology and Chemistry, Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, 9/9 Studentilor St, MD-2045 Chisinau, Moldova; (A.G.-M.); (E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Marius Niculaua
- Research Center for Oenology, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 9 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Žiarovská J, Kowalczewski PŁ. In Vitro Antagonistic Effect of Gut Bacteriota Isolated from Indigenous Honey Bees and Essential Oils against Paenibacillus Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186736. [PMID: 32937902 PMCID: PMC7555715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of study was to isolate and identify the gut bacteria of Apis mellifera and to evaluate antagonistic effect of the bacteriota against Paenibacillus larvae, which causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees. The dilution plating method was used for the quantification of selected microbial groups from digestive tract of bees, with an emphasis on the bacteriota of the bees' intestines. Bacteria were identified using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS Biotyper). Overall, five classes, 27 genera and 66 species of bacteria were identified. Genera Lactobacillus (10 species) and Bacillus (8 species) were the most abundant. Gram-negative bacteria were represented with 16 genera, whereas Gram-positive with 10 genera. Delftia acidovorans and Escherichia coli were the most abundant in the digestive tract of honey bee. Resistance to a selection of antimicrobials was assessed for the bacterial isolates from bee gut and confirmed against all antimicrobials included in the study, with the exception of cefepime. Lactobacillus spp., especially L. kunkeei, L. crispatus and L. acidophilus. showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae, the causal pathogen of AFB. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against isolated bacteria and two isolates of P. larvae were assessed. Application of a broad selection of plant essential oils indicated that Thymus vulgaris had the highest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.Ł.K.); Tel.: +421-641-4715 (M.K.); +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.)
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmaņaiela 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Jana Žiarovská
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.Ł.K.); Tel.: +421-641-4715 (M.K.); +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Felšöciová S, Vukovic N, Jeżowski P, Kačániová M. Antifungal activity of selected volatile essential oils against Penicillium sp. Open Life Sci 2020; 15:511-521. [PMID: 33817239 PMCID: PMC7874545 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi have been responsible for considerable economic losses in vineyards, and therefore, more attention should be paid to the development and implementation of preventative treatment that is environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of ten essential oils (EOs) (viz. Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Carum carvi L., Pinus mugo var. pumilio, Mentha piperita L., Foeniculum vulgare L., Pinus sylvestris L., Satureja hortensis L., Origanum vulgare L., Pimpinella anisum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L.). For the antifungal activity evaluation against Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. funiculosum, P. glabrum, P. chrysogenum, P. oxalicum, P. polonicum and Talaromyces purpurogenus a disc diffusion method was used. The ten EOs exhibited different antifungal properties. Three tested EOs (Carum carvi L., Satureja hortensis L. and Pimpinella anisum L.) at concentrations of 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.125 µL/mL showed antifungal activity, inhibiting the mycelial growth. The Origanum vulgare L. EOs exhibited a lower level of inhibition. Overall, Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Pinus mugo var. pumilio, Mentha piperita L., Foeniculum vulgare L., Pinus sylvestris L., Satureja hortensis L., Pimpinella anisum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. were effective as fungicidal agents but their efficiency varied between the strains of fungi. Carum carvi L. showed strong antifungal activity against all tested strains at both full strength and reduced concentrations. These EOs could be considered as potential sources of antifungal compounds for treating plant fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Felšöciová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nenad Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 12, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Paweł Jeżowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Sciences, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergy, Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35601 Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeżowski P, Polcyn K, Tomkowiak A, Rybicka I, Radzikowska D. Technological and antioxidant properties of proteins obtained from waste potato juice. Open Life Sci 2020; 15:379-388. [PMID: 33817226 PMCID: PMC7874540 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the technological and antioxidant properties of potato juice (PJ) protein concentrate obtained by the novel ultrafiltration method. Commercial products, obtained from waste PJ by the traditional method of acid coagulation of proteins, were studied for comparison. Functional properties such as water or oil absorption, foaming capacity, and foam stability (FS) as well as solubility at various pH were assessed. Moreover, the total phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, and mineral composition were determined. The results showed that PJ protein concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration has good oil absorption properties (6.30 mL/g), which is more than two times higher than the commercial proteins used in the comparison (P2 = 2.33 mL/g and P3 = 2.67 mL/g). Moreover, the ability to create and stabilize foam was also higher (FS ranging from 20.0% at pH = 10 to 11.3% at pH = 2 after 60 min of testing). It had higher content of macro- and microelements and antioxidant activity compared to other samples. Therefore, it is possible to obtain interesting potato protein concentrate from the waste product of the starch production process, which may be an interesting raw material for enriching food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jeżowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Polcyn
- Students’ Scientific Club of Food Technologists, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tomkowiak
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iga Rybicka
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poznań, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jarzębski M, Siejak P, Smułek W, Fathordoobady F, Guo Y, Pawlicz J, Trzeciak T, Kowalczewski PŁ, Kitts DD, Singh A, Pratap Singh A. Plant Extracts Containing Saponins Affects the Stability and Biological Activity of Hempseed Oil Emulsion System. Molecules 2020; 25:E2696. [PMID: 32532010 PMCID: PMC7321345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two saponins-rich plant extracts, viz. Saponaria officinalis and Quillaja saponaria, were used as surfactants in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion based on hempseed oil (HSO). This study focused on a low oil phase content of 2% v/v HSO to investigate stable emulsion systems under minimum oil phase conditions. Emulsion stability was characterized by the emulsification index (EI), centrifugation tests, droplet size distribution as well as microscopic imaging. The smallest droplets recorded by dynamic light scattering (droplets size v. number), one day after the preparation of the emulsion, were around 50-120 nm depending the on use of Saponaria and Quillaja as a surfactant and corresponding to critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the range 0-2 g/L. The surface and interfacial tension of the emulsion components were studied as well. The effect of emulsions on environmental bacteria strains was also investigated. It was observed that emulsions with Saponaria officinalis extract exhibited slight toxic activity (the cell metabolic activity reduced to 80%), in contrast to Quillaja emulsion, which induced Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 growth. The highest-stability samples were those with doubled CMC concentration. The presented results demonstrate a possible use of oil emulsions based on plant extract rich in saponins for the food industry, biomedical and cosmetics applications, and nanoemulsion preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jarzębski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Przemysław Siejak
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Wojciech Smułek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-695 Poznan, Poland
| | - Farahnaz Fathordoobady
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (F.F.); (Y.G.); (D.D.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Yigong Guo
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (F.F.); (Y.G.); (D.D.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Jarosław Pawlicz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545 Poznań, Poland; (J.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 135/147, 61-545 Poznań, Poland; (J.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - David D. Kitts
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (F.F.); (Y.G.); (D.D.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anika Singh
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (F.F.); (Y.G.); (D.D.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anubhav Pratap Singh
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (F.F.); (Y.G.); (D.D.K.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|