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Bouillon P, Fanciullino AL, Belin E, Bréard D, Boisard S, Bonnet B, Hanteville S, Bernard F, Celton JM. Image analysis and polyphenol profiling unveil red-flesh apple phenotype complexity. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:71. [PMID: 38755652 PMCID: PMC11100172 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of colour development in red-flesh apples (Malus domestica Borkh) has been widely characterised; however, current models do not explain the observed variations in red pigmentation intensity and distribution. Available methods to evaluate the red-flesh trait rely on the estimation of an average overall colour using a discrete class notation index. However, colour variations among red-flesh cultivars are continuous while development of red colour is non-homogeneous and genotype-dependent. A robust estimation of red-flesh colour intensity and distribution is essential to fully capture the diversity among genotypes and provide a basis to enable identification of loci influencing the red-flesh trait. RESULTS In this study, we developed a multivariable approach to evaluate the red-flesh trait in apple. This method was implemented to study the phenotypic diversity in a segregating hybrid F1 family (91 genotypes). We developed a Python pipeline based on image and colour analysis to quantitatively dissect the red-flesh pigmentation from RGB (Red Green Blue) images and compared the efficiency of RGB and CIEL*a*b* colour spaces in discriminating genotypes previously classified with a visual notation. Chemical destructive methods, including targeted-metabolite analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV), were performed to quantify major phenolic compounds in fruits' flesh, as well as pH and water contents. Multivariate analyses were performed to study covariations of biochemical factors in relation to colour expression in CIEL*a*b* colour space. Our results indicate that anthocyanin, flavonol and flavanol concentrations, as well as pH, are closely related to flesh pigmentation in apple. CONCLUSTION Extraction of colour descriptors combined to chemical analyses helped in discriminating genotypes in relation to their flesh colour. These results suggest that the red-flesh trait in apple is a complex trait associated with several biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouillon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 , Angers, France
- IFO, 49140, Seiches sur le Loir, France
| | | | - Etienne Belin
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 , Angers, France
| | - Dimitri Bréard
- SONAS, SFR QUASAVUniv Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, Univ Angers, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Séverine Boisard
- SONAS, SFR QUASAVUniv Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, Univ Angers, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bonnet
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 , Angers, France
| | - Sylvain Hanteville
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 , Angers, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Celton
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 , Angers, France.
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Yang C, Sun N, Qin X, Liu Y, Sui M, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Mao Y, Shen X. Analysis of flavonoid metabolism of compounds in succulent fruits and leaves of three different colors of Rosaceae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4933. [PMID: 38418625 PMCID: PMC10901891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Red flesh apple (Malus pumila var. medzwetzkyana Dieck), purple leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f), and purple leaf peach (Prunus persica 'Atropurpurea') are significant ornamental plants within the Rosaceae family. The coloration of their fruits and leaves is crucial in their appearance and nutritional quality. However, qualitative and quantitative studies on flavonoids in the succulent fruits and leaves of multicolored Rosaceae plants are lacking. To unveil the diversity and variety-specificity of flavonoids in these three varieties, we conducted a comparative analysis of flavonoid metabolic components using ultra-high-performance liquid phase mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results revealed the detection of 311 metabolites, including 47 flavonoids, 105 flavonols, 16 chalcones, 37 dihydroflavonoids, 8 dihydroflavonols, 30 anthocyanins, 14 flavonoid carbon glycosides, 23 flavanols, 8 isoflavones, 11 tannins, and 12 proanthocyanidins. Notably, although the purple plum and peach leaves exhibited distinct anthocyanin compounds, paeoniflorin and corythrin glycosides were common but displayed varying glycosylation levels. While the green purple leaf peach fruit (PEF) and red flesh apple leaf (AL) possessed the lowest anthocyanin content, they exhibited the highest total flavonoid content. Conversely, the red flesh apple fruit (AF) displayed the highest anthocyanin content and a diverse range of anthocyanin glycosylation modifications, indicating that anthocyanins predominantly influenced the fruit's color. Purple PLF, PLL, and PEL showcased varying concentrations of anthocyanins, suggesting that their colors result from the co-color interaction between specific types of anthocyanins and secondary metabolites, such as flavonols, flavonoids, and dihydroflavonoids. This study provides novel insights into the variations in tissue metabolites among Rosaceae plants with distinct fruit and leaf colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Hebei Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xin Qin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yangbo Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
- Hebei Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Mengyi Sui
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yunfei Mao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
| | - Xiang Shen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, China.
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3
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Ding Z, Fu L, Wang B, Ye J, Ou W, Yan Y, Li M, Zeng L, Dong X, Tie W, Ye X, Yang J, Xie Z, Wang Y, Guo J, Chen S, Xiao X, Wan Z, An F, Zhang J, Peng M, Luo J, Li K, Hu W. Metabolic GWAS-based dissection of genetic basis underlying nutrient quality variation and domestication of cassava storage root. Genome Biol 2023; 24:289. [PMID: 38098107 PMCID: PMC10722858 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolites play critical roles in regulating nutritional qualities of plants, thereby influencing their consumption and human health. However, the genetic basis underlying the metabolite-based nutrient quality and domestication of root and tuber crops remain largely unknown. RESULTS We report a comprehensive study combining metabolic and phenotypic genome-wide association studies to dissect the genetic basis of metabolites in the storage root (SR) of cassava. We quantify 2,980 metabolic features in 299 cultivated cassava accessions. We detect 18,218 significant marker-metabolite associations via metabolic genome-wide association mapping and identify 12 candidate genes responsible for the levels of metabolites that are of potential nutritional importance. Me3GT, MeMYB4, and UGT85K4/UGT85K5, which are involved in flavone, anthocyanin, and cyanogenic glucoside metabolism, respectively, are functionally validated through in vitro enzyme assays and in vivo gene silencing analyses. We identify a cluster of cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis genes, among which CYP79D1, CYP71E7b, and UGT85K5 are highly co-expressed and their allelic combination contributes to low linamarin content. We find MeMYB4 is responsible for variations in cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside contents, thus controlling SR endothelium color. We find human selection affects quercetin 3-O-glucoside content and SR weight per plant. The candidate gene MeFLS1 is subject to selection during cassava domestication, leading to decreased quercetin 3-O-glucoside content and thus increased SR weight per plant. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the genetic basis of cassava SR metabolome variation, establish a linkage between metabolites and agronomic traits, and offer useful resources for genetically improving the nutrition of cassava and other root crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Ding
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lili Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Wuhan Metware Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqiu Ye
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Meiying Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Liwang Zeng
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xuekui Dong
- Wuhan Healthcare Metabolic Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengnan Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xinhui Xiao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zhongqing Wan
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Feifei An
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Ming Peng
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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4
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Wang B, Wang Y, Chen Y, Sun X, Xu J, Zhu J, Zhang Y. Red-Fleshed Apple Flavonoids Extract Alleviates Male Reproductive Injury Caused by Busulfan in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:3288. [PMID: 37571225 PMCID: PMC10420934 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we analyzed the protective effects of red-fleshed apple flavonoid extracts (RAFEs) on male reproductive injury induced by busulfan, using both in vitro and in vivo models. In the cell-based experiments, RAFEs significantly improved cell viability and proliferation rates compared to control groups. Similarly, in vivo testing with male mice showed that RAFEs and whole apple flavonoid extracts (WAFEs) enhanced various biochemical and liver function-related indicators in the testes; however, RAFEs demonstrated superior efficacy in mitigating testicular damage. Through immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting, we found that RAFEs notably enhanced the expression of spermatogenesis-related genes. Moreover, RAFEs increased the expression of oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related genes, thereby effectively reducing oxidative damage in the testes. These findings highlight the potential of RAFEs as natural agents for the prevention and treatment of male reproductive injury, paving the way for future research and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- China Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yizhou Chen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Jihua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.)
- China Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257300, China
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5
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Chen G, Wang Y, Liu X, Duan S, Jiang S, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Hou H. The MdmiR156n Regulates Drought Tolerance and Flavonoid Synthesis in Apple Calli and Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076049. [PMID: 37047020 PMCID: PMC10094179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is the major abiotic stress that limits apple productivity and quality. To date, many important and divergent regulatory functions of miR156/SBP genes in plant growth and development have been well understood. However, little is known about the role of apple miR156 in response to abiotic stress. To better understand the functions of MdmiR156 in abiotic stress tolerance, we constructed the overexpression (OE) and short tandem target mimic (STTM) vector of MdmiR156n and performed its functional analysis through the characterization of transgenic apple calli and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In this study, MdmiR156n overexpression significantly increased the length of primary roots and the number of lateral roots in transgenic Arabidopsis plants under drought stress. In addition, MdmiR156n transgenic Arabidopsis and apple calli had a lower electrolyte leakage rate and less cell membrane damage than WT and STTM156 after drought stress. Further studies showed that MdmiR156n overexpression promoted the accumulation of flavonoids and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under drought conditions in transgenic apple calli and A. thaliana plants. Taken together, overexpression MdmiR156n enhances drought tolerance by regulating flavonoid synthesis and ROS signaling cascades in apple calli and A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Siyue Duan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hongmin Hou
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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6
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Xu J, Wang B, Sun X, Zhang Y. Red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract alleviates CCl 4-induced liver injury in mice. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1098954. [PMID: 36742007 PMCID: PMC9890596 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1098954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the global incidence of liver damage has increased. Despite the many known health benefits of red-fleshed apple flavonoids, their potential liver-protective effects have not yet been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the composition of red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract (RAFE) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We then induced liver damage in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and performed interventions with RAFE to analyze its effect on liver damage, using bifendate as a positive control. The results showed that catechin was the most abundant flavonoid in 'XJ4' RAFE (49.346 mg/100 g). In liver-injured mice, the liver coefficients converged to normal levels following RAFE intervention. Moreover, RAFE significantly reduced the enzymatic activity levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (ALT), glutamic alanine transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in mouse serum. Furthermore, RAFE significantly increased the content or enzyme activity level of total glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase, and significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde in the liver of mice. In parallel, we performed histopathological observations of mouse livers for each group. The results showed that RAFE restored the pathological changes caused by CCl4 around the central hepatic vein in mice and resulted in tightly bound hepatocytes. The recovery effect of RAFE was dose-dependent in the liver tissue. Regarding intestinal microorganisms, we found that RAFE restored the microbial diversity in liver-injured mice, with a similar microbial composition in the RAFE intervention group and normal group. RAFE reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, increased the levels of probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Clostridium, and reduced the levels of harmful bacteria, such as Erysipelothrix Rosenbach. Therefore, RAFE ameliorated CCl4-induced liver damage by modulating the abundance and composition of intestinal microorganisms in mice. In conclusion, RAFE alleviated CCl4-induced liver damage in mice, with H-RAFE (5 mg kg-1) significantly improving liver damage in mice but M-RAFE (1 mg kg-1) significantly improving the imbalance of intestinal microorganisms in mice. Our research suggests that RAFE could be employed for the adjuvant treatment and prevention of liver damage, and may have important applications in food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Chen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Chen C, Xia X, Wang D. Identification of nutritional components in unripe and ripe Docynia delavayi (Franch.) Schneid fruit by widely targeted metabolomics. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14441. [PMID: 36530411 PMCID: PMC9753743 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Docynia delavayi (Franch.) Schneid is an evergreen tree with multiple benefits and high development and utilization value. The fruit is consumed as fresh and dry fruit, juices, and other products. However, it is unknown the chemical changes that occur upon fruit maturation. The metabolite content of unripe and ripe fruit was examined using UPLC-MS/MS technology based on a broadly targeted metabolome. We identified 477 metabolites, of which 130 differed between ripe and unripe fruit. These compounds are primarily involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as pantothenic acid, flavonoids, and amino acids. Moreover, in ripe fruit, there are 94 metabolites that are upregulated, particularly flavonoids and terpenoids. In comparison, compounds associated with sour flavors (amino acids, phenolic acids, organic acids) are down-regulated. Remarkably, these metabolites have a strong relationship with the medicinal properties of D. delavayi. This study provides a global perspective of the D. delavayi fruit metabolome and a comprehensive analysis of metabolomic variations during fruit development, thereby increasing the knowledge of the metabolic basis of important fruit quality traits in D. delavayi fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Kunming, China,Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Kunming, China,Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Resource Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Kunming, China,Southwest Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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8
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Li R, Ru Y, Feng L, Wang Z, He X, Zhang X. A comparative study of nutrient composition, bioactive properties and phytochemical characteristics of Stauntonia obovatifoliola flesh and pericarp. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1013971. [PMID: 36159481 PMCID: PMC9501892 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1013971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted among the flesh (SOF) and pericarp (SOP) of Stauntonia obovatifoliola, a wild edible fruit in China. The nutrient composition of both these tissues was firstly quantified, and liquid-liquid extraction was then used to separate their methanolic extracts to get petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and residual aqueous fractions, which were evaluated for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacities, and α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition abilities. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze their phytochemical composition. The results revealed the excellent nutritional properties of both SOF and SOP, especially SOP (total dietary fiber, 15.50 g/100 g; total amino acids, 0.80 g/100 g; vitamin C, 18.00 mg/100 g; Ca, 272.00 mg/kg; K, 402.00 mg/100 g). For both tissues, their ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest TPC (355.12 and 390.99 mg GAE/g DE) and TFC (306.58 and 298.48 mg RE/g DE). Surprisingly, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity with 1046.94 and 1298.64 mg Trolox/g, respectively, which were higher than that of controls Vc and BHT. In contrast, their chloroform fractions exhibited the strongest ferric reducing antioxidant power (1903.05 and 1407.11 mg FeSO4/g DE) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (951.12 and 1510.21 mg Trolox/g DE). In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOF displayed superior α-glucosidase inhibition ability with the IC50 value of 0.19 mg/mL, which was comparable to control acarbose. In comparison, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP had the best acetylcholinesterase inhibition ability with the IC50 value of 0.47 mg/mL. The HPLC analysis results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP showed significantly higher phenolic content, particularly for phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 8.00 ± 0.65 mg/g) and flavonoids (epicatechin, 28.63 ± 1.26 mg/g), as compared to other samples. The above results suggest that Stauntonia obovatifoliola, especially its pericarp, had excellent nutrient compositions, bioactive properties and phytochemical characteristics, and had the potential to be developed as natural functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rurui Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuerong Ru
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xiahong He
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Xuechun Zhang
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9
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Yan H, Zhang X, Li X, Wang X, Li H, Zhao Q, Yin P, Guo R, Pei X, Hu X, Han R, Zhao X. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway in AmRosea1 Overexpression 84K Poplar. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:911701. [PMID: 35733524 PMCID: PMC9207281 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus alba × Populus glandulosa (84K poplar) is model material with excellent genetic engineering resource and ornamental value. In our study, AmRosea1 (Antirrhinum majus) was overexpressed in 84K poplar, and the transgenic 84K (AM) poplar with high content of anthocyanin exhibited red pigmentation leaves. The transcriptome analysis between wild type (WT) and AM showed that 170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (86 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated) were found, and some DEGs were involved in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis. The metabolome analysis showed that 13 anthocyanins-related differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected in AM. The correlation analysis between DEGs and DAMs were performed, and the results revealed that 18 DEGs, including 11 MYB genes, two BZ1 genes, one FG2 gene, one ANS gene, and three IF7MAT genes, were negatively or positively correlated with 13 DAMs. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that there was high homology between AmRosea1 and PagMYB113, and MYB113 co-expressed with BZ1, ANS and DFR directly. Our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of plant color change mediated by anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which laid the foundation for the development and utilization of colorful woody plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Han
- *Correspondence: Rui Han, ; Xiyang Zhao,
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10
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Fylymonenko VP, Galuzinska LV, Kravchenko GB, Kravchenko VM, Bryukhanova ТО, Мaloshtan LМ, Lytkin DV. Effectiveness of food concentrate phenolic compounds of apples in experimental membrane pathologies. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple fruits are an available source of phenolic compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, membrane stabilizing, etc.). The antioxidant properties of food concentrate phenolic compounds of apples (Concentrate) were studied in vitro in models of spontaneous and ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver homogenate, and acute carbon tetrachloromethane hepatitis was chosen as in vivo model in rats. Membrane stabilizing activity was evaluated by the degree of hemolysis in blood samples from the tail vein. The effect of Concentrate on vascular permeability was studied considering the time of animal skin papules staining at the site of injection of phlogogenic substances. Hepatoprotective activity in the model of acute carbon tetrachloride hepatitis was assessed by changes in prooxidant-antioxidant status in liver homogenate and liver enzymes activity in serum. Significant antioxidant effect of Concentrate was fixed in models of spontaneous and ascorbate induced LPO (TBA reactants’ content was 3.12 times and 2.25 times lower than control for spontaneous LPO and ascorbate induced LPO, respectively) and under tetrachloride hepatitis (Concentrate antioxidant activity was 47.8%). The membrane-protective activity of the studied Concentrate was also high and reached 50.1%. Also, Concentrate demonstrated capillary-strengthening properties, reducing the permeability of the vascular wall, which was caused by three different chlorogens, most notably by zymosan (Concentrate significantly delayed the stain utilization from the bloodstream by 2.14 times compared to control). Newly developed concentrate showed complex hepatoprotective activity, improving the indices of antioxidant-prooxidant status and activity of liver cytolysis enzymes in rats with tetrachloromethane hepatitis. The transparent corrective effects of Concentrate are the result of synergism and additivity of its multiple components and indicate the prospects of its further research in order to develop medications for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases associated with membrane damage.
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Wang B, Xu J, Jiang S, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Y. Combined Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites Reveals the Effect of Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extract on Dysfunction of Mice Reproductive System Induced by Busulfan. Front Nutr 2022; 8:802352. [PMID: 35096946 PMCID: PMC8789878 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.802352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Busulfan is currently an indispensable anti-cancer drug, but the side effects on male reproductive system are so serious. Meanwhile, red-fleshed apples are natural products with high anthocyanin content. In this research, we analyzed the effect of red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) on busulfan-treated mice. Compared with the busulfan group, main plasma biochemical indicators were significantly improved after RAAE treatment. Compared with BA0 (busulfan without RAAE) group, total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione catalase (GSH-Px) in RAAE treatment groups were obviously increased, while the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased in the RAAE groups. In addition, we found RAAE alleviated busulfan-disrupted spermatogenesis through improving genes expression which are important for spermatogenesis, such as DDX4, PGK2, and TP1. Furthermore, we found that RAAE increased beneficial bacteria Akkermansia and Lactobacillaceae, and significantly depleted harmful bacteria Erysipelotrichia. The correlation studies indicated that RAAE ameliorated busulfan-induced rise in LysoPC levels through regulating gut microbial community and their associated metabolites. In conclusion, this study extends our understanding of the alleviated effect of RAAE on busulfan-induced male reproductive dysfunction through regulating the relationships between gut microbiota and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihua Xu
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shenhui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Yang H, Tian C, Ji S, Ni F, Fan X, Yang Y, Sun C, Gong H, Zhang A. Integrative analyses of metabolome and transcriptome reveals metabolomic variations and candidate genes involved in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit quality during development and ripening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260004. [PMID: 34780562 PMCID: PMC8592472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), one of the most appreciated and most important commercial temperate fruits, has high sensory quality and nutritional value. Investigating its metabolic variations provides valuable information on the formation of fruit quality. In this study, widely targeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics was used to identify and quantify metabolic changes during 'Black Pearl' sweet cherry development and ripening. A total of 263 significant differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were detected during the four fruit-development stages. Significant differences were observed in the composition and content of compounds in the four stages of cherry development, especially sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids. Moreover, transcriptome analysis provided a molecular basis for metabolic variations during fruit development. A total of 6724 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Further correlation analysis of major DEMs and DEGs showed that 19 key DEGs were involved in sugar metabolism, 23 key DEGs in organic acid metabolism, and 13 key DEGs in flavonoid metabolism. The upregulated genes involved in the flavonoid pathway probably play an important role in regulating the rapid increase of anthocyanin content during fruit development. These comprehensive analysis data provide a better understanding to improve fruit quality traits based on molecular and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Changping Tian
- Cherry Research Department, Yantai Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, No.26, West Gangcheng Street, Yantai, 265500, China
| | - Shujun Ji
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Fengzhu Ni
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Xinguang Fan
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Chanchan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hansheng Gong
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
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13
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Wang B, Jiang S, Wang Y, Xu J, Xu M, Sun X, Zhu J, Zhang Y. Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extract Reduces Furan Content in Ground Coffee, Maillard Model System, and Not-from-Concentrate Apple Juice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102423. [PMID: 34681472 PMCID: PMC8535902 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan is a volatile and carcinogenic heterocyclic chemical compound that occurs in a wide range of thermally processed food. It can be induced during food-preparing processes by high temperatures and UV-C light. In the present study, the degradation of furan content in ground coffee, Maillard model system, and not-from-concentrate (NFC) apple juice by red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) was studied. The results demonstrated that RAAEs had different degrees of degradation of furan content in coffee powder, and the RAAE from ‘XJ3’ had the most significant effect, with a reduction rate of up to 20%. Moreover, by adding RAAE to the Maillard model system, we found the amounts of furan were significantly reduced. At the same time, RAAE from ‘XJ3’ could observably reduce the content of furan in pasteurized NFC juice, with ‘Fuli’ NFC juice furan content decreasing the most, which was 68%. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the use of RAAE could be a feasible way to reduce furan content in ground coffee, Maillard model system, and NFC apple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (X.S.)
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Jihua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (X.S.)
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0532-589-57752 (J.Z. & Y.Z.)
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (B.W.); (X.S.)
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0532-589-57752 (J.Z. & Y.Z.)
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14
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Xu J, Zhang X, Sun X, Lv Q, Zhang Y. Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extracts Attenuate Male Reproductive System Dysfunction Caused by Busulfan in Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:632483. [PMID: 34249984 PMCID: PMC8268157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.632483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we analyzed the effect of an intragastrical oral administration of red-fleshed apple anthocyanin extract (RAAE) on busulfan-treated mice. First, we showed that the most abundant component in RAAE was cyanidin 3-O-galactoside. To determine the effect of the RAAE, the mice were divided into control and four other different concentrations of RAAE feeding treatment groups (BA0, no RAAE; BA.1, 0.1 mg/kg; BA1, 1 mg/kg; and BA5, 5 mg/kg) following busulfan injection. We observed that RAAE treatments displayed ameliorative effects on male reproductive system dysfunction caused by busulfan, such as recovering the irregular arrangements of seminiferous tubules, increasing the number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, improving sperm concentration by 3-fold in BA.1, and improving sperm motility by 2-fold in BA1. The liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed significant up- or downregulation of certain metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), L-arginine, glycine, anandamide, and L-carnitine, which could contribute to the positive effects of RAAE, especially in PBA1 (plasma of BA1) and PBA5 (plasma of BA5). Taken together, the results indicate that 1 mg/kg of RAAE is a suitable concentration for rescuing spermatogenesis in mice. The research suggests that RAAE could be a potential nutraceutical for protecting spermatogenesis after busulfan therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Metabolomic Characterization of Commercial, Old, and Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060378. [PMID: 34208114 PMCID: PMC8230845 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a metabolomic investigation was presented to correlate single polyphenolic compounds in apple pulp with quality characteristics such as antioxidant activity and content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in apple skin. Since the concentration of these compounds is influenced by environmental factors, the twenty-two apple cultivars originate from the same site. The polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and anthocyanins were evaluated on the sunny and the shady sides of apple skin by spectrometric assays. In old apple varieties, the measured parameters were higher than in the commercial and red-fleshed varieties. By contrast, the profile of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins was variable amongst commercial and red-fleshed varieties. The partial least square (PLS) method was applied to investigate the association between the skin proprieties and the metabolic profile of the pulp. The highest coefficients of determination in prediction (Q2) were obtained for compounds quantified in old cultivars. These results provided information to define the old apple varieties as a reliable group based on the pathway of the antioxidant compounds and anthocyanins content. Our results show the possibility to find cultivars with promising health features based on their content of polyphenols suitable for commercialization or breeding.
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16
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Transcriptome Co-Expression Network Analysis Identifies Key Genes and Regulators of Sweet Cherry Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7060123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanin is the key factor that results in the attractive color of sweet cherry fruits. However, information regarding sweet cherry coloration and the potential mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis is limited. In this study, we found that the anthocyanin accumulation varied in sweet cherry flesh and peel, while the anthocyanin content increased sharply in the dark red (DR) stage. Correlations between anthocyanin concentrations and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), constructed with Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), indicated that two structural genes (Pac4CL2, PacANS) and 11 transcription factors (PacbHLH13/74, PacDIV, PacERF109/115, PacGATA8, PacGT2, PacGTE10, PacMYB308, PacPosF21, and PacWRKY7) had similar expression patterns with the changes in anthocyanin content. Additionally, real-time PCR verified all of these gene expression patterns and revealed that PacANS exhibited the highest transcription level. In order to search for potential regulators for anthocyanin biosynthesis, a dual-luciferase assay was performed to investigate the regulatory activities of 11 transcription factors on the PacANS promoter. The results revealed that two novelty bHLHs, PacbHLH13 and PacbHLH74, can trans-activate the PacANS promoter and they might be the candidate genes for regulating anthocyanin synthesis in sweet cherry fruits. The present findings provide a novel viewpoint with regard to anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms and the regulatory transcriptional network of fruit coloration in sweet cherries.
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