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Nagy D, Baranyai L, Nguyen LLP, Taczman Brückner A, Zsom T, Németh C, Felföldi J, Zsom-Muha V. Combined Effect of Ultrasound and Low-Heat Treatments on E. coli in Liquid Egg Products and Analysis of the Inducted Structural Alterations by NIR Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9941. [PMID: 36560311 PMCID: PMC9785716 DOI: 10.3390/s22249941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sonication with mild heat treatment was used to reduce the E. coli count in inoculated liquid whole egg, egg yolk and albumen. Ultrasonic equipment (20/40 kHz, 180/300 W) has been used for 30/60 min with a 55 °C water bath. The combination of sonication and low-heat treatment was able to reduce the concentration of E. coli from 5-log CFU × mL-1 below 10 CFU × mL-1 at 300 W, 40 kHz and 60 min of sonication in liquid egg products. The 60 min treatment was able to reduce the E. coli concentration below 10 CFU × mL-1 in the case of egg yolk regardless of the applied frequency, absorbed power or applied energy dose. The 30 min treatment of sonication and heating was able to reduce significantly the number of E. coli in the egg products, as well. Our results showed that sonication with mild heat treatment can be a useful technique to decrease the number of microorganisms in liquid egg products to a very low level. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate structural changes in the samples, induced by the combined treatment. Principal component analysis showed that this method can alter the C-H, C-N, -OH and -NH bonds in these egg products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Nagy
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Baranyai
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lien Le Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Livestock Product and Food Preservation Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 43–45, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Andrea Taczman Brückner
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Zsom
- Department of Postharvest, Supply Chain, Commerce and Sensory Science, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi út 43–45, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - József Felföldi
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Zsom-Muha
- Department of Food Measurement and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14–16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Muncan J, Tamura S, Nakamura Y, Takigawa M, Tsunokake H, Tsenkova R. Aquaphotomic Study of Effects of Different Mixing Waters on the Properties of Cement Mortar. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227885. [PMID: 36431986 PMCID: PMC9699450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mixing water used for cement concrete has a significant effect on the physical properties of the material after hardening; however, other than the upper limit for the mixed impurities, not enough consideration has been given to the functions and characteristics of water at the molecular level. In this study, we investigated the effect of four different types of water (two spring-, mineral waters, tap water and distilled water) on the drying shrinkage of the hardened cement by comparing the material properties of the concrete specimens and analyzing the molecular structure of the water and cement mortar using aquaphotomics. The near infrared (NIR) spectra of waters used for mixing were acquired in the transmittance mode using a high-precision, high-accuracy benchtop spectrometer in the range of 400-2500 nm, with the 0.5 nm step. The NIR spectra of cement paste and mortar were measured in 6.2 nm increments in the wavelength range of 950 nm to 1650 nm using a portable spectrometer. The measurements of cement paste and mortar were performed on Day 0 (immediately after mixing, cement paste), 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days after mixing (cement mortar). The spectral data were analyzed according to the aquaphotomics' multivariate analysis protocol, which involved exploration of raw and preprocessed spectra, exploratory analysis, discriminating analysis and aquagrams. The results of the aquaphotomics' analysis were interpreted together with the results of thermal and drying shrinkage measurements. Together, the findings clearly demonstrated that the thermal and drying shrinkage properties of the hardened cement material differed depending on the water used. Better mechanical properties were found to be a result of using mineral waters for cement mixing despite minute differences in the chemical content. In addition, the aquaphotomic characterization of the molecular structure of waters and cement mortar during the initial hydration reaction demonstrated the possibility to predict the characteristics of hardened cement at a very early stage. This provided the rationale to propose a novel evaluation method based on aquaphotomics for non-invasive evaluation and monitoring of cement mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Muncan
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamura
- Technical Department, ISOL Technica Corporation, Kyoto 606-0022, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Technical Department, ISOL Technica Corporation, Kyoto 606-0022, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takigawa
- Institute of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Division of Urban Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisao Tsunokake
- Institute of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Division of Urban Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (R.T.)
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3
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen N, Chen J, Zhou J, Li J, Wei Y, Bu D. A new Desmodesmus sp. from the Tibetan Yamdrok Lake. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275799. [PMID: 36206243 PMCID: PMC9544026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Revegetation of exposed sub-soil, while a desirable recovery strategy, often fails due to extreme soil chemical properties, such as low organic matter and pH levels. Microalgae play a key role in maintaining water quality in the lakes and rivers on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Plateau microalgae have extensive application prospects in environmental purification, biotechnology, medicine and cosmetics, food industry, and renewable energy. To identify the high biomass of microalgae present in nature, microalgae with the greatest biomass were screened from natural water samples through filtration, pre-culture, and plate scribing separation. Following identification via 18S rRNA sequencing as for the Desmodesmus sp., we constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. The novel Desmodesmus sp. from the Tibetan Yamdrok Lake were identified through polyphasic taxonomy. Simultaneously, the sequence of the experimental samples and the target species were shown different following the identification and analysis of SNP and InDel loci. The light-absorbing properties of plateau Desmodesmus sp. have been investigated previously. The characteristic absorption peak of Desmodesmus sp. on the plateau was measured at 689 nm in the visible spectrum using full wavelength scanning with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. For Desmodesmus sp. which is prone to settling in the process of amplification culture. By monitoring the change trend of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH and electrical conductivity in algae solution system, we determined that the logarithmic growth phase and the best transfer window of Desmodesmus sp. were at 15-20 days. This study can provide basic research methods for the study of microalgae in high altitude areas, and lay a foundation for the later study and application of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Wang
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Qiangying Zhang
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Naijiang Chen
- Lianyungang Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Chen
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jinna Zhou
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Wei
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Duo Bu
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Aouadi B, Vitalis F, Bodor Z, Zinia Zaukuu JL, Kertesz I, Kovacs Z. NIRS and Aquaphotomics Trace Robusta-to-Arabica Ratio in Liquid Coffee Blends. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020388. [PMID: 35056707 PMCID: PMC8780874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is both a vastly consumed beverage and a chemically complex matrix. For a long time, an arduous chemical analysis was necessary to resolve coffee authentication issues. Despite their demonstrated efficacy, such techniques tend to rely on reference methods or resort to elaborate extraction steps. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the aquaphotomics approach, on the other hand, reportedly offer a rapid, reliable, and holistic compositional overview of varying analytes but with little focus on low concentration mixtures of Robusta-to-Arabica coffee. Our study aimed for a comparative assessment of ground coffee adulteration using NIRS and liquid coffee adulteration using the aquaphotomics approach. The aim was to demonstrate the potential of monitoring ground and liquid coffee quality as they are commercially the most available coffee forms. Chemometrics spectra analysis proved capable of distinguishing between the studied samples and efficiently estimating the added Robusta concentrations. An accuracy of 100% was obtained for the varietal discrimination of pure Arabica and Robusta, both in ground and liquid form. Robusta-to-Arabica ratio was predicted with R2CV values of 0.99 and 0.9 in ground and liquid form respectively. Aquagrams results accentuated the peculiarities of the two coffee varieties and their respective blends by designating different water conformations depending on the coffee variety and assigning a particular water absorption spectral pattern (WASP) depending on the blending ratio. Marked spectral features attributed to high hydrogen bonded water characterized Arabica-rich coffee, while those with the higher Robusta content showed an abundance of free water structures. Collectively, the obtained results ascertain the adequacy of NIRS and aquaphotomics as promising alternative tools for the authentication of liquid coffee that can correlate the water-related fingerprint to the Robusta-to-Arabica ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkis Aouadi
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 14-16. Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (B.A.); (F.V.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Flora Vitalis
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 14-16. Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (B.A.); (F.V.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Zsanett Bodor
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 14-16. Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (B.A.); (F.V.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 17. Vas Street, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
| | - Istvan Kertesz
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 14-16. Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (B.A.); (F.V.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Measurements and Process Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 14-16. Somlói Street, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (B.A.); (F.V.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Cui X, Tang M, Wang M, Zhu T. Water as a probe for pH measurement in individual particles using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339089. [PMID: 34756261 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol acidity impacts numerous physicochemical processes, but the determination of particle pH remains a significant challenge due to the nonconservative nature of the H+ concentration ([H+]). Traditional measurements have difficulty in describing the practical state of an aerosol because they comprise chemical components or hypotheses that change the nature of the particles. In this work, we present a direct pH measurement that uses water as a general probe to detect [H+] in individual particles by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Containing the vibrational bands of ions and water influenced by ions, the spectra of hydrated ion were decomposed from the solution spectra as standard spectra by multivariate curve resolution analysis. Meanwhile, ratios of hydrated ions were calculated between the Raman spectra and standard spectra to evaluate concentration profiles of each ion. It demonstrated that good quantitative models between the ratio and concentration for all ions including H+ can be built with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.95 for the solutions. The method was further applied to individual particle pH measurement. The pH value of sulfate aerosol particles was calculated, and the standard error was 0.09 using pH values calculated from the [HSO4-]/[SO42-] as a reference. Furthermore, the applicability of the method was proven by detecting the pH value of chloride particles. Therefore, utilizing water, the most common substance, as the spectroscopic probe to measure [H+] without restriction of the ion system, this method has potential to measure the pH value of atmospheric particles with various compounds, although more work needs to be done to improve the sensitivity of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mingjin Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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6
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Zhang M, Liu L, Yang C, Sun Z, Xu X, Li L, Zang H. Research on the Structure of Peanut Allergen Protein Ara h1 Based on Aquaphotomics. Front Nutr 2021; 8:696355. [PMID: 34222311 PMCID: PMC8249571 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.696355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy is becoming a life-threatening disease that could induce severe allergic reactions in modern society, especially for children. The most promising method applied for deallergization is heating pretreatment. However, the mechanism from the view of spectroscopy has not been illustrated. In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with aquaphotomics was introduced to help us understand the detailed structural changes information during the heating process. First, near-infrared (NIR) spectra of Ara h1 were acquired from 25 to 80°C. Then, aquaphotomics processing tools including principal component analysis (PCA), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were utilized for better understanding the thermodynamic changes, secondary structure, and the hydrogen bond network of Ara h1. The results indicated that about 55°C could be a key temperature, which was the structural change point. During the heating process, the hydrogen bond network was destroyed, free water was increased, and the content of protein secondary structure was changed. Moreover, it could reveal the interaction between the water structure and Ara h1 from the perspective of water molecules, and explain the effect of temperature on the Ara h1 structure and hydrogen-bonding system. Thus, this study described a new way to explore the thermodynamic properties of Ara h1 from the perspective of spectroscopy and laid a theoretical foundation for the application of temperature-desensitized protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Research Institute Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongyu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuhua Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Nagy D, Felfoldi J, Taczmanne Bruckner A, Mohacsi-Farkas C, Bodor Z, Kertesz I, Nemeth C, Zsom-Muha V. Determining Sonication Effect on E. coli in Liquid Egg, Egg Yolk and Albumen and Inspecting Structural Property Changes by Near-Infrared Spectra. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020398. [PMID: 33429975 PMCID: PMC7826563 DOI: 10.3390/s21020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, liquid egg, albumen, and egg yolk were artificially inoculated with E. coli. Ultrasound equipment (20/40 kHz, 180/300 W; 30/45/60 min) with a circulation cooling system was used to lower the colony forming units (CFU) of E. coli samples. Frequency, absorbed power, energy dose, and duration of sonication showed a significant impact on E. coli with 0.5 log CFU/mL in albumen, 0.7 log CFU/mL in yolk and 0.5 log CFU/mL decrease at 40 kHz and 6.9 W absorbed power level. Significant linear correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between the energy dose of sonication and the decrease of E. coli. The results showed that sonication can be a useful tool as a supplementary method to reduce the number of microorganism in egg products. With near-infrared (NIR) spectra analysis we were able to detect the structural changes of the egg samples, due to ultrasonic treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that sonication can alter C-H, C-N, -OH and N-H bonds in egg. The aquagrams showed that sonication can alter the properties of H2O structure in egg products. The observed data showed that the absorbance of free water (1412 nm), water molecules with one (1440 nm), two (1462 nm), three (1472 nm) and four (1488 nm) hydrogen bonds, water solvation shell (1452 nm) and strongly bonded water (1512 nm) of the egg samples have been changed during ultrasonic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nagy
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (J.F.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (V.Z.-M.)
| | - Jozsef Felfoldi
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (J.F.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Andrea Taczmanne Bruckner
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.T.B.); (C.M.-F.)
| | - Csilla Mohacsi-Farkas
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (A.T.B.); (C.M.-F.)
| | - Zsanett Bodor
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (J.F.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | - Istvan Kertesz
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (J.F.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
| | | | - Viktoria Zsom-Muha
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary; (J.F.); (Z.B.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (V.Z.-M.)
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Gao L, Zhong L, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zeng Y, Li L, Zang H. Water as a probe to understand the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process with near infrared spectroscopy: A case of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge) extraction process. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118854. [PMID: 32920500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extraction process is not only a critical manufacturing unit but also the initial process of various extracts and preparations. Taking the most extensive Chinese herbal medicine Danshen (Salvia miltziorrhiza Bge) as an example, salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is its main active pharmaceutical ingredient but lacks accurate characterization of the extraction process. As one of process analytical technologies, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been widely applied for monitoring pharmaceutical extraction process. In most past studies, water spectral information is often eliminated due to its high absorption. However, this study proposed a method of using water spectrum to understand the whole extraction process and to quickly determine the content of Sal B. Principal component analysis (PCA) was first utilized to investigate the whole extraction process, then the reconstructed spectrum based on PCA was established and analyzed by Aquaphotomics, and finally the partial least squares regression (PLSR) quantitative model of Sal B was established. PCA and Aquaphotomics results showed the whole extraction process could be considered as a dynamic change from structure breaker to structure maker, and the dominance of highly H-bonded water structures increases with the extraction time. Also, the Sal B quantitative model with water spectrum showed higher accuracy and stability than other methods, which parameters (RMSEC, RMSECV, RMSEP, R2c, R2cv, R2p, RPD) were 0.2408 mg/mL, 0.2939 mg/mL, 0.2584 mg/mL, 0.9536, 0.9300, 0.9494, 4.6298, respectively, and the paired t-test showed that Sal B content measured by NIR and HPLC methods had no significant differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, all result indicated that water can be used as a probe to understand the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process with NIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yingzi Zeng
- Shandong Wohua Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd,Weifang 261205, China
| | - Lian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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