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Sultana S, Foster K, Bates T, Hossain ML, Lim LY, Hammer K, Locher C. Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Various Clover Honeys. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301880. [PMID: 38494456 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports on some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (i. e. pH, electrical conductivity, colour, moisture content, total phenolic content, sugar profile) and in vitro antioxidant activity of honeys harvested from five legume species, red clover (Trifolium pratense), balansa clover (T. michelianum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), purple clover (T. purpureum) and sanfoin, also known as holy clover (Onobrychis viciifolia), that were grown in enclosed shade houses to ensure that the honeys' characteristics are reflective of a truly monofloral honey. Glucose and fructose, determined via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, were found as the main sugars in all investigated honeys with the ratio of fructose to glucose ranging from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.6. The honeys' pH values ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 which met Codes Alimentarius (CA) requirements. The moisture content was found to be between 17.6 and 22.2 % which in some cases was slightly higher than CA requirements (≤20 %). The honeys' colour values, prior and after filtration, were between 825.5-1149.5 mAU and 532.4-824.8 mAU respectively, illustrating golden yellow to deep yellow hues. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Their antioxidant activity was captured by the Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay as well as HPTLC analysis coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatisation. The highest total phenolic content was found in red clover honey (45.4 mg GAE/100 g) whereas purple clover honey showed the highest level of activity in the FRAP assay (7.3 mmol Fe2+/kg). HPTLC-DPPH analysis of the honeys' organic extracts demonstrated the presence of various bioactive compounds that contribute to their overall antioxidant activity. This study developed a methodology for producing monofloral clover honeys in a space limited, enclosed production system, which allowed to collate important baseline data for these honeys that can serve as the foundation for their potential future development into commercial honeys, including honeys that can be used for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Kevin Foster
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Tiffane Bates
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Md Lokman Hossain
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine Hammer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
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Egido C, Saurina J, Sentellas S, Núñez O. Honey fraud detection based on sugar syrup adulterations by HPLC-UV fingerprinting and chemometrics. Food Chem 2024; 436:137758. [PMID: 37857208 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, honey-producing sector has faced the increasing presence of adulterated honeys, implying great economic losses and questioning the quality of this highly appreciated product by the society. Due to the high sugar content of honey, sugar syrups are among its most common adulterants, being also the most difficult to detect even with isotope ratio techniques depending on the origin of the sugar syrup plant source. In this work, a honey authentication method based on HPLC-UV fingerprinting was developed, exhibiting a 100% classification rate of honey samples against a great variety of sugar syrups (agave, corn, fiber, maple, rice, sugar cane and glucose) by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). In addition, the detection and level quantitation of adulteration using syrups as adulterants (down to 15%) was accomplished by partial least squares (PLS) regression with low prediction errors by both internal and external validation (values below 12.8% and 19.7%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Egido
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici Recerca (Gaudí), E08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sònia Sentellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici Recerca (Gaudí), E08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellow Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Via Laietana 2, E08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici Recerca (Gaudí), E08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; Serra Húnter Fellow Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Via Laietana 2, E08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Liu J, Zhao H, Yin Z, Dong H, Chu X, Meng X, Li Y, Ding X. Application and prospect of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113071. [PMID: 37330829 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food inspection covers a broad range of topics, including nutrient analysis, food pollutants, food auxiliary materials, additives, and food sensory identification. The foundation of diverse subjects like food science, nutrition, health research, and the food industry, as well as the desired reference for drafting trade and food legislation, makes food inspection highly significant. Because of their high efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy, instrumental analysis methods have gradually replaced conventional analytical methods as the primary means of food hygiene inspection. SCOPE AND APPROACH Metabolomics-based analysis technology, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), has become a widely used analytics platform. This research provides a bird's eye view of the application and future of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS We have provided a summary of the features and the application range of various metabolomics techniques, the strengths and weaknesses of different metabolomics platforms, and their implementation in specific inspection procedures. These procedures encompass the identification of endogenous metabolites, the detection of exogenous toxins and food additives, analysis of metabolite alterations during processing and storage, as well as the recognition of food adulteration. Despite the widespread utilization and significant contributions of metabolomics-based food inspection technologies, numerous challenges persist as the food industry advances and technology continues to improve. Thus, we anticipate addressing these potential issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hongyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Biswas A, Naresh KS, Jaygadkar SS, Chaudhari SR. Enabling honey quality and authenticity with NMR and LC-IRMS based platform. Food Chem 2023; 416:135825. [PMID: 36924528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Honey has been known for economically motivated adulteration around the world, because of its high demand and short supply. As consequence increasing honey production using the deliberate addition of sugar syrups while claiming a fictitious origin and diversifying it to increase its value. Generally, honey testing is supervised by a set of guidelines and quality parameters to ensure its quality and authenticity. As per the many regulatory bodies, current honey scams have been challenging to identify with conventional methods, so quality control labs require sophisticated technology. With these paradigm shifts, the aim of the present review is focused on the authenticity of honey through two important cutting-edge methods viz LC-IRMS and NMR. The LC-IRMS aids in the detection of added C3 and C4 sugars. Whereas NMR has provided a potent solution by allowing the classification of botanical varieties and geographical origin along with the quantification of a set of quality parameters in a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Biswas
- Department of Plantation Products, Spice and Flavor Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K S Naresh
- Department of Plantation Products, Spice and Flavor Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Sachin R Chaudhari
- Department of Plantation Products, Spice and Flavor Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Schievano E, Piana L, Tessari M. Automatic nmr-based protocol for assessment of honey authenticity. Food Chem 2023; 420:136094. [PMID: 37062082 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
1H NMR analysis of organic extracts of honey is a powerful technique to confirm its botanical origin, thanks to the presence of signals that are specific to each floral typology. Similarly, signals from bee metabolites provide an important tool to verify honey entomological origin. Here, we present a method for honey screening that does not require any detailed analysis of the NMR spectrum for the detection and quantification of such markers. Our approach is based on the measurement of two spectral parameters, named entomological factor (EF) and aromatic factor (AF), calculated by integration of well-defined regions of the NMR spectrum. The values of EF and AF can reveal direct or indirect dilution of honey with sugar syrups. This method was tested on honeys of different floral origins and could identify all adulterated samples previously recognized by official techniques. Notably, several samples found compliant by official methods were proven non-genuine by the proposed approach.
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Tomczyk M, Czerniecka-Kubicka A, Miłek M, Sidor E, Dżugan M. Tracking of Thermal, Physicochemical, and Biological Parameters of a Long-Term Stored Honey Artificially Adulterated with Sugar Syrups. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041736. [PMID: 36838722 PMCID: PMC9966662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing phenomenon of honey adulteration prompts the search for simple methods to confirm the authenticity of honey. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in thermal characteristics, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey subjected to artificial adulteration. Two series of products were prepared with the use of two different sugar syrups with an increasing dosage of adulterant (0 to 30%). After 24 months of storage, the quality of adulterated samples (partially crystallized) was assessed in comparison to the control honey (solid). Used adulteration changed physicochemical parameters and reduced antioxidant and enzymatic activity of honey (p < 0.05). The admixture of syrup and invert (p < 0.05) reduced the viscosity of liquid phase of delaminated honey in a dose-dependent manner. In the study, artificially adulterated honeys were controlled using the standard differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. In all adulterated honeys, a specific glass transition, TG, was observed in the range of 34-38.05 °C, which was not observed for control honey and pure adulterants. Moreover, the additional Tgs were observed in a wide range from -19.5 °C to 4.10 °C for honeys adulterated by syrup only. In turn, the Tg in range of 50.4-57.6 °C was observed only for the honeys adulterated by invert. These specific Tg seem to be useful to detect honey adulteration and to identify the kind of adulterant used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-178721721
| | - Anna Czerniecka-Kubicka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Rzeszow University, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Miłek
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Sidor
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, Poland, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dżugan
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 1a St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Lawag IL, Islam MK, Sostaric T, Lim LY, Hammer K, Locher C. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Identification and Quantification in Western Australian Honeys. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010189. [PMID: 36671051 PMCID: PMC9854687 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity as well as the phenolic compounds that are present in Calothamnus spp. (Red Bell), Agonis flexuosa (Coastal Peppermint), Corymbia calophylla (Marri) and Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) honeys from Western Australia. The honey's total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay, while their total antioxidant activity was determined using FRAP and DPPH assays. Phenolic constituents were identified using a High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HTPLC)-derived phenolic database, and the identified phenolic compounds were quantified using HPTLC. Finally, constituents that contribute to the honeys' antioxidant activity were identified using a DPPH-HPTLC bioautography assay. Based on the results, Calothamnus spp. honey (n = 8) was found to contain the highest (59.4 ± 7.91 mg GAE/100 g) TPC, followed by Eucalyptus marginata honey (50.58 ± 3.76 mg GAE/100 g), Agonis flexuosa honey (36.08 ± 4.2 mg GAE/100 g) and Corymbia calophylla honey (29.15 ± 5.46 mg GAE/100 g). In the FRAP assay, Calothamnus spp. honey also had the highest activity (9.24 ± 1.68 mmol Fe2+/kg), followed by Eucalyptus marginata honey (mmol Fe2+/kg), whereas Agonis flexuosa (5.45 ± 1.64 mmol Fe2+/kg) and Corymbia calophylla honeys (4.48 ± 0.82 mmol Fe2+/kg) had comparable FRAP activity. In the DPPH assay, when the mean values were compared, it was found that Calothamnus spp. honey again had the highest activity (3.88 ± 0.96 mmol TE/kg) while the mean DPPH antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus marginata, Agonis flexuosa, and Corymbia calophylla honeys were comparable. Kojic acid and epigallocatechin gallate were found in all honeys, whilst other constituents (e.g., m-coumaric acid, lumichrome, gallic acid, taxifolin, luteolin, epicatechin, hesperitin, eudesmic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, t-cinnamic acid, o-anisic acid) were only identified in some of the honeys. DPPH-HPTLC bioautography demonstrated that most of the identified compounds possess antioxidant activity, except for t-cinnamic acid, eudesmic acid, o-anisic acid, and lumichrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lozada Lawag
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), The University of Western Australia, Agriculture North M085, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Curnow Building M315, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Md Khairul Islam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), The University of Western Australia, Agriculture North M085, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Curnow Building M315, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Curnow Building M315, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Curnow Building M315, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine Hammer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), The University of Western Australia, Agriculture North M085, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, L Block QEII Medical Centre, Monash Ave., Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), The University of Western Australia, Agriculture North M085, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Curnow Building M315, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Islam MK, Sostaric T, Lim LY, Hammer K, Locher C. A Comprehensive HPTLC-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Temperature on the Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Honey. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238491. [PMID: 36500584 PMCID: PMC9737681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeys are commonly subjected to a series of post-harvest processing steps, such as filtration and/or radiation treatment and heating to various temperatures, which might affect their physicochemical properties and bioactivity levels. Therefore, there is a need for robust quality control assessments after honey processing and storage to ensure that the exposure to higher temperatures, for example, does not compromise the honey's chemical composition and/or antioxidant activity. This paper describes a comprehensive short-term (48 h) and long-term (5 months) study of the effects of temperature (40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) on three commercial honeys (Manuka, Marri and Coastal Peppermint) and an artificial honey, using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Samples were collected at baseline, at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, and then monthly for five months. Then, they were analysed for potential changes in their organic extract HPTLC fingerprints, in their HPTLC-DPPH total band activities, in their major sugar composition and in their hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. It was found that, while all the assessed parameters changed over the monitoring period, changes were moderate at 40 °C but increased significantly with increasing temperature, especially the honeys' HPTLC-DPPH total band activity and HMF content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Islam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine Hammer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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García-Seval V, Saurina J, Sentellas S, Núñez O. Off-Line SPE LC-LRMS Polyphenolic Fingerprinting and Chemometrics to Classify and Authenticate Spanish Honey. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227812. [PMID: 36431917 PMCID: PMC9695661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of non-targeted off-line SPE LC-LRMS polyphenolic fingerprints to address the classification and authentication of Spanish honey samples based on both botanical origin (blossom and honeydew honeys) and geographical production region was evaluated. With this aim, 136 honey samples belonging to different botanical varieties (multifloral and monofloral) obtained from different Spanish geographical regions with specific climatic conditions were analyzed. Polyphenolic compounds were extracted by off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) using HLB (3 mL, 60 mg) cartridges. The obtained extracts were then analyzed by C18 reversed-phase LC coupled to low-resolution mass spectrometry in a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass analyzer and using electrospray in negative ionization mode. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to assess the pattern recognition capabilities of the obtained fingerprints to address honey classification and authentication. In general, a good sample discrimination was accomplished by PLS-DA, being able to differentiate both blossom-honey and honeydew-honey samples according to botanical varieties. Multiclass predictions by cross-validation for the set of blossom-honey samples showed sensitivity, specificity, and classification ratios higher than 60%, 85%, and 87%, respectively. Better results were obtained for the set of honeydew-honey samples, exhibiting 100% sensitivity, specificity, and classification ratio values. The proposed fingerprints also demonstrated that they were good honey chemical descriptors to deal with climatic and geographical issues. Characteristic polyphenols of each botanical variety were tentatively identified by LC-MS/MS in multiple-reaction monitoring mode to propose possible honey markers for future experiments (i.e., naringin for orange/lemon blossom honeys, syringic acid in thyme honeys, or galangin in rosemary honeys).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor García-Seval
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Saurina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Recinte Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici de Recerca (Gaudí), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Sentellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Recinte Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici de Recerca (Gaudí), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E08921 Barcelona, Spain
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Generalitat de Catalunya, Via Laietana 2, E08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute in Food Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Recinte Torribera, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Edifici de Recerca (Gaudí), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, E08921 Barcelona, Spain
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Generalitat de Catalunya, Via Laietana 2, E08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Li Z, Huang Q, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhong S, Zeng Z. Identification of the Toxic Compounds in Camellia oleifera Honey and Pollen to Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13176-13185. [PMID: 36214176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the components of Camellia oleifera honey and pollen and conducting corresponding toxicological tests are essential to revealing the mechanism of Camellia oleifera toxicity to honey bees. In this research, we investigated the saccharides and alkaloids in honey, nectar, and pollen from Camellia oleifera, which were compared with honey, nectar, and pollen from Brassica napus, a widely planted flowering plant. The result showed that melibiose, manninotriose, raffinose, stachyose, and lower amounts of santonin and caffeine were found in Camellia oleifera nectar, pollen, and honey but not in B. napus nectar, pollen, and honey. Toxicological experiments indicated that manninotriose, raffinose, and stachyose in Camellia oleifera honey are toxic to bees, while alkaloids in Camellia oleifera pollen are not toxic to honey bees. The toxicity mechanism of oligosaccharides revealed by temporal metabolic profiling is that oligosaccharides cannot be further digested by honey bees and thus get accumulated in honey bees, disturbing the synthesis and metabolism of trehalose, ultimately causing honey bee mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Shiqing Zhong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Zhijiang Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
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11
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Analysis of 18 Free Amino Acids in Honeybee and Bumblebee Honey from Eastern and Northern Europe and Central Asia Using HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS Approach Bypassing Derivatization Step. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182744. [PMID: 36140872 PMCID: PMC9497814 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The profile of amino acids and mono- and disaccharides in conventional polyfloral honey originated from Latvia and Tajikistan and less found in nature bumblebee honey from Russia was investigated. The analysis of free amino acids (FAAs) accomplished by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using triple quadrupole mass selective detection (HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS) revealed the presence of 17 FAAs. The concentration of FAAs varied in the range of 0.02–44.41 mg 100 g−1 FW. Proline was the main representative of FAAs, contributing to the total amount of FAAs from 41.7% to 80.52%. The highest concentration of proline was found in bumblebee and buckwheat honey, corresponding to 44.41 and 41.02 mg 100 g−1, respectively. The concentration of essential amino acids (AAs), i.e., leucine, and isoleucine was found to be the highest in buckwheat honey contributing up to 12.5% to the total amount of FAAs. While, the concentration of branched-chain AAs fluctuated within the range of 1.08–31.13 mg 100 g−1 FW, with buckwheat honey having the highest content and polyfloral honey the lowest, respectively. The results of this study confirmed the abundance of FAAs both in honeybee and bumblebee honey. However, the concentration of individual FAAs, such as proline, aspartic acid, leucine, and isoleucine in bumblebee honey was many folds higher than observed in honeybee polyfloral honey.
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12
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Islam MK, Lawag IL, Green KJ, Sostaric T, Hammer KA, Lim LY, Locher C. An investigation of the suitability of melissopalynology to authenticate Jarrah honey. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:506-514. [PMID: 35281336 PMCID: PMC8904405 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the analysis of eleven Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) honeys, of which nearly half (n = 5) were re-classified as Blackbutt (E. patens) honey on the grounds of the predominant flower pollen identified by melissopalynology. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the honeys' physico- and phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity data, taking into account pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index and Brix values as well as moisture content, individual fructose and glucose content and derived fructose to glucose ratio alongside total phenolic content and antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH assay, no statistically significant difference was found amongst the eleven honeys classified by pollen analysis into two honey groups, ‘Jarrah’ or ‘Blackbutt’. This study therefore draws into question the value of melissopalynology as an analysis tool to authenticate Jarrah honey. Case study on Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) honey, presenting comprehensive physico-chemical, phytochemical and bioactivity data. The investigated honey samples can be considered as chemically equivalent although nearly half of them were reclassified as either Blackbutt (Eucalyptus patens) or multifloral honeys on the basis of melissopalynology. Findings challenge the value of melissopalynology for the authentication of honey harvested from botanically diverse areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Islam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ivan Lozada Lawag
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn J. Green
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Hammer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author. Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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13
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Tomczyk M, Bocian A, Sidor E, Miłek M, Zaguła G, Dżugan M. The Use of HPTLC and SDS-PAGE Methods for Coniferous Honeydew Honey Fingerprinting Compiled with Mineral Content and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030720. [PMID: 35163985 PMCID: PMC8838849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fir honeydew honey is a uniquely beneficial product which is often subjected to adulteration; however, pollen analysis is not useful to verify this honey type. Fourteen samples of EU protected designation of origin fir honeydew honey gathered directly from apiaries were studied. Standards of legal requirements and additional parameters, i.e., specific optical rotation, mineral content, and antioxidant activity, were tested. Five nectar honeys of different varieties were used as a comparative material. HPTLC and SDS-PAGE methods were used to fingerprint the honey types. All honeys tested fulfilled the quality requirements in terms of water content, pH, total acidity, conductivity, HMF, and diastase number. They were defined as dark amber on the Pfund scale and exhibited positive specific rotation (+2.5 to 25). Honeydew honey surpassed the tested nectar honeys in terms of mineral content and antioxidant activity as well as total polyphenolic content, except for buckwheat honey. The sugar and polyphenolic profile obtained by HPTLC allowed to distinguish honeydew from nectar honeys. The same was achieved by SDS-PAGE protein profiling. Both techniques seem to be cheap and quick tools for precisely distinguishing honeydew honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17872-17-21
| | - Aleksandra Bocian
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35–959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Sidor
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, Poland, 35–959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michał Miłek
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Zaguła
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Dżugan
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35–601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (M.D.)
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14
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Milojković-Opsenica DM, Trifković JÐ, Ristivojević PM, Andrić FL. Thin-layer chromatography in the authenticity testing of bee-products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123068. [PMID: 34864425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Quality control, nutritional value and the monitoring of hazardous residues in honey bee- products have become major topics for both producers and consumers. Due to its potential role in human health, bee-products rich in bioactive compounds are becoming increasingly popular. This review aims to provide an overview of thin-layer chromatography methods used in quality control,authenticity testing and chemical profiling of bee-products in order to help scientists engaged in the field of bee-products chemistry to utilize the advantages of this technique in the detection and elimination of fraudulent practices in bee-product manufacturing. Recently, hyphenation of thin-layer chromatography, image analysis and chemometrics support bee-products analysisbysimultaneousdeterminationofanalytes with different detection principles, identification of individual bioactive compounds as well as structure elucidation of compounds. Highlighted opportunities of thin-layer chromatography could encourage further investigations that would lead to improvements in the detection and elimination of marketing fraudulent practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Ð Trifković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petar M Ristivojević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Lj Andrić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Islam MK, Vinsen K, Sostaric T, Lim LY, Locher C. Detection of syrup adulterants in manuka and jarrah honey using HPTLC-multivariate data analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12186. [PMID: 34616629 PMCID: PMC8464195 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used in a chemometric investigation of the derived sugar and organic extract profiles of two different honeys (Manuka and Jarrah) with adulterants. Each honey was adulterated with one of six different sugar syrups (rice, corn, golden, treacle, glucose and maple syrups) in five different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% w/w). The chemometric analysis was based on the combined sugar and organic extract profiles’ datasets. To obtain the respective sugar profiles, the amount of fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose present in the honey was quantified and for the organic extract profile, the honey’s dichloromethane extract was investigated at 254 and 366 nm, as well as at T (Transmittance) white light and at 366 nm after derivatisation. The presence of sugar syrups, even at a concentration of only 10%, significantly influenced the honeys’ sugar and organic extract profiles and multivariate data analysis of these profiles, in particular cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR), partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and Machine Learning using an artificial neural network (ANN), were able to detect post-harvest syrup adulterations and to discriminate between neat and adulterated honey samples. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis, for instance, could easily differentiate between neat and adulterated honeys through the use of CA or PCA plots. In particular the presence of excess amounts of maltose and sucrose allowed for the detection of sugar adulterants and adulterated honeys by HPTLC-multivariate data analysis. Partial least-squares regression and artificial neural networking were employed, with augmented datasets, to develop optimal calibration for the adulterated honeys and to predict those accurately, which suggests a good predictive capacity of the developed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khairul Islam
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Vinsen
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Tomislav Sostaric
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products Limited (CRC HBP), Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Antioxidant Activity of Frozen and Freeze-Dried Drone Brood Homogenate Regarding the Stage of Larval Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050639. [PMID: 33921973 PMCID: PMC8143536 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Drone brood is a little-known and poorly studied bee product used and valued in the treatment of many diseases, including male infertility and women’s menopausal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of drone brood depending on the stage of larval development and the method of preservation. Aqueous and ethanolic homogenate extracts of drone brood were assayed for antioxidant activity (with the DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS methods), polyphenol, and flavonoid content. The extracts’ polyphenolic profiles were compared by the HPTLC method. Drone brood has been shown to be more active in the earlier stages of development (between days 7–11), with a decline in antioxidant activity in the later period (by the 14th day). The freeze-drying process did not cause significant changes in the antioxidant activity of brood preparations converted to dry mass. Based on the higher activity of the aqueous compared to 70% ethanolic extracts, it was shown that the dominant fraction of brood consisted of hydrophilic antioxidants. The results obtained with different methods were highly correlated, excluding those from the ABTS assay. The HPTLC method showed that the polyphenol fraction of drone brood homogenate consisted mainly of phenolic acids and flavonoids. It was shown that drone brood has valuable antioxidant properties that can be compared with royal jelly.
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