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Ahmad I, Farheen M, Kukreti A, Afzal O, Akhter MH, Chitme H, Visht S, Altamimi AS, Alossaimi MA, Alsulami ER, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Natural Oils Enhance the Topical Delivery of Ketoconazole by Nanoemulgel for Fungal Infections. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28233-28248. [PMID: 37576685 PMCID: PMC10413480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulgel (NEG) pharmaceutical formulations are gaining popularity because of their ability to serve both as a nanoemulsion and as a gel. These products are well-known for their ease of use, spreadability, controlled release, and ability to hydrate dry skin. Natural essential oils have been shown to promote the cutaneous permeability of topical formulations, enhancing medication safety and efficacy. Herein, we developed NEG for the enhanced permeation of ketoconazole against candidiasis using clove oil (clove-oil-NEG) or eucalyptus oil (eucalyptus-oil-NEG), using the gelling agents carbopol 943 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). We tested various excipients to increase the solubility of ketoconazole and formulate a nanoemulsion (NE). We measured the NE droplet particle size, shape, entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation were characterized by techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The NEs were loaded into gels to form NEGs. NEGs were characterized for drug content, homogeneity, rheology, spreadability, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, both in vitro and in vivo. Optimized ketoconazole NEG preparations consisted of either 15% clove oil or 20% eucalyptus oil. Droplet sizes in the optimized NEs were <100 nm, and the polydispersity indexes were 0.24 and 0.26. The percentages of ketoconazole released after 24 h from the clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEGs were 91 ± 4.5 and 89 ± 7%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the NEGs had a smooth, uniform, and consistent shape and internal structural organization. The drug contents in the clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEG were 98.5 ± 2.2 and 98.8 ± 3.4%, respectively. Permeation values of ketoconazole from clove-oil-NEG and eucalyptus-oil-NEG were 117 ± 7 and 108.34 ± 6 μg cm-2, respectively. The ketoconazole NEG formulations also had higher levels of fungal growth inhibition than a marketed formulation. Finally, in vivo studies showed that the NEGs do not irritate the skin. Ketoconazole NEG with either 15% clove oil or 20% eucalyptus oil is stable with better efficacy than ketoconazole alone due to excellent dispersion, drug dissolution, and permeability and thus might be recommended for the effective and safe treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ms Farheen
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Ashish Kukreti
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habban Akhter
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Sharad Visht
- School
of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics (SoPPHI), DIT University, Dehradun 248009, India
| | | | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtisam R. Alsulami
- Nursing
Department, Najran Armed Forces Hospital, Najran 66251, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological
and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Abd-Elsalam WH, Abouelatta SM. Contemporary Techniques and Potential Transungual Drug Delivery Nanosystems for The Treatment of Onychomycosis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:150. [PMID: 37421509 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The humanoid nail is considered an exceptional protective barrier that is formed mainly from keratin. Onychomycosis is the cause of 50% of nail infections that is generally caused by dermatophytes. Firstly, the infection was regarded as a cosmetic problem but because of the tenacious nature of onychomycosis and its relapses, these infections have attracted medical attention. The first line of therapy was the oral antifungal agents which were proven to be effective; nevertheless, they exhibited hepato-toxic side effects, alongside drug interactions. Following, the opportunity was shifted to the topical remedies, as onychomycosis is rather superficial, yet this route is hindered by the keratinized layers in the nail plate. A potential alternative to overcome the obstacle was applying different mechanical, physical, and chemical methods to boost the penetration of drugs through the nail plate. Unfortunately, these methods might be expensive, require an expert to be completed, or even be followed by pain or more serious side effects. Furthermore, topical formulations such as nail lacquers and patches do not provide enough sustaining effects. Recently, newer therapies such as nanovesicles, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions have emerged for the treatment of onychomycosis that provided effective treatment with possibly no side effects. This review states the treatment strategies such as mechanical, physical, and chemical methods, and highlights various innovative dosage forms and nanosystems developed in the last 10 years with a focus on advanced findings regarding formulation systems. Furthermore, it demonstrates the natural bioactives and their formulation as nanosystems, and the most relevant clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessam H Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Samar M Abouelatta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Candian University, 6 October, Cairo, Egypt
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Afonin KA. Special Issue "Nanotechnology to Overcome the World's Most Critical Health Issues: Liposomes and Beyond-A Themed Issue Dedicated to Professor Yechezkel Barenholz". Molecules 2023; 28:4788. [PMID: 37375343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue is intended to celebrate Professor Yechezkel Barenholz's distinguished achievements [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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da S Ferreira G, da Silva DJ, Souza AG, Yudice EDC, de Campos IB, Col RD, Mourão A, Martinho HS, Rosa DS. Eco-friendly and effective antimicrobial Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil Pickering emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125228. [PMID: 37290544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MaEO) is a green antimicrobial agent suitable for confection eco-friendly disinfectants to substitute conventional chemical disinfectants commonly formulated with toxic substances that cause dangerous environmental impacts. In this contribution, MaEO-in-water Pickering emulsions were successfully stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) by a simple mixing procedure. MaEO and the emulsions presented antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Moreover, MaEO deactivated the SARS-CoV-2 virions immediately. FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopies indicate that the CNF stabilizes the MaEO droplets in water by the dipole-induced-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds. The factorial design of experiments (DoE) indicates that CNF content and mixing time have significant effects on preventing the MaEO droplets' coalescence during 30-day shelf life. The bacteria inhibition zone assays show that the most stable emulsions showed antimicrobial activity comparable to commercial disinfectant agents such as hypochlorite. The MaEO/water stabilized-CNF emulsion is a promissory natural disinfectant with antibacterial activity against these bacteria strains, including the capability to damage the spike proteins at the SARS-CoV-2 particle surface after 15 min of direct contact when the MaEO concentration is 30 % v/v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greiciele da S Ferreira
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel J da Silva
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Alana G Souza
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana D C Yudice
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Santo André Regional Center, Av. Ramiro Colleoni, 240, CEP 09040-160 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivana B de Campos
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Santo André Regional Center, Av. Ramiro Colleoni, 240, CEP 09040-160 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Rute Dal Col
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Santo André Regional Center, Av. Ramiro Colleoni, 240, CEP 09040-160 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Mourão
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Herculano S Martinho
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Derval S Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, CEP 09210-210 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Nair AB, Aldhubiab B, Shah J, Jacob S, Attimarad M, Sreeharsha N, Venugopala KN, Joseph A, Morsy MA. Design, Development, and Evaluation of Constant Voltage Iontophoresis for the Transungual Delivery of Efinaconazole. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051422. [PMID: 37242664 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of topical antifungal therapy in onychomycosis has been hindered by the failure of the antimycotic to permeate the nail plate. This research aims to design and develop a transungual system for the effective delivery of efinaconazole utilizing constant voltage iontophoresis. Seven prototype drug-loaded hydrogel formulations (E1-E7) were prepared to assess the influence of solvent (ethanol) and cosolvent (Labrasol®) on transungual delivery. Optimization was performed to evaluate the effect of three independent variables; voltage, solvent-to-cosolvent ratio, and penetration enhancer (PEG 400) concentration on critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as drug permeation and loading into the nail. The selected hydrogel product was characterized for pharmaceutical properties, efinaconazole release from the nail, and antifungal activity. Preliminary data indicates ethanol, Labrasol®, and voltage influence the transungual delivery of efinaconazole. Optimization design indicates a significant impact by applied voltage (p-0.0001) and enhancer concentration (p-0.0004) on the CQAs. Excellent correlation between selected independent variables and CQAs was confirmed by the high desirability value (0.9427). A significant (p < 0.0001) enhancement in the permeation (~78.59 µg/cm2) and drug loading (3.24 µg/mg) was noticed in the optimized transungual delivery with 10.5 V. FTIR spectral data indicates no interaction between the drug and excipients, while the DSC thermograms confirmed the amorphous state of the drug in the formulation. Iontophoresis produces a drug depot in the nail that releases above the minimum inhibitory concentration level for an extended period, potentially reducing the need for frequent topical treatment. Antifungal studies further substantiate the release data and have shown remarkable inhibition of Trichophyton mentagrophyte. Overall, the promising results obtained here demonstrate the prospective of this non-invasive method for the effective transungual delivery of efinaconazole, which could improve the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
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Hazt B, Pereira Parchen G, Fernanda Martins do Amaral L, Rondon Gallina P, Martin S, Hess Gonçalves O, Alves de Freitas R. Unconventional and conventional Pickering emulsions: Perspectives and challenges in skin applications. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122817. [PMID: 36905974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions are free from molecular and classical surfactants and are stabilized by solid particles, creating long-term stability against emulsion coalescence. Additionally, these emulsions are both environmentally and skin-friendly, creating new and unexplored sensorial perceptions. Although the literature mostly describes conventional emulsions (oil-in-water), there are unconventional emulsions (multiple, oil-in-oil and water-in-water) with excellent prospects and challenges in skin application as oil-free systems, permeation enhancers and topical drug delivery agents, with various possibilities in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, up to now, these conventional and unconventional Pickering emulsions are not yet available as commercial products. This review brings to the discussion some important aspects such as the use of phases, particles, rheological and sensorial perception, as well as current trends in the development of these emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hazt
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), R. Coronel F. H. dos Santos, 210, Curitiba - 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Pereira Parchen
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba - 80210-170, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrícia Rondon Gallina
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba - 80210-170, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Martin
- Mackenzie School of Medicine, R. Padre Anchieta, 2770, Curitiba - 80730-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Odinei Hess Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão - 87301-899, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rilton Alves de Freitas
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba - 80210-170, PR, Brazil.
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Di Vito M, Scafuro C, Mariotti M, Garzoli S, Torelli R, Zhiri A, Sanguinetti M, Bugli F. Green natural nail polish modified with essential oils to treat onychomycosis. Mycoses 2022; 65:1127-1136. [PMID: 35842900 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycosis (OM) accounts for about 50% of nail disorders in industrialised countries. Essential oils (EOs), aromatic natural compounds, are known for their antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of seven EOs and a commercial MIX against 10 dermatophytes responsible for OM to select the most effective ones to be included in a preventive or curative formulation based on a green natural nail polish (GNNP). METHODS Micro-broth dilution tests in line with EUCAST guidelines and olfactory satisfaction test were performed to select the best natural compounds previously analysed by SPME coupled with GC-MS. The same method was used to evaluate the release over time of the active compounds present in the two modified-GNNPs made by adding the best natural compound selected (the C. citratus EO) and the MIX. Furthermore, to evaluate the preventive and curative activity of modified-GNNPs, ex vivo experiments on healthy or colonised nails were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Data showed that MIX-modified-GNNP had preventive activity as it inhibits the fungal growth by releasing its active ingredients for 7 days, while the OE-modified GNNP acts as a natural drug showing cytocidal activity on nails colonised by dermatophytes, but it requires two weekly applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Scafuro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Melinda Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdesselam Zhiri
- Pranarȏm International S.A. 7, Ghislenghien, Belgium
- Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Belgium Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Ferreira GDS, da Silva DJ, Zanata L, de Souza AG, Ferreira RR, Rosa DS. Antimicrobial cotton wipes functionalized with Melaleuca alternifolia Pickering emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Trifan A, Luca SV, Bostănaru AC, Brebu M, Jităreanu A, Cristina RT, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Granica S, Czerwińska ME, Kruk A, Greige-Gerges H, Sieniawska E, Mareș M. Apiaceae Essential Oils: Boosters of Terbinafine Activity against Dermatophytes and Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effectors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112378. [PMID: 34834740 PMCID: PMC8623916 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophyte infections represent an important public health concern, affecting up to 25% of the world's population. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are the predominant dermatophytes in cutaneous infections, with a prevalence accounting for 70% of dermatophytoses. Although terbinafine represents the preferred treatment, its clinical use is hampered by side effects, drug-drug interactions, and the emergence of resistant clinical isolates. Combination therapy, associating terbinafine and essential oils (EOs), represents a promising strategy in the treatment of dermatophytosis. In this study, we screened the potential of selected Apiaceae EOs (ajowan, coriander, caraway, and anise) to improve the antifungal activity of terbinafine against T. rubrum ATCC 28188 and T. mentagrophytes ATCC 9533. The chemical profile of EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of EOs/main compounds were determined according to EUCAST-AFST guidelines, with minor modifications. The checkerboard microtiter method was used to identify putative synergistic combinations of EOs/main constituents with terbinafine. The influence of EOs on the viability and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) was determined using an ex vivo human neutrophils model. The binary associations of tested EOs with terbinafine were found to be synergistic against T. rubrum, with FICI values of 0.26-0.31. At the tested concentrations (6.25-25 mg/L), EOs did not exert cytotoxic effects towards human neutrophils. Anise EO was the most potent inhibitor of IL-1β release (46.49% inhibition at 25 mg/L), while coriander EO displayed the highest inhibition towards IL-8 and TNF-α production (54.15% and 54.91%, respectively). In conclusion, the synergistic combinations of terbinafine and investigated Apiaceae EOs could be a starting point in the development of novel topical therapies against T. rubrum-related dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trifan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.-C.B.)
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Andra-Cristina Bostănaru
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.-C.B.)
| | - Mihai Brebu
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Laboratory, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700481 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Romeo-Teodor Cristina
- Department of Pharmacology, The Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.S.-W.); (E.S.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Monika E. Czerwińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kruk
- Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Hélène Greige-Gerges
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Section II, Lebanese University, Jdaidet el-Matn B.P. 90656, Lebanon;
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.S.-W.); (E.S.)
| | - Mihai Mareș
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania;
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Nair AB, Al-Dhubiab BE, Shah J, Gorain B, Jacob S, Attimarad M, Sreeharsha N, Venugopala KN, Morsy MA. Constant Voltage Iontophoresis Technique to Deliver Terbinafine via Transungual Delivery System: Formulation Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design and In Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101692. [PMID: 34683985 PMCID: PMC8538220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical therapy of antifungals is primarily restricted due to the low innate transport of drugs through the thick multi-layered keratinized nail plate. The objective of this investigation was to develop a gel formulation, and to optimize and evaluate the transungual delivery of terbinafine using the constant voltage iontophoresis technique. Statistical analysis was performed using Box–Behnken design to optimize the transungual delivery of terbinafine by examining crucial variables namely concentration of polyethylene glycol, voltage, and duration of application (2–6 h). Optimization data in batches (F1–F17) demonstrated that chemical enhancer, applied voltage, and application time have influenced terbinafine nail delivery. Higher ex vivo permeation and drug accumulation into the nail tissue were noticed in the optimized batch (F8) when compared with other batches (F1–F17). A greater amount of terbinafine was released across the nails when the drug was accumulated by iontophoresis than the passive counterpart. A remarkably higher zone of inhibition was observed in nails with greater drug accumulation due to iontophoresis, as compared to the passive process. The results here demonstrate that the optimized formulation with low voltage iontophoresis could be a viable and alternative tool in the transungual delivery of terbinafine, which in turn could improve the success rate of topical nail therapy in onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-536-219-868
| | - Bandar E. Al-Dhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India;
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- Centre for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed A. Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (B.E.A.-D.); (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
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Brescini L, Fioriti S, Morroni G, Barchiesi F. Antifungal Combinations in Dermatophytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090727. [PMID: 34575765 PMCID: PMC8469868 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide, affecting millions of people annually. The emergence of resistance among dermatophytes along with the availability of antifungal susceptibility procedures suitable for testing antifungal agents against this group of fungi make the combinatorial approach particularly interesting to be investigated. Therefore, we reviewed the scientific literature concerning the antifungal combinations against dermatophytes. A literature search on the subject performed in PubMed yielded 68 publications: 37 articles referring to in vitro studies and 31 articles referring to case reports or clinical studies. In vitro studies involved over 400 clinical isolates of dermatophytes (69% Trichophyton spp., 29% Microsporum spp., and 2% Epidermophyton floccosum). Combinations included two antifungal agents or an antifungal agent plus another chemical compound including plant extracts or essential oils, calcineurin inhibitors, peptides, disinfectant agents, and others. In general, drug combinations yielded variable results spanning from synergism to indifference. Antagonism was rarely seen. In over 700 patients with documented dermatophyte infections, an antifungal combination approach could be evaluated. The most frequent combination included a systemic antifungal agent administered orally (i.e., terbinafine, griseofulvin, or azole-mainly itraconazole) plus a topical medication (i.e., azole, terbinafine, ciclopirox, amorolfine) for several weeks. Clinical results indicate that association of antifungal agents is effective, and it might be useful to accelerate the clinical and microbiological healing of a superficial infection. Antifungal combinations in dermatophytes have gained considerable scientific interest over the years and, in consideration of the interesting results available so far, it is desirable to continue the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brescini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Simona Fioriti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Francesco Barchiesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (L.B.); (S.F.); (G.M.)
- Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-721-36-5505
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Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils and Their Compounds for Application in Skin Fungal Infections: Conventional and Nonconventional Approaches. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26041093. [PMID: 33669627 PMCID: PMC7922942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are known to have varying degrees of antimicrobial properties that are mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds. These include antiviral, nematicidal, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. This review highlights the potential of EOs and their compounds for application as antifungal agents for the treatment of skin diseases via conventional and nonconventional approaches. A search was conducted using three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar), and all relevant articles from the period of 2010-2020 that are freely available in English were extracted. In our findings, EOs with a high percentage of monoterpenes showed strong ability as potential antifungal agents. Lavandula sp., Salvia sp., Thymus sp., Citrus sp., and Cymbopogon sp. were among the various species found to show excellent antifungal properties against various skin diseases. Some researchers developed advanced formulations such as gel, semi-solid, and ointment bases to further evaluate the effectiveness of EOs as antifungal agents. To date, most studies on the application of EOs as antifungal agents were performed using in vitro techniques, and only a limited number pursued in vivo and intervention-based research.
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