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Liu Q, Xiong X, Lin H, Zhang L, Chen N, Liu X, Liu T. Antifungal effect of cinnamon essential oil against Penicillium oxalicum on rice noodles. J Food Sci 2024; 89:6638-6652. [PMID: 39289796 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Plant essential oils have been extensively investigated for their application in food industry due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum and safety. However, rare studies investigated their application in decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination. In this study, the cinnamon essential oil was screened out among 12 species of plant essential oils, and its antifungal activity against Penicillium oxalicum isolated from rice noodles was investigated. Our study revealed that cinnamon essential oil inhibited the spore germination in a concentration-dependent manner, and a dosage of 0.025% (v/v) could entirely disable the spore germination. The disruption of the fungal plasma membrane was evidenced by the change of plasma membrane permeability and the leakage of cellular components. The cinnamon essential oil in vapor phase (0.00625% [v/v]) could totally inhibit the growth of fungi inoculated on rice noodles. In addition to the potential application in inactivating fungi germination on rice noodles, this study also demonstrated the feasibility of cinnamon essential as an environmental disinfectant. This study is the first report that cinnamon essential oil has been studied for decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination with P. oxalicum, which not only broadens the application field of plant essential oil but also provides an alternative approach for rice noodle preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- Liuzhou River Snail Rice Noodle Quality and Safety Joint Laboratory, Liuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Animal and Plant Product Quality, Safety and Control, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Xiong
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Liuzhou River Snail Rice Noodle Quality and Safety Joint Laboratory, Liuzhou, China
- Liuzhou Quality Inspection and Testing Research Center, Liuzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Zhang
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Hei Longjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Naizhong Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- Liuzhou River Snail Rice Noodle Quality and Safety Joint Laboratory, Liuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Animal and Plant Product Quality, Safety and Control, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Liuzhou River Snail Rice Noodle Quality and Safety Joint Laboratory, Liuzhou, China
- Liuzhou Quality Inspection and Testing Research Center, Liuzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- Liuzhou River Snail Rice Noodle Quality and Safety Joint Laboratory, Liuzhou, China
- Technology Innovation Center of Animal and Plant Product Quality, Safety and Control, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing, China
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Gigante V, Aliotta L, Ascrizzi R, Pistelli L, Zinnai A, Batoni G, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Innovative Biobased and Sustainable Polymer Packaging Solutions for Extending Bread Shelf Life: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4700. [PMID: 38139951 PMCID: PMC10747240 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable packaging has been steadily gaining prominence within the food industry, with biobased materials emerging as a promising substitute for conventional petroleum-derived plastics. This review is dedicated to the examination of innovative biobased materials in the context of bread packaging. It aims to furnish a comprehensive survey of recent discoveries, fundamental properties, and potential applications. Commencing with an examination of the challenges posed by various bread types and the imperative of extending shelf life, the review underscores the beneficial role of biopolymers as internal coatings or external layers in preserving product freshness while upholding structural integrity. Furthermore, the introduction of biocomposites, resulting from the amalgamation of biopolymers with active biomolecules, fortifies barrier properties, thus shielding bread from moisture, oxygen, and external influences. The review also addresses the associated challenges and opportunities in utilizing biobased materials for bread packaging, accentuating the ongoing requirement for research and innovation to create advanced materials that ensure product integrity while diminishing the environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.-B.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.-B.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health” (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Batoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.-B.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.-B.C.); (A.L.)
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Refaat Fahim J, Darwish AG, El Zawily A, Wells J, Abourehab MA, Yehia Desoukey S, Zekry Attia E. Exploring the volatile metabolites of three Chorisia species: Comparative headspace GC–MS, multivariate chemometrics, chemotaxonomic significance, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:706-726. [PMID: 37181141 PMCID: PMC10172601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorisia (syn. Ceiba) species are important ornamental, economic, and medicinal plants that are endowed with a diversity of secondary metabolites; however, their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been scarcely studied. Therefore, this work explores and compares the headspace floral volatiles of three common Chorisia species, namely Chorisia chodatii Hassl., Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil, and Chorisia insignis H.B.K. for the first time. A total of 112 VOCs of varied biosynthetic origins were identified at different qualitative and quantitative ratios, encompassing isoprenoids, fatty acid derivatives, phenylpropanoids, and others. Flowers of the investigated species showed perceptibly differentiated volatile profiles, with those emitted by C. insignis being dominated by non-oxygenated compounds (56.69 %), whereas oxygenated derivatives prevailed among the volatiles of C. chodatii (66.04 %) and C. speciosa (71.53 %). The variable importance in the projection (VIP) in the partial least-squares-discriminant (PLS-DA) analysis described 25 key compounds among the studied species, of which linalool was verified as the most important aroma compound based on VIP values and significance analysis, and it could represent the most typical VOC among these Chorisia species. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics analyses of both the major and the key VOCs displayed their moderate to promising binding interactions with four main proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including Mpro, PLpro, RdRp, and spike S1 subunit RBD. The current results collectively cast new light on the chemical diversity of the VOCs of Chorisia plants as well as their chemotaxonomic and biological relevance.
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Bader A, Abdalla AN, Obaid NA, Youssef L, Naffadi HM, Elzubier ME, Almaimani RA, Flamini G, Pieracci Y, El-Readi MZ. In Vitro Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil of Forsskal’s Basil Growing in Extreme Environmental Conditions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030651. [PMID: 36983807 PMCID: PMC10057570 DOI: 10.3390/life13030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species belonging to the genus Ocimum are used for aromatic, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes. The essential oil (OFEO) obtained by hydrodistillation of the flowering aerial parts of Forsskal’s Basil “Ocimum forskolei Benth” growing in extreme environmental conditions in Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia was analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents were phenylpropanoids (methyl eugenol 55.65% and eugenol 11.66%), monoterpene (linalool 9.75%), and sesquiterpenes (germacrene D 3.72% and β-caryophyllene 2.57%). The OFEO was tested against MCF7, HT29, and HCT116 cancer cells and compared with normal fibroblast cells (MRC5). The MTT assay showed that HCT116 was more sensitive to OFEO (IC50 5.34 μg/mL), which reduced the number of HCT116 colonies at 6 μg/mL, while causing complete colony death at 12 and 24 μg/mL. Western Blotting and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the level change of different proteins with respect to GAPDH. OFEO upregulated the apoptotic protein (caspase 3), and downregulated the cell proliferation proteins (AKT and pAKT), cell cycle arrest (PCNA, Cyclin D1), and the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins. OFEO was also tested against reference strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus by using the well-diffusion and assessing their MICs, which ranged from 250 to 500 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Bader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan
| | - Najla A. Obaid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind M. Naffadi
- Medical Genetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E. Elzubier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A. Almaimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pieracci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Alhayyani S, Akhdhar A, Asseri AH, Mohammed AMA, Hussien MA, Roselin LS, Hosawi S, AlAbbasi F, Alharbi KH, Baty RS, Kalantan AA, Ali EMM. Potential Anticancer Activity of Juniperus procera and Molecular Docking Models of Active Proteins in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052041. [PMID: 36903287 PMCID: PMC10004709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants provide a wide range of active compounds that can be exploited to create novel medicines with minimal side effects. The current study aimed to identify the anticancer properties of Juniperus procera (J. procera) leaves. Here, we demonstrate that J. procera leaves' methanolic extract suppresses cancer cells in colon (HCT116), liver (HepG2), breast (MCF-7), and erythroid (JK-1) cell lines. By applying GC/MS, we were able to determine the components of the J. procera extract that might contribute to cytotoxicity. Molecular docking modules were created that used active components against cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in colon cancer, aromatase cytochrome P450 in the breast cancer receptor protein, the -N terminal domain in the erythroid cancer receptor of the erythroid spectrin, and topoisomerase in liver cancer. The results demonstrate that, out of the 12 bioactive compounds generated by GC/MS analysis, the active ingredient 2-imino-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carbothiamide proved to be the best-docked chemical with the chosen proteins impacted by DNA conformational changes, cell membrane integrity, and proliferation in molecular docking studies. Notably, we uncovered the capacity of J. procera to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth in the HCT116 cell line. Collectively, our data propose that J. procera leaves' methanolic extract has an anticancer role with the potential to guide future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-507748344
| | - Abdullah Akhdhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhafeez M. A. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum 13311, Sudan
| | - Mostafa A. Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt
| | - L. Selva Roselin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad AlAbbasi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah H. Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Kalantan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M. M. Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Fimbres-García JO, Flores-Sauceda M, Othon-Díaz ED, García-Galaz A, Tapia-Rodríguez MR, Silva-Espinoza BA, Ayala-Zavala JF. Facing Resistant Bacteria with Plant Essential Oils: Reviewing the Oregano Case. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121777. [PMID: 36551436 PMCID: PMC9774595 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global threat, and the misuse of antibiotics is considered its main cause. It is characterized by the expression of bacterial defense mechanisms, e.g., β-lactamases, expulsion pumps, and biofilm development. Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are antibiotic-resistant species that cause high morbidity and mortality. Several alternatives are proposed to defeat antibiotic resistance, including antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and plant compounds. Terpenes from different plant essential oils have proven antimicrobial action against pathogenic bacteria, and evidence is being generated about their effect against antibiotic-resistant species. That is the case for oregano essential oil (Lippia graveolens), whose antibacterial effect is widely attributed to carvacrol, its main component; however, minor constituents could have an important contribution. The analyzed evidence reveals that most antibacterial evaluations have been performed on single species; however, it is necessary to analyze their activity against multispecies systems. Hence, another alternative is using plant compounds to inactivate hydrolytic enzymes and biofilms to potentiate antibiotics' effects. Despite the promising results of plant terpenes, more extensive and deep mechanistic studies are needed involving antibiotic-resistant multispecies to understand their full potential against this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O. Fimbres-García
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Marcela Flores-Sauceda
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Elsa Daniela Othon-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Alfonso García-Galaz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Melvin R. Tapia-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 sur, Col. Centro, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Mexico
| | - Brenda A. Silva-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Jesus F. Ayala-Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-6622892400 (ext. 430)
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Pino-Otín MR, Gan C, Terrado E, Sanz MA, Ballestero D, Langa E. Antibiotic properties of Satureja montana L. hydrolate in bacteria and fungus of clinical interest and its impact in non-target environmental microorganisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18460. [PMID: 36323748 PMCID: PMC9630514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the microbicidal and microbiostatic activity of S. montana hydrolate L., the water-soluble fraction of the hydro-distillation process used to obtain the essential oil, on 14 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus of clinical interest. To consider whether this hydrolate is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics, its effect on non-target microorganisms in the aquatic and terrestrial environment was analysed using natural soil and river microorganism communities, characterized through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that S. montana hydrolate was especially effective (25% v/v concentration) against Pasteurella aerogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Acinetobacter baumannii (priority 1, WHO). It was also a microbicide for a further 7 bacterial strains and the fungus Candida albicans (50% v/v concentration). The river and soil communities exposed to the hydrolate showed a decrease in their growth, as well as a decrease in their ability to metabolize polymers and carbohydrates (soil microorganisms) and polymers, carboxylic and ketone acids (river microorganisms). Hydrolates could be an alternative to conventional antibiotics, but their impact on the environment must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Pino-Otín
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Gan
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Terrado
- Universidad de Zaragoza, C. de Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Angeles Sanz
- CITA, Área de Laboratorios de Análisis y Asistencia Tecnológica, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Ballestero
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisa Langa
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario Villanueva de Gállego Autovía A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, Km. 510, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
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Bader A, AlQathama A, Cioni PL, Ceccarini L, Abdelhady MIS, Al-Shareef W, Ascrizzi R, Flamini G. Essential Oil Biodiversity of Achillea ligustica All. Obtained from Mainland and Island Populations. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081054. [PMID: 35448782 PMCID: PMC9027389 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The genus Achillea is rich in essential oil (EO) with high chemical diversity. In this study, eight EO samples obtained from flowers and leaves of Achillea ligustica All. collected on the Mediterranean mainland and island locations were analyzed to evaluate their possible chemical diversity. Methods: Sixteen samples of EO were analyzed by GC-MS, leading to the identification of 95 compounds in the leaves and 86 compounds in the flowers; a statistical analysis was performed to determine the chemical polymorphism. Results: Monoterpenes, such as β-pinene, borneol, ɑ-terpineol and isobornyl acetate, were more abundant in the continental samples, while the insular samples were richer in 1,8-cineole. Fragranyl acetate and fragranol were detected in remarkable concentrations in sample 8. The fruits of sample 8 were then cultivated under controlled agronomic conditions, providing plants rich in these compounds (sample 9). The geographical variability influenced the EO compositions, with unique observed chemotypes and a high degree of diversity among samples collected in various areas (mainland or island). Statistical analyses did not reveal any pattern between the geographical provenience and the compositions. Conclusion: Samples were distributed based on the plant organ, confirming the already reported high degree of chemical polymorphism of this species. Sample 8 could be used as a source of fragranol and fragranyl acetate, with potential applications in the insecticidal and pheromone industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Bader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Aljawharah AlQathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pier Luigi Cioni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Lucia Ceccarini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Wajih Al-Shareef
- 12 Tekne’ Ricerche, Cittadella della Ricerca, S.S.7 Mesagne, 72100 Brindisi, Italy;
| | - Roberta Ascrizzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.C.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (P.L.C.); (G.F.)
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9
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Ahmad R, Alqathama A, Aldholmi M, Riaz M, Abdalla AN, Mostafa A, Al-Said HM, Alqarni AM, Ullah R, Asgher SS, Amir M, Shaaban H, Ahmad W. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Metabolites Profiling and Biological Activities of Various Capsicum annum cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1022. [PMID: 35448750 PMCID: PMC9025676 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the quality variation for twenty-seven capsicum fruit (CF) samples, in terms of their volatile oil composition and biological activities. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of seventy one chemical compounds from different chemical classes with an average (%) composition of: 26.13 (alcohols) > 18.82 (hydrocarbons) > 14.97 (esters) > 3.08 (ketones) > 1.14 (others) > 1.07 (acids) > 0.72 (sugar) > 0.42 (aldehydes) > 0.15 (amino compounds). Alcohols and hydrocarbons were the most abundant in these CF samples with 1-Decanol, 2-octyl- and docosanoic acid, docosyl ester as the major components, respectively. The % inhibition in cytotoxicity assays was observed in the range of 9−47 (MCF7) and 4−41 (HCT116) whereas, the zone of inhibition (mm) for the antimicrobial activity was found to be 0.0−17 (P. aeruginosa) > 0.0−13 (E. coli and S. aureus). Moreover, the samples with the largest zone of inhibition in the agar-well-diffusion method (C16, C19, and C26) upon further evaluation presented the least MIC and MBC values against P. aeruginosa with an MIC and MBC (µg/mL) of 6.3 and 12.5, respectively. The outcome for GCMS and biological activities were further supported by statistical tools of PCA and K-mean cluster analysis which confirmed the C16 CF sample with the best activity followed by C5, C13 (the best cytotoxic), and C19, C26 (the best antimicrobial). The statistical analysis exhibited a high Chi-square value of 5931.68 (GCMS) and 32.19 (biological activities) with p = 0.00 for KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. The 27-CF samples were effectively distinguished based on quality variation, and the C16 CF sample exhibited significant potential for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Aldholmi
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Pakistan;
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Hamdi M. Al-Said
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.-S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Abdulmalik M. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sami S. Asgher
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.-S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Heba Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
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