1
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Luo Y, Wu W, Gao R, Guo Y. Optimized isolation and purification of Shaoyao Gancao decoction using macroporous resin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124251. [PMID: 39068869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine four components of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD), and the effect of purification was evaluated using fingerprints, similarity analysis and cell experiments. An effective method for isolation and purification of SGD was established. The adsorption/desorption properties of SGD were evaluated using resin screening, isothermal analysis, adsorption kinetics, and dynamic adsorption-desorption experiments. It was shown that the Langmuir equation fitted the isotherm data well and that a pseudo-second-order model accurately described kinetic adsorption on AB-8 resin. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was exothermic. Under the optimal process conditions, the concentrations of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the product were 73.05, 134.04, 45.04 and 75.00 mg/g, respectively. The yields of the four components were 71.89 %-86.19 %. Cell experiments showed that the purified SGD retained anti-inflammatory activity. This research lays the foundation for the separation and purification of SGD and subsequent preparation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wentao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yongxue Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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2
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Qin D, He C, Gao Y, Lyu B. Optimization of total flavonoids purification process in rose by uniform design method. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:946-957. [PMID: 38334942 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2311918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to establish a method for purifying total flavonoids in roses using macroporous resin columns, intending to leverage and harness their potential. We screened six macroporous resins to evaluate their capacity for their adsorption and desorption, ultimately identifying X5 macroporous resin as the most effective. To comprehensively understand the adsorption behavior, we analyzed it using various models, such as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, particle diffusion models, and Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. Employing both single-factor and uniform design, approaches, the focus of this work was on maximizing the total flavonoid recovery rate. A 3-factor and 10-level uniform design table was utilized for optimizing the optimal process parameters and exploring the antioxidant properties of the purified flavonoids. The optimal process conditions for purifying total flavonoids from roses can be summarized as follows: a sample concentration of 2 mg/mL, pH at 2, 55 mL sample volume, eluent ethanol concentration of 75%, eluent volume of 5 BV, and the elution rate set at 1 mL/min. Following purification, the total flavonoid content peaked at 57.82%, achieving an 84.93% recovery rate, signifying substantial antioxidant potential. Consequently, the method established for purifying TFR using X5 macroporous resin in this study proves to be a dependable and reliable method consistent approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cui He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yuefeng Gao
- College of Applied Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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3
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Chen S, Lv Q, Liu C, Yuan H, Li C, Liu Y, Zhang W. Optimization of Extraction and Purification of Flavonoids from Stigmaless Floral Residues of Crocus sativus L. and Their Stimulatory Effect on Glucose Uptake In Vitro. Molecules 2024; 29:3271. [PMID: 39064849 PMCID: PMC11279114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a renowned spice and medicinal herb. During its production, a significant amount of floral residues, rich in bioactive compounds, are discarded as agricultural by-products. This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable utilization of these stigmaless floral residues (FRC) by optimizing the extraction and purification of their flavonoids, analyzing their chemical composition, and evaluating their effect on glucose uptake. The extraction of flavonoids from FRC was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were an ethanol concentration of 67.7%, a temperature of 67.6 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, an extraction time of 3 h, and two extractions. The crude extract obtained was then purified using macroporous resin HPD100, selected after comparing the adsorption and desorption characteristics of six different resins. The optimal purification parameters were an adsorption concentration of 40 mg/mL, a loading volume of 7 bed volumes (BV) at a flow rate of 3 BV/h, and 80% ethanol as the eluent with a volume of 4 BV. The resulting flavonoid-enriched extract (FFRC) had an experimental yield of 8.67% ± 0.01 and a flavonoid content of 128.30 ± 4.64 mg/g. The main flavonoids in FFRC were identified as kaempferol glycosides, isorhamnetin glycosides, and quercetin glycosides. Moreover, FFRC significantly stimulated glucose consumption and uptake in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting its potential utility as a natural hypoglycemic agent. This study contributes to the sustainable and value-added utilization of agricultural resources by providing data for the exploitation and application of flavonoids from saffron by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunce Chen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
- Wenzhou Student Practical School, 1111 Fuzhou Road, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Quanhe Lv
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunhui Liu
- China National Institute of Standardization, 4 Zhichun Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.L.)
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Li SF, Li GL, Chen DL, Zhang LW. A green and simple method for enrichment of major diterpenoids from the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne with macroporous resins and their activation of latent human immunodeficiency virus activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132932. [PMID: 38862319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a green and efficient enrichment method for the four majors active diterpenoid components: pimelotide C, pimelotide A, simplexin, and 6α,7α-epoxy-5β-hydroxy-12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate in the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne was established using macroporous resin chromatography. The adsorption and desorption rates of seven macroporous resins were compared using static tests. The D101 macroporous resin exhibited the best performance. Static and dynamic adsorption tests were performed to determine the enrichment and purification of important bioactive diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne. Diterpenoid extracts were obtained by using D101 macroporous resin from the crude extracts of W. chamaedaphne. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated that most of the diterpenoids were enriched in diterpenoid extracts. These results confirmed that diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne could be enriched using macroporous resin technology, and the enriched diterpenoid extracts showed more efficient activation of the latent human immunodeficiency virus. This study provides a novel strategy for discovering efficient and low-toxicity latency-reversing agents and a potential basis for the comprehensive development and clinical application of the buds of W. chamaedaphne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Gong-Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - De-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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5
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Zhang X, Guan L, Zhu L, Wang K, Gao Y, Li J, Yan S, Ji N, Zhou Y, Yao X, Li B. A review of the extraction and purification methods, biological activities, and applications of active compounds in Acanthopanax senticosus. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1391601. [PMID: 38846546 PMCID: PMC11153764 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1391601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) is a geo-authentic crude medicinal plant that grows in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan. AS contains bioactive compounds such as eleutherosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids. It is also a key traditional herb in the Red List of Chinese Species. AS is mainly distributed in Northeast China, specifically in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces. Its active compounds contribute to significant biological activities, including neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-fatigue, and antitumor effects. However, the extraction methods of active compounds are complex, the extraction efficiency is poor, and the structure-activity relationship is unclear. This study focused on the nutrients in AS, including protein, carbohydrates, and lipids. Particularly, the active ingredients (eleutherosides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids) in AS and their extraction and purification methods were analyzed and summarized. The biological activities of extracts have been reviewed, and the mechanisms of anti-oxidation, antitumor, anti-inflammation, and other activities are introduced in detail. The applications of AS in various domains, such as health foods, medicines, and animal dietary supplements, are then reported. Compared with other extraction methods, ultrasonic or microwave extraction improves efficiency, yet they can damage structures. Challenges arise in the recovery of solvents and in achieving extraction efficiency when using green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents. Improvements can be made by combining extraction methods and controlling conditions (power, temperature, and time). Bioactive molecules and related activities are exposited clearly. The applications of AS have not been widely popularized, and the corresponding functions require further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Zhang
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Guan
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jialei Li
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Song Yan
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Nina Ji
- Soybean Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xinmiao Yao
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Food Processing Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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6
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wu Y, Miao L, Ma Y, Wei L, Chen W, Li H. Enrichment of Total Flavonoids and Licochalcone A from Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. Residue Based on a Combined Membrane-Macroporous Resin Process and a Quality-Control Study. Molecules 2024; 29:2282. [PMID: 38792142 PMCID: PMC11124024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. produces a lot of licorice waste after water extraction, which also retains abundant total flavonoids (TFs) and licochalcone A. However, licorice residue is often wasted due to the lack of good utilization of resources in practical applications. This study first screened the optimal membrane pore size and resin type and then explored the mechanism and conditions of the adsorption of TFs on the resin. Then, different combinations and sequences of membrane and macroporous resin (MR) methods were investigated. It was found that using the membrane method for initial purification, followed by the MR method for further purification, yielded the best purification results. Next, response surface methodology was utilized to investigate the resin's dynamic desorption conditions for TFs. Finally, the TF purity increased from 32.9% to 78.2% (2.38-fold) after purification by a combined membrane-MR process; the purity of licochalcone A increased from 11.63 mg·g-1 to 22.70 mg·g-1 (1.95-fold). This study verified the feasibility of enriching TFs and licochalcone A from licorice residue using a membrane-MR coupling method. In addition, a quality-control method was established using a fingerprinting method on the basis of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to ensure the stability of the enrichment process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilisation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China; (X.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (L.M.); (Y.M.); (L.W.)
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilisation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China; (X.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (L.M.); (Y.M.); (L.W.)
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7
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Zhao Q, Li J, Shang Q, Jiang J, Pu H, Fang X, Qin X, Zhou J, Wang N, Wang X, Gu W. Optimization of the Extraction Process and Biological Activities of Triterpenoids of Schisandra sphenanthera from Different Medicinal Parts and Growth Stages. Molecules 2024; 29:2199. [PMID: 38792061 PMCID: PMC11123978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils., as a traditional Chinese medicine, has important medicinal value. In the market, the availability of the fruit of S. sphenanthera mainly relies on wild picking, but many canes and leaves are discarded during wild collection, resulting in a waste of resources. The canes and leaves of S. sphenanthera contain various bioactive ingredients and can be used as spice, tea, and medicine and so present great utilization opportunities. Therefore, it is helpful to explore the effective components and biological activities of the canes and leaves to utilize S. sphenanthera fully. In this study, the response surface method with ultrasound was used to extract the total triterpenoids from the canes and leaves of S. sphenanthera at different stages. The content of total triterpenoids in the leaves at different stages was higher than that in the canes. The total triterpenoids in the canes and leaves had strong antioxidant and antibacterial abilities. At the same time, the antibacterial activity of the total triterpenoids against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was stronger than that against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study provides the foundation for the development and utilization of the canes and leaves that would relieve the shortage of fruit resources of S. sphenanthera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaorui Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (J.J.); (H.P.); (X.F.); (X.Q.); (J.Z.); (N.W.)
| | - Wei Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (J.J.); (H.P.); (X.F.); (X.Q.); (J.Z.); (N.W.)
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8
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Chen W, Zhang Y, Qiang Q, Zou L, Zou P, Xu Y. Pinobanksin from peony seed husk: A flavonoid with the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SH-SY5Y. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:815-829. [PMID: 38370064 PMCID: PMC10867468 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinobanksin, as one of the flavonoids, has powerful biological activities but has been under-recognized. In this study, we optimized the extraction method of phragmites from peony seed shells by using organic solvent extraction. The yield of PSMS was 10.54 ± 0.13% under the conditions of ethanol volume fraction 70%, extraction temperature 70°C, material-liquid ratio 1:25 g/mL, and extraction time 60 min; the optimized PSMS could be effectively separated in S-8 macroporous resin coupled with C18. The relative content of PSMS was increased from 0.42% in PSMS to 92.53% after C18 purification; the antioxidant activity test revealed that pinobanksin could exert antioxidant ability by binding catalase (CAT) enzyme. Second, it was found that pinobanksin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells, mainly by binding to BCL2-associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), and cyclin-dependent Kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) to produce more hydrogen bonds to inhibit their activities. This study confirms the medicinal potential of pinobanksin and provides the basis for the proper understanding of pinobanksin and the development of related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Tao Chen
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringChangzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ying‐Yang Zhang
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringChangzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qiang Qiang
- Changzhou Wujin No. 3 People's HospitalChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lin‐Ling Zou
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringChangzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ping Zou
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringChangzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringChangzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsuChina
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9
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Yang Y, Liang Q, Zhang B, Zhang J, Fan L, Kang J, Lin Y, Huang Y, Tan TC, Ho LH. Adsorption and desorption characteristics of flavonoids from white tea using macroporous adsorption resin. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464621. [PMID: 38198876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
White tea contains the highest flavonoids compared to other teas. While there have been numerous studies on the components of different tea varieties, research explicitly focusing on the flavonoid content of white tea remains scarce, making the need for a good flavonoid purification process for white tea even more important. This study compared the adsorption and desorption performance of five types of macroporous resins: D101, HP20, HPD500, DM301, and AB-8. Among the tested resins, AB-8 was selected based on its best adsorption and desorption performance to investigate the static adsorption kinetics and dynamic adsorption-desorption purification of white tea flavonoids. The optimal purification process was determined: adsorption temperature 25 °C, crude tea flavonoid extract pH 3, ethanol concentration 80 %, sample loading flow rate and eluent flow rate 1.5 BV/min, and eluent dosage 40 BV. The results indicated that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Under the above purification conditions, the purity of the total flavonoids in the purified white tea flavonoid increased from approximately 17.69 to 46.23 %, achieving a 2.61-fold improvement, indicating good purification results. The purified white tea flavonoid can be further used for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Yang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China; Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Quanming Liang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Li Fan
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Jiahui Kang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Yiqin Lin
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China.
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Lee-Hoon Ho
- Department of Food Industry, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Terengganu 22200, Malaysia
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10
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Li H, Lin J, Bai B, Bo T, He Y, Fan S, Zhang J. Study on Purification, Identification and Antioxidant of Flavonoids Extracted from Perilla leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:7273. [PMID: 37959704 PMCID: PMC10647449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids from Perilla leaves were extracted using flash extraction assisted by ultrasonic extraction with ethanol. Subsequently, macroporous resin was employed for the isolation and purification of these flavonoids, followed by an investigation into their antioxidant activity. The process conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from Perilla leaves were designed and optimized using a one-way experiment combined with a response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: the liquid-solid ratio was 20:1, ethanol volume fraction of 60%, ultrasound temperature of 60 °C, ultrasound time of 10 min and flash evaporation time of 60 s. The optimal extraction rate of flavonoids is 9.8 mg/g. In terms of separation and purification, a high-performance macroporous resin (HPD450 resin) with high purification efficiency was selected through static analysis and adsorption experiments. The optimal enrichment conditions were as follows: loading concentration of 0.06 mg/mL, optimal loading concentration of 20 mL, elution concentration of 70% and 76 mL, providing a reference for the further development and utilization of Perilla leaf flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.L.); (J.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.L.); (J.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Baoqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.L.); (J.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Yufei He
- Shanxi Food Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Shanhong Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.L.); (J.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (H.L.); (J.L.); (B.B.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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11
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Liu L, Liu H, Yan H, Guo H, Bai L. Separation and purification of glycosides from medicinal plants based on strong polar separation medium with online closed-loop mode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115508. [PMID: 37295190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural glycosides widely distributed in medicinal plants are valuable sources of therapeutic agents, showing various pharmacological effects. The separation and purification of natural glycosides are meaningful for their pharmacological research, which face with great challenges due to the complex of medicinal plants samples. In this work, two kinds of functional monolithic separation mediums A and S were fabricated and fully applied in the online extraction, separation and purification of active glycoside components from medicinal plants with a simple-procedure closed-loop mode. Chrysophanol glucoside and physcion glucoside were detected and separated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma using separation medium A as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent. Rhapontin was isolated and purified from Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et Kao using separation medium S as the stationary phase of high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to the reported literatures, high yield of 5.68, 1.20 and 4.76 mg g-1 of these three products were obtained with high purity. These two online closed-loop mode methods were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography system, in which the sample injection, isolation and purification procedures are all online mode, and reduced loss compared to offline extraction and purification procedures, thus achieving high recovery and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huaizhong Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ligai Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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12
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Cui L, Li B. Enrichment of antiplatelet peptides and removal of fishy odor from silver carp skin collagen hydrolysates by macroporous resins: pH value of loading sample affects the peptides separation. Food Chem 2023; 411:135481. [PMID: 36708640 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of antiplatelet peptides from silver carp skin collagen hydrolysates (CH) was studied using macroporous resins. Static adsorption showed that XAD-16 resin was the suitable resin due to its high adsorption capacity. The dynamic desorption of CH was studied on XAD-16 resin by ethanol gradient elution. Interestingly, pH value of loading sample had a great impact on the peptides separation. Results revealed that the yield and the antiplatelet activity of Ethl-20% fraction were highest at loading sample pH 6.0. The antiplatelet peptides were enriched in the 20% ethanol fraction with IC50 2.03 mg/mL compared to IC50 of CH, 4.7 mg/mL. Besides, the Ethl-20% fraction had a weakest fishy odor. Moreover, a series of peptides containing Hyp-Gly or Pro-Gly were identified from Ethl-20% fraction, which contributed to the antiplatelet activities. This study provided a simple and efficient method for large-scale separation enrichment of antiplatelet peptides as functional foods from CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cui
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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13
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Liu X, Yan S, Zhou H, Wu H, Wang S, Yong X, Zhou J. Separation and purification of glabridin from a deep eutectic solvent extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra residue by macroporous resin and its mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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14
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Umeoguaju FU, Akaninwor JO, Essien EB, Amadi BA, Chukeze EJ, Nwafor IR. Macroporous adsorptive resin-assisted enrichment of polyphenol from Psidium guajava leaves improved its in vitro antioxidant and anti-hemolytic properties. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36449397 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2150932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical analyses of guava leaf extracts, commonly applied in traditional medicine, revealed the presence of several bioactive polyphenols. In this study, we optimized the enrichment of total polyphenol from Guava leaf ethanolic extract (GEE) using six macroporous adsorptive resins (MAR) including AB8, D101, X5, ADS17, S400, and AD7. Also investigated are the contributions of adsorption time, extract concentration, pH, elution time, and eluent ethanol concentrations on the polyphenol enrichment potential of MAR. The antioxidant and anti-hemolytic properties of the crude and polyphenol-rich extracts were determined. Our results indicate that treatment of GEE extract with AB8 MAR at a concentration of 15 mg GEE/g resin, adsorption time of 45 min, elution time of 40 min, and eluent ethanol concentration of 50% (v/v) improved the flavonoids and phenol concentration of GEE by 2 and 2.5 folds respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing ability of the plasma (FRAP), anti-hemolytic and anti-peroxidation activity of the resultant polyphenol-rich extracts improved by 1.5, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.88 folds respectively, when compared to the crude extract. Our work shows that the MAR-assisted enrichment operation is a rapid, feasible, and economical strategy for enriching bioactive polyphenols from guava leaf extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Uchenna Umeoguaju
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Joyce Oronne Akaninwor
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Eka Bassey Essien
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Achor Amadi
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Hu Y, Tse TJ, Shim YY, Purdy SK, Kim YJ, Meda V, Reaney MJT. A review of flaxseed lignan and the extraction and refinement of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5057-5072. [PMID: 36448088 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2148627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Lignan is a class of diphenolic compounds that arise from the condensation of two phenylpropanoid moieties. Oilseed and cereal crops (e.g., flaxseed, sesame seed, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc.) are major sources of plant lignan. Methods for commercial isolation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) are not well reported, as most publications describing the detection, extraction, and enrichment of SDG use methods that have not been optimized for commercial scale lignan recovery. Simply scaling up laboratory methods would require expensive infrastructure to achieve a marketable yield and reproducible product quality. Therefore, establishing standard protocols to produce SDG and its derivatives on an industrial scale is critical to decrease lignan cost and increase market opportunities. This review summarizes the human health benefits of flaxseed lignan consumption, lignan physicochemical properties, and mammalian lignan metabolism, and describes methods for detecting, extracting, and enriching flaxseed lignan. Refining and optimization of these methods could lead to the development of inexpensive lignan sources for application as an ingredient in medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthy ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Timothy J Tse
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Venkatesh Meda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Separation and Purification of Two Saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis by a Macroporous Resin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196626. [PMID: 36235164 PMCID: PMC9570678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An effective method for separating and purifying critical saponins (polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII) from a Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis extract was developed in this study which was environmentally friendly and economical. Static adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and the dynamic adsorption-desorption of macroporous resins were investigated, and then the conditions of purification and separation were optimized by fitting with an adsorption thermodynamics equation and a kinetic equation. Effective NKA-9 resin from seven macroporous resins was screened out to separate and purify the two saponins. The static adsorption and dynamic adsorption were chemical and physical adsorption dual-processes on the NKA-9 resin. Under the optimum parameters, the contents of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII in the product were 17.3-fold and 28.6-fold those in plant extracts, respectively. The total yields of the two saponins were 93.16%. This research thus provides a theoretical foundation for the large-scale industrial production of the natural drugs polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII.
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Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Roasted Hazelnut Skin Extract Using Macroporous Resins. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131969. [PMID: 35804784 PMCID: PMC9265773 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazelnut skin is a rich source of polyphenols but is generally discarded during the roasting process of hazelnuts. Previous studies reported the extraction and identification of these compounds using different solvents and procedures; however, there are few reports on their enrichment and purification. In this study, three types of Amberlite macroporous resins (XAD 16, XAD 4, and XAD 7) were compared to evaluate the enrichment of polyphenols via adsorption and desorption mechanisms. The operating condition parameters for polyphenol adsorption/desorption of each resin were determined, the kinetics of adsorption were examined, and a method for polyphenol recovery was developed using static and dynamic adsorption/desorption. Antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection were used to confirm the increase in polyphenols obtained using the adsorption/desorption technique. XAD16 showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a recovery of 87.7%, and the adsorption kinetics fit well with a pseudo-second-order model. The highest poly-phenol desorption ratio was observed using an ethanol/water solution (70% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 bed volume/h.
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Chen B, Misrani A, Long C, He Z, Chen K, Yang L. Pigment of Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Flowers: Separation, Extraction, Purification and Antioxidant Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113555. [PMID: 35684492 PMCID: PMC9182074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the extraction procedure of a natural pigment from the flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) was optimized by response surface methodology. It is the first time that the extraction of the flower pigment of C. speciosa (FPCS) has been reported, along with an evaluation of its stability and biological activity under various conditions, and an exploration of its potential use as a food additive and in medicine. Specifically, the effects of ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, temperature and time on the extraction rate of FPCS were determined using a Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions for FPCS were 75% ethanol with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:75 mg/mL) at 66 °C for 39 min. The purification of FPCS using different macroporous resins showed that D101 performed best when the initial mass concentration of the injection solution was 1.50 mg/mL, resulting in a three-fold increase in color value. The yield of dry flowers was 9.75% of fresh petals and the FPCS extraction efficiency was 43.2%. The effects of light, solubility, pH, temperature, sweeteners, edible acids, redox agents, preservatives and metal ions on FPCS were also investigated. Furthermore, the characteristics of FPCS were determined by spectrophotometry at a specific wavelength using the Lambert-Beer law to correlate the mass of FPCS with its absorbance value. An acute toxicological test performed according to Horne's method showed that FPCS is a non-toxic extract and thus may be used as a food additive or in other ingestible forms. Finally, western blotting showed that FPCS prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced hippocampal oxidative stress in mice. The study suggests that FPCS may function as an antioxidant with applications in the food, cosmetics and polymer industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Chen
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Afzal Misrani
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China; (A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Cheng Long
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China; (A.M.); (C.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhizhou He
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-(020)-3936-6913 (L.Y.)
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-(020)-3936-6913 (L.Y.)
| | - Li Yang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.C.); (L.Y.); Tel.: +86-(020)-3936-6913 (L.Y.)
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Heravi S, Rahimi M, Shahriari M, Ebrahimi SN. Enrichment of phenolic compounds from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace extract using a macroporous resin and response surface methodology. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota in mice. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230709. [PMID: 35088071 PMCID: PMC8821950 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we study the therapeutic effect of Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids (ASTFs) using a mouse intestinal inflammation model. The inflammation model used in the present study was developed through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of mice. The experimental mice were divided into a control group, model group (10 mg/kg LPS), dexamethasone group (1 mg/kg DEX) and ASTF low-, medium- and high-dosage groups (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively). The morphological and structural changes in the ileum, jejunum and duodenum were observed using HE staining. The number of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) was calculated based on PAS staining. The contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the related mRNA expression level were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, p65 and p-p65 were measured using Western blotting. In addition, the 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial taxa were amplified and analyzed to assess changes in the intestinal microbes of LPS-induced mice and also in response to regulation by ASTF. Following intervention with ASTF, different therapeutic effects were shown according to the various dosages tested, all of which resulted in improved intestinal morphology and an increased number of intestinal GCs, while the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and TNF-α and the related mRNA expression level were significantly reduced. The TLR4, MyD88 and p-p65/p-65 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing results show that LPS disrupts the structure of mouse gut microbes, though we observed that normal microbial status can be restored through ASTF intervention.
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