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Du JF, Zhao Z, Xu WB, Wang QL, Li P, Lu X. Comprehensive analysis of JAZ family members in Ginkgo biloba reveals the regulatory role of the GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module in ginkgolide biosynthesis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad121. [PMID: 37741055 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L., an ancient relict plant known as a 'living fossil', has a high medicinal and nutritional value in its kernels and leaves. Ginkgolides are unique diterpene lactone compounds in G. biloba, with favorable therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Thus, it is essential to study the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of ginkgolide, which will contribute to quality improvement and medication requirements. In this study, the regulatory roles of the JAZ gene family and GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module in ginkgolide biosynthesis were explored based on genome and methyl jasmonate-induced transcriptome. Firstly, 18 JAZ proteins were identified from G. biloba, and the gene characteristics and expansion patterns along with evolutionary relationships of these GbJAZs were analyzed systematically. Expression patterns analysis indicated that most GbJAZs expressed highly in the fibrous root and were induced significantly by methyl jasmonate. Mechanistically, yeast two-hybrid assays suggested that GbJAZ3/11 interacted with both GbMYC2 and GbCOI1, and several GbJAZ proteins could form homodimers or heterodimers between the GbJAZ family. Moreover, GbMYC2 is directly bound to the G-box element in the promoter of GbLPS, to regulate the biosynthesis of ginkgolide. Collectively, these results systematically characterized the JAZ gene family in G. biloba and demonstrated that the GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module could regulate ginkgolides biosynthesis, which provides a novel insight for studying the mechanism of JA regulating ginkgolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fa Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiao-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
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Rahmani N, Radjabian T. Integrative effects of phytohormones in the phenolic acids production in Salvia verticillata L. under multi-walled carbon nanotubes and methyl jasmonate elicitation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:56. [PMID: 38238679 PMCID: PMC10797988 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Salvia verticillata L. is a well-known herb rich in rosmarinic acid (RA) and with therapeutic values. To better understand the possible roles of phytohormones in the production of phenolic acids in S. verticillata, in this work, we investigated some physiological and biochemical responses of the species to methyl jasmonate (MJ) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as two effective elicitors. The leaves were sprayed with aqueous solutions containing 100 mg L-1 MWCNTs and 100 µM MJ and then harvested during interval times of exposure up to 96 h. The level of abscisic acid, as the first effective phytohormone, was altered in the leaves in response to MJ and MWCNTs elicitation (2.26- and 3.06-fold more than the control, respectively), followed by significant increases (P ˂ 0.05) detected in jasmonic acid and salicylic acid contents up to 8 h after exposure. Obtained data revealed that simultaneously with changes in phytohormone profiles, significant (P ˂ 0.05) rises were observed in the content of H2O2 (8.85- and 9.74-folds of control), and the amount of lipid peroxidation (10.18- and 17.01-folds of control) during the initial times after exposure to MJ and MWCNTs, respectively. Later, the content of phenolic acids increased in the elicited leaves due to changes in the transcription levels of key enzymes involved in their biosynthesis pathways, so 2.71- and 11.52-fold enhances observed in the RA content of the leaves after exposure to MJ and MWCNTs, respectively. It is reasonable to conclude that putative linkages between changes in some phytohormone pools lead to the accumulation of phenolic acids in the leaves of S. verticillata under elicitation. Overall, the current findings help us improve our understanding of the signal transduction pathways of the applied stimuli that led to enhanced secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosrat Rahmani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Radjabian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Suárez-González E, Sandoval-Ramírez J, Flores-Hernández J, Carrasco-Carballo A. Ginkgo biloba: Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Central Nervous System Potential. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9674-9691. [PMID: 38132450 PMCID: PMC10742658 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (GB) extracts have been used in clinical studies as an alternative therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the exact bioaction mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this work, an in silico study on GB metabolites was carried out using SwissTargetPrediction to determine the proteins associated with AD. The resulting proteins, AChE, MAO-A, MAO-B, β-secretase and γ-secretase, were studied by molecular docking, resulting in the finding that kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin have multitarget potential against AD. These compounds also exhibit antioxidant activity towards reactive oxygen species (ROS), so antioxidant tests were performed on the extracts using the DPPH and ABTS techniques. The ethanol and ethyl acetate GB extracts showed an important inhibition percentage, higher than 80%, at a dose of 0.01 mg/mL. The effect of GB extracts on AD resulted in multitarget action through two pathways: firstly, inhibiting enzymes responsible for degrading neurotransmitters and forming amyloid plaques; secondly, decreasing ROS in the central nervous system (CNS), reducing its deterioration, and promoting the formation of amyloid plaques. The results of this work demonstrate the great potential of GB as a medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Suárez-González
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, ICUAP-BUAP, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Instituto de Fisiología, BUAP, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Modificación de Productos Naturales, FCQ-BUAP, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | | | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, ICUAP-BUAP, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
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Fang S, Zhang C, Qiu S, Xiao Y, Chen K, Lv Z, Chen W. SbWRKY75- and SbWRKY41-mediated jasmonic acid signaling regulates baicalin biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213662. [PMID: 37416887 PMCID: PMC10320291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with broad pharmacological activities whose main active ingredient is the flavonoid baicalin. Given its medicinal value and increasing market demand, it is essential to improve the plant's baicalin content. Flavonoid biosynthesis is regulated by several phytohormones, primarily jasmonic acid (JA). Methods In this study, we conducted transcriptome deep sequencing analysis of S. baicalensis roots treated with methyl jasmonate for different durations (1, 3, or 7 hours). Leveraging weighted gene co-expression network analysis and transcriptome data, we identified candidate transcription factor genes involved in the regulation of baicalin biosynthesis. To validate the regulatory interactions, we performed functional assays such as yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and dual-luciferase assays. Results Our findings demonstrated that SbWRKY75 directly regulates the expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic gene SbCLL-7, whereas SbWRKY41 directly regulates the expression of two other flavonoid biosynthetic genes, SbF6H and SbUGT, thus regulating baicalin biosynthesis. We also obtained transgenic S.baicalensis plants by somatic embryo induction and determined that overexpressing SbWRKY75 increased baicalin content by 14%, while RNAi reduced it by 22%. Notably, SbWRKY41 indirectly regulated baicalin biosynthesis by modulating the expression of SbMYC2.1, SbJAZ3 and SbWRKY75. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying JA-mediated baicalin biosynthesis in S. baicalensis. Our results highlight the specific roles of transcription factors, namely SbWRKY75 and SbWRKY41, in the regulation of key biosynthetic genes. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms holds significant potential for developing targeted strategies to enhance baicalin content in S. baicalensis through genetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Fang
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics unveil the regulatory pathways of modified atmosphere packaging–maintained leaf quality of Chinese flowering cabbage. Food Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Melatonin Delays Postharvest Senescence through Suppressing the Inhibition of BrERF2/BrERF109 on Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Flowering Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032933. [PMID: 36769253 PMCID: PMC9918124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage is prone to withering, yellowing and deterioration after harvest. Melatonin plays a remarkable role in delaying leaf senescence and increasing flavonoid biosynthesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of melatonin procrastinating postharvest senescence by regulating flavonoid biosynthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, melatonin could promote flavonoid accumulation and delay the postharvest senescence of flowering Chinese cabbage. Surprisingly, we observed that BrFLS1 and BrFLS3.2 were core contributors in flavonoid biosynthesis, and BrERF2 and BrERF109 were crucial ethylene response factors (ERFs) through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, which is involved in regulating the postharvest senescence under melatonin treatment. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), dual luciferase (LUC), and β-glucuronidase (GUS) tissue staining experiments demonstrated that BrERF2/BrERF109 negatively regulated the transcripts of BrFLS1 and BrFLS3.2 by directly binding to their promoters, respectively. Silencing BrERF2/BrERF109 significantly upregulated the transcripts of BrFLS1 and BrFLS3.2, promoting flavonoid accumulation, and postponing the leaf senescence. Our results provided a new insight into the molecular regulatory network of melatonin delaying leaf senescence and initially ascertained that melatonin promoted flavonoid accumulation by suppressing the inhibition of BrERF2/BrERF109 on the transcripts of BrFLS1 and BrFLS3.2, which led to delaying the leaf senescence of postharvest flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Xie Z, Yu G, Yun Y, Zhang X, Shen M, Jia M, Li A, Zhang H, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhang L. Effects of bamboo leaf extract on energy metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and biogenesis of small intestine mitochondria in broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac391. [PMID: 36440554 PMCID: PMC9833010 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo leaf extract (BLE) on energy metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and biogenesis of broilers' small intestine mitochondria. A total of 384 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups with six replicates each for 42 d. The control group was fed a basal diet, whereas the BLE1, BLE2, and BLE3 groups consumed basal diets with 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg of BLE, respectively. Some markers of mitochondrial energy metabolism including isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase and some markers of redox system including total superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione were measured by commercial colorimetric kits. Mitochondrial and cellular antioxidant genes, mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes, and mitochondrial DNA copy number were measured by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 19.0, and differences were considered as significant at P < 0.05. BLE supplementation linearly increased jejunal mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05) and total superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) activity. The ileal manganese superoxide dismutase mRNA expression was linearly affected by increased dietary BLE supplementation (P < 0.05). Increasing BLE supplementation linearly increased jejunal sirtuin 1 (P < 0.05) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (P < 0.05) mRNA expression. Linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) responses of the ileal nuclear respiratory factor 2 mRNA expression occurred with increased dietary BLE levels. In conclusion, BLE supplementation was beneficial to the energy metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and biogenesis of small intestine mitochondria in broilers. The dose of 4.0 g/kg BLE demonstrated the best effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechen Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jingfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
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Kulić Ž, Lehner MD, Dietz GPH. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 ® as a paragon of the product by process concept. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1007746. [PMID: 36304165 PMCID: PMC9593214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1007746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is an often-neglected fact that extracts derived from the very same plant can differ significantly in their phytochemical composition, and thus also in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties which are the basis for their clinical efficacy and safety. The Ginkgo biloba L. [Ginkgoaceae] special extract EGb 761® is one of the best-studied plant extracts in the world. In the present review, using that extract as a paradigm, we describe insights how climate, the harvest region, processing of the plant material, the drying process, the extraction solvents, and the details of the subsequent process steps substantially impact the quality and uniformity of the final extract. We highlight the importance of regulating active constituent levels and consistent reduction of undesired substances in herbal extracts. This is accomplished by a controlled production process and corresponding analytical specifications. In conclusion, since extracts derived from the same plant can have very different phytochemical compositions, results from pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies gained with one specific extract cannot be extrapolated to other extracts that were generated using different production processes. We propose that the heterogenous nature of extracts should be meticulously considered when evaluating the efficacy and safety of plant-derived remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Kulić
- Preclinical Research and Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH and Co., KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin D. Lehner
- Preclinical Research and Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH and Co., KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar P. H. Dietz
- Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH and Co., KG, Karlsruhe, Germany
- University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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A gene cluster in Ginkgo biloba encodes unique multifunctional cytochrome P450s that initiate ginkgolide biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5143. [PMID: 36050299 PMCID: PMC9436924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) is considered a living fossil due to its 200 million year's history under morphological stasis. Its resilience is partly attributed to its unique set of specialized metabolites, in particular, ginkgolides and bilobalide, which are chemically complex terpene trilactones. Here, we use a gene cluster-guided mining approach in combination with co-expression analysis to reveal the primary steps in ginkgolide biosynthesis. We show that five multifunctional cytochrome P450s with atypical catalytic activities generate the tert-butyl group and one of the lactone rings, characteristic of all G. biloba trilactone terpenoids. The reactions include scarless C-C bond cleavage as well as carbon skeleton rearrangement (NIH shift) occurring on a previously unsuspected intermediate. The cytochrome P450s belong to CYP families that diversifies in pre-seed plants and gymnosperms, but are not preserved in angiosperms. Our work uncovers the early ginkgolide pathway and offers a glance into the biosynthesis of terpenoids of the Mesozoic Era.
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Liu Z, Li G, Zhang Y, Jin H, Liu Y, Dong J, Li X, Liu Y, Liang X. Blending Technology Based on HPLC Fingerprint and Nonlinear Programming to Control the Quality of Ginkgo Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154733. [PMID: 35897910 PMCID: PMC9332425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The breadth and depth of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) applications have been expanding in recent years, yet the problem of quality control has arisen in the application process. It is essential to design an algorithm to provide blending ratios that ensure a high overall product similarity to the target with controlled deviations in individual ingredient content. We developed a new blending algorithm and scheme by comparing different samples of ginkgo leaves. High-consistency samples were used to establish the blending target, and qualified samples were used for blending. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as the sample screening method. A nonlinear programming algorithm was applied to calculate the blending ratio under different blending constraints. In one set of calculation experiments, the result was blended by the same samples under different conditions. Its relative deviation coefficients (RDCs) were controlled within ±10%. In another set of calculations, the RDCs of more component blending by different samples were controlled within ±20%. Finally, the near-critical calculation ratio was used for the actual experiments. The experimental results met the initial setting requirements. The results show that our algorithm can flexibly control the content of TCMs. The quality control of the production process of TCMs was achieved by improving the content stability of raw materials using blending. The algorithm provides a groundbreaking idea for quality control of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330100, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Heilongjiang ZhenBaoDao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Haerbin 158400, China; (Y.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jiatao Dong
- Heilongjiang ZhenBaoDao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Haerbin 158400, China; (Y.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Xiaonong Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330100, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-791-8306-1116 (X.L.); +86-411-8437-9519 (Y.L.)
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330100, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-791-8306-1116 (X.L.); +86-411-8437-9519 (Y.L.)
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Z.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacodynamic Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330100, China
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Yang F, Zhang J, Cisse EHM, Li DD, Guo LY, Xiang LS, Miao LF. Competitive Relationship Between Cleistocalyx operculatus and Syzygium jambos Under Well-Watered Conditions Transforms Into a Mutualistic Relationship Under Waterlogging Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:869418. [PMID: 35755663 PMCID: PMC9231832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Competition and abiotic stress such as waterlogging (WL) represent main factors limiting plant growth and determining plant resistance and distribution patterns in wetland ecosystems. One of the basic steps for wetland restoration is to plant trees to ensure a quicker recovery and prevent erosion. Plant survival and adaptation are considered criteria of principal priority for the screening of plant species for wetland ecosystem restoration. WL influences plant species in wetlands via the deterioration of the plant root environment which leads to oxygen deficiency that affects plant growth, photosynthesis, respiration, and other metabolic processes. A suitable plant species was determined according to tolerance to WL during wetland vegetation recovery activities. Thus, two tree species (Cleistocalyx operculatus and Syzygium jambos) that showed a certain waterlogging tolerance were chosen to study their behaviors in different planting model and environmental conditions. Given that interspecific relationship should be considered during plant community construction, the eco-physiological adaptable mechanisms between these woody plants under well-watered condition and waterlogging stress were explored. Results showed that both species were waterlogging-tolerant species due to their ability to adapt to submergence conditions for 120 days. Moreover, C. operculatus possessed stronger tolerance to waterlogging stress because of a significant adventitious roots biomass accumulation. A competitive relationship was found between C. operculatus and S. jambos under well-watered condition, and C. operculatus showed better growth performance benefited from morphological responses (plant height, number of blade and leaf area) and endogenous hormone variations. In comparison, S. jambos suffered some negative effects when the well-watered mixed planting was used. However, the competitive relationship under well-watered condition was transformed into mutualistic relationship under waterlogging stress. The mixed planting under waterlogging condition significantly improved the tolerance of C. operculatus and S. jambos to waterlogging stress, compared with the monoculture., Especially, S. jambos showed improvements in root length, root surface area, and redox equilibration between lower levels of relative conductivity, malondialdehyde, and O 2 ⋅ - and had increased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant components, such as reduced glutathione and soluble proteins. The interspecific relationship between C. operculatus and S. jambos was altered by waterlogging stress, and both showed improved tolerance to waterlogging stress. This study can provide a glimmer of light on suitable plant species selection and plant community construction during the revegetation activities in wetland zones. C. operculatus and S. jambos represent potential candidates in wetland restoration in a mixed planting model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - El-Hadji Malick Cisse
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Life Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Da-Dong Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Lu-Yao Guo
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Li-Shan Xiang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ling-Feng Miao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Special Issue “Natural Plant Substances—Structural and Application Aspects: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Wieslaw Oleszek”. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113430. [PMID: 35684367 PMCID: PMC9182290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dear Colleagues, [...]
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Chen H, Zhang S, He S, A R, Wang M, Liu S. The necrotroph Botrytis cinerea promotes disease development in Panax ginseng by manipulating plant defense signals and antifungal metabolites degradation. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:790-800. [PMID: 36312732 PMCID: PMC9597437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and △BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shouan Liu
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Changes in Polar Metabolites Content during Natural and Methyl-Jasmonate-Promoted Senescence of Ginkgo biloba Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010266. [PMID: 35008692 PMCID: PMC8745189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study clarified changes in the contents of polar metabolites (amino acids, organic acids, saccharides, cyclitols, and phosphoric acid) in leaf senescence in Ginkgo biloba with or without the application of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) in comparison with those in naturally senescent leaf blades and petioles. The contents of most amino acids and citric and malic acids were significantly higher in abaxially, and that of myo-inositol was lower in abaxially JA-Me-treated leaves than in adaxially JA-Me-treated and naturally senescent leaves. The levels of succinic and fumaric acids in leaves treated adaxially substantially high, but not in naturally senescent leaves. In contrast, sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents were much lower in leaf blades and petioles treated abaxially with JA-Me than those treated adaxially. The levels of these saccharides were also lower compared with those in naturally senescent leaves. Shikimic acid and quinic acid were present at high levels in leaf blades and petioles of G. biloba. In leaves naturally senescent, their levels were higher compared to green leaves. The shikimic acid content was also higher in the organs of naturally yellow leaves than in those treated with JA-Me. These results strongly suggest that JA-Me applied abaxially significantly enhanced processes of primary metabolism during senescence of G. biloba compared with those applied adaxially. The changes in polar metabolites in relation to natural senescence were also discussed.
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