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Meng X, Wang F, Fu CH, Zeng L, Chen ZH, Du Q, Feng ZH, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Effect of osmanthus hydrolat on the aroma quality and volatile components of osmanthus black tea. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101564. [PMID: 39007119 PMCID: PMC11239476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub with a pleasant fragrance and a wide range of applications in many fields. The condensed hydrolat obtained during the drying process of its fresh flowers was collected in a low-temperature vacuum environment and its sensory evaluation and volatile components were studied. The main aroma compounds in Osmanthus fragrans were dihydro-β-ionone, nonanal, β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, benzaldehyde, α-ionone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, whose contents were used as the main evaluation criteria, and the hydrolats obtained under different scenting and drying times were compared. This process can effectively collect the aroma components in Osmanthus fragrans and the optimal drying conditions were 50 °C for 5 h. The hydrolat was used to provide the scent of osmanthus black tea, which had a fresher and mellower taste, while the fragrance of osmanthus was abundant. These results show that osmanthus hydrolat can be used to provide the scent of floral black tea. Chemical compounds studied in this article (-)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 1203); (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 65064); (-)-epicatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 367141); (-)-epigallocatechin (PubChem CID: 72277); (-)-epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); (-)-gallocatechin gallate (PubChem CID: 199472); (-)-catechin gallate (PubChem CID: 6419835); (-)-gallocatechin (PubChem CID: 9882981).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
- The College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chao-Hong Fu
- Pan’an Ecological Agriculture Development Co., LTD, Jinhua, 322305, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- Guangzhou Chali Group Co., LTD, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Qizhen Du
- The College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Palac Bešlić I, Ivešić M, Mandić Andačić I, Bursać Kovačević D, Žuntar I, Bebek Markovinović A, Oštarić F, Krivohlavek A. Development and Optimization Method for Determination of the Strawberries' Aroma Profile. Molecules 2024; 29:3441. [PMID: 39065019 PMCID: PMC11279833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The strawberry (genus Fragaria) is a plant from the rose family (Rosaceae). As the fruits are likely to be picked mechanically, they are grown close to consumption centers. The aim of this work was to develop a suitable method for detecting as many molecules as possible in order to be able to distinguish between different strawberry cultivars and geographical origins in the future. Whole strawberries of the "Albion" cultivar, grown in the Jagodica Purgerica region of Zagreb, were used. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in SCAN mode was used to analyze the aroma profile and to determine the proportion of individual components. The samples were prepared and analyzed using the solid-phase microextraction method (SPME). The impact of SPME fiber selection and GC column type was investigated, as well as sample weight, ionic strength, agitation temperature, and sampling time. A higher ionic strength was achieved by adding a 20% NaCl solution to the sample. The aroma profile of the studied strawberry cultivar consisted of furanone, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Optimal results were achieved by adjusting the ionic strength during 15 min of extraction and incubation. The individual compounds were identified using NIST, Wiley libraries, and the "area normalization" method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Palac Bešlić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Martina Ivešić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ivana Mandić Andačić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.K.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anica Bebek Markovinović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.K.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Fabijan Oštarić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta, 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Adela Krivohlavek
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
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Li Y, Liu S, Kuang H, Zhang J, Wang B, Wang S. Transcriptomic and Physiological Analysis Reveals the Possible Mechanism of Inhibiting Strawberry Aroma Changes by Ultrasound after Harvest. Foods 2024; 13:2231. [PMID: 39063314 PMCID: PMC11276260 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The volatile compounds in strawberries play a significant role in the formation of strawberry aroma. However, these compounds undergo continual changes during storage, resulting in a decline in quality. In this study, a total of 67 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in strawberries through quantitative analysis. At the end of the storage period, the VOC content in the ultrasonic group was 119.02 µg/kg higher than that in the control group. The results demonstrated that the ultrasonic treatment increased the contents of terpenes and esters at the end of storage. Among these, linalool increased from 67.09 to 91.41 µg/kg, while ethyl cinnamate increased from 92.22 to 106.79 µg/kg. Additionally, the expression of the key metabolic genes closely related to these substances was significantly up-regulated. The expression of the FaNES gene, related to terpene metabolism, was up-regulated by 2.8 times in the second day, while the expression of the FaAAT gene, related to ester metabolism, was up-regulated by 1.5 times. In summary, this study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of ultrasonic effect on strawberry flavor and quality after harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shaojia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (H.K.); (J.Z.); (B.W.)
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Lu H, Zhao H, Zhong T, Chen D, Wu Y, Xie Z. Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms Affecting Fruit Aroma. Foods 2024; 13:1870. [PMID: 38928811 PMCID: PMC11203305 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aroma, an important quality characteristic of plant fruits, is produced by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly terpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, and other secondary metabolites, in plant cells. There are significant differences in the VOC profile of various fruits. The main pathways involved in the synthesis of VOCs are the terpenoid, phenylalanine, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, which involve several key enzyme-encoding genes, transcription factors (TFs), and epigenetic factors. This paper reviews the main synthetic pathways of the main volatile components in fruit, summarizes studies on the regulation of aroma formation by key genes and TFs, summarizes the factors affecting the fruit aroma formation, describes relevant studies on the improvement of fruit flavor quality, and finally proposes potential challenges and prospects for future research directions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further precise control of fruit aroma quality and variety improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- College of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (H.L.); (H.Z.); (T.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Hongfei Zhao
- College of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (H.L.); (H.Z.); (T.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Tailin Zhong
- College of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (H.L.); (H.Z.); (T.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Danwei Chen
- College of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (H.L.); (H.Z.); (T.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhengwan Xie
- School of Tea and Coffee, Puer University, Puer 665000, China
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Zheng S, Cai J, Huang P, Wang Y, Yang Z, Yu Y. Determination of volatile profiles of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) during fruit maturation by HS-SPME GC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7455-7468. [PMID: 37403783 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aroma is an important agronomic trait for strawberries, and the improvement of fruit flavor is a key goal in current strawberry breeding programs. Fragaria vesca (also known as woodland strawberry) has become an excellent model plant with exquisite flavor, a small genome size and a short life cycle. Thus, the comprehensive identification of fruit volatiles and their accumulation pattern of F. vesca strawberries are very important and necessary to the fruit aroma study. This study examined the volatile profile changes from the fruits of three F. vesca genotypes during maturation using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multivariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 191 putative volatile compounds were identified, while 152, 159 and 175 volatiles were detected in 20-30 DAP (days after pollination) fruits of Hawaii 4 (HW), Reugen (RG) and Yellow Wonder (YW), respectively. Aldehydes and alcohols predominated in the early time point while esters were predominant during the late time point. Ketones were the dominant compounds from F. vesca strawberries at the ripe stage. Certain genotype-characteristic volatiles were identified, including eugenol, γ-octalactone and δ-decalactone only detected in YW, and mesifurane was found in HW. CONCLUSIONS RG and YW showed very similar volatile compositions, but YW presented a greater number of volatiles and RG yielded a higher content. Differences in the volatile composition may be primarily due to genetic relationships. The metabolic changes that occurred during fruit ripening and characteristic volatiles will be a useful reference for future studies of strawberry volatiles. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peibin Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Wu L, Wang X, Hao J, Zhu N, Wang M. Geographical Indication Characteristics of Aroma and Phenolic Acids of the Changping Strawberry. Foods 2023; 12:3889. [PMID: 37959008 PMCID: PMC10650669 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is the most consumed berry fruit worldwide due to its unique aroma and high nutritive value. This fruit is also an important source of phenolic compounds. Changping strawberries are recognized as a national agricultural product of geographical indication (GI) due to their unique flavor. Widely accepted standards for identifying GI strawberries from non-GI strawberries are currently unavailable. This study compared the aroma and phenolic acid composition of GI and non-GI strawberries. Furthermore, the characteristic aroma and phenolic acid markers of GI strawberries were determined. A classification model based on the markers was established using Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). In this study, six groups of strawberries with variety name of "Hongyan", including GI strawberries from Changping and non-GI strawberries from Changping, Miyun, Pinggu, Shunyi, and Tongzhou, were collected. A total of 147 volatile substances were discovered using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The contents of a few compounds principally responsible for the distinctive aroma in GI strawberries were in the top three of the six groups, providing GI strawberries with a generally pleasant fragrance. OPLS-DA identified isoamyl butyrate and trans-2-octen-1-ol as characteristic markers. Enrichment analysis indicated that beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, mitochondrial beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, and butyrate metabolism played critical roles in volatile compound biosynthesis. The total phenolic content was 24.41-36.46 mg/kg of fresh weight. OPLS-DA results revealed that cinnamic acid could be used as a characteristic phenolic acid marker of GI strawberries. Based on the three characteristic markers, FDA was performed on the different groups, which were then divided. The separation of strawberry samples from different origins using the three characteristic markers was found to be feasible. These findings help effectively understand the aroma and phenolic acid composition of strawberries and contribute to the development of strawberries with a pleasant fragrance and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Wu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology of BAAFS, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (L.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology of BAAFS, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (L.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jianqiang Hao
- Beijing Center of AGRI-Products Quality and Safety, No. 6 Middle Road of Yumin, Xicheng District, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Ning Zhu
- Beijing Changping Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Science and Technology Center Building, Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102200, China;
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology of BAAFS, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; (L.W.); (X.W.)
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Ritz CM, Ulrich D, Buschmann S, Olbricht K. Variation in Volatile Organic Compounds in native, synanthropic accessions and cultivars of the musk strawberry (Fragaria moschata Duchesne ex Weston). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289468. [PMID: 37561722 PMCID: PMC10414552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to the world-wide dominance of F. ×ananassa in strawberry production, native species had been cultivated in European gardens for centuries. Especially the musk strawberry (F. moschata) had been highly appreciated due to its fruit size and extraordinary aroma. Detailed studies on the diversity of the species' fruit aroma are lacking, although breeding aims to improve strawberry aroma by complex crossings during recent years. Today a few cultivars, abandoned synanthropic occurrences and native populations of this species exist in Germany. Here we characterised aroma profiles of F. moschata accessions by analysing Volatile Organic Compounds. In particular, differences between native and cultivated accessions as well as the diversity in aroma profiles of native populations were investigated. Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds were analysed by immersion stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-quadrupol mass spectrometry (imm-SBSE-GC-qMS). These data were compared with a genetic characterisation of samples based on eight microsatellite loci using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. High amounts of furanones and the key compound methyl anthranilate were characteristic for the aroma profile of F. moschata. We detected a considerable diversity of Volatile Organic Compounds among accessions of F. moschata, particularly among genetically distinct samples from the same population. Native accessions contained more terpenoids but less esters and were moderately differentiated from cultivated samples. The observed patterns of Volatile Organic Compounds indicate that cultivated accessions had been selected for favourable aroma profiles and thus showing traces of domestication. Moreover, native populations harbour a great diversity of Volatile Organic Compounds, which could be also considered for future breeding efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M. Ritz
- Chair of Biodiversity of Higher Plants, International, Institute (IHI) Zittau, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Member of the Leibniz Association, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Detlef Ulrich
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Buschmann
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Member of the Leibniz Association, Görlitz, Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Olbricht
- Hansabred GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang J, Pan L, Tu K. Aroma in freshly squeezed strawberry juice during cold storage detected by E-nose, HS–SPME–GC–MS and GC-IMS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Wang J, Yin Y, Gao H, Sheng L. Identification of MYB Transcription Factors Involving in Fruit Quality Regulation of Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:68. [PMID: 36672809 PMCID: PMC9859318 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is an important horticultural crop. The economic values of strawberry cultivars are decided by their fruit qualities including taste, color and aroma. The important role of MYB transcription factors in fruit quality regulation is recognized increasingly with the identification of MYB genes involved in metabolism. A total of 407 MYB genes of F. × ananassa (FaMYBs) were identified in the genome-wide scale and named according to subgenome locations. The 407 FaMYBs were clustered into 36 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. According to synteny analysis, whole genome duplication and segmental duplication contributed over 90% of the expansion of the FaMYBs family. A total of 101 FaMYB loci with 1-6 alleles were identified by the homologous gene groups on homologous chromosomes. The differentially expressed FaMYB profiles of three cultivars with different fruit quality and fruit ripe processes provided the 8 candidate loci involved in fruit quality regulation. In this experiment, 7, 5, and 4 FaMYBs were screeded as candidate genes involved in the regulation of metabolism/transportation of anthocyanins, sugars or organic acids and 4-hydroxy-2, 5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, respectively. These results pointed out the key FaMYBs for further functional analysis of gene regulation of strawberry fruit quality and would be helpful in the clarification on ofe roles of MYBs in the metabolism of fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lixia Sheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Cheng X, Feng Y, Chen D, Luo C, Yu X, Huang C. Evaluation of Rosa germplasm resources and analysis of floral fragrance components in R. rugosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1026763. [PMID: 36311132 PMCID: PMC9597504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1026763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae) is an important functional plant used in food products, tea, and aromatherapy. Characteristics of R. rugosa varieties based on the biological traits and floral fragrant components were studied by applying an analytic hierarchy process, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and metabolomic analysis. The 77 Rosa accessions (comprising 27 R. rugosa varieties, 43 scented R. hybrida cultivars, and seven fragrant R. species) were grouped into nine classes based on 17 morphological characters and 16 targeted fragrant substances by cluster analysis. Three R. rugosa cultivars differing in fragrance type were selected for volatile metabolomics analysis at four stages of flower development. In total, 156 differential volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected and the VOC content patterns were further investigated in two important metabolic pathways (the monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway). The results provide a foundation for efficient use of Rosa germplasm and insights into the utilization of R. rugosa as a functional flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Feng Y, Cheng X, Lu Y, Wang H, Chen D, Luo C, Liu H, Gao S, Lei T, Huang C, Yu X. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of floral fragrance-related compounds in scented rose (Rosa hybrida) varieties and a subsequent evaluation on the basis of the analytical hierarchy process. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:368-377. [PMID: 35753285 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scented rose (Rosa hybrida) varieties are valued as ornamentals, but they also contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that produce pleasant aromas. In plants, aromas are produced via metabolism during growth, and each aroma compound has a unique function. In this study, the floral aroma compounds of diverse scented rose varieties were analyzed and classified. The VOCs of different rose varieties were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The test materials were the mature flowers of 55 scented rose varieties that were cultivated under identical conditions. Seventeen important aroma compounds were selected and an analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based method was developed to identify the most suitable essential oil resources, aromatherapy resources, and healthcare resources. A floral fragrance evaluation model was established for the comprehensive evaluation of the scented rose varieties. The 55 varieties were classified into three grades according to their suitability for each use. 'Soeur Emmanuelle', 'Wollerton Old Hall', 'Accademia', and 'Tianmidemeng' were revealed to be suitable essential oil, aromatherapy, and healthcare resources. On the basis of their aroma compound types, the fifty-five rose varieties were divided into eight groups. The results of this study provide the theoretical basis for the classification of rose flower aromas as well as the rational use of diverse rose varieties to further develop the rose industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Wang AH, Ma HY, Zhang BH, Mo CY, Li EH, Li F. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide Insights into the Formation of the Peach-like Aroma of Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. Fruits. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071285. [PMID: 35886068 PMCID: PMC9318527 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. is a wild diploid strawberry species. The intense peach-like aroma of its fruits makes F. nilgerrensis an excellent resource for strawberry breeding programs aimed at enhancing flavors. However, the formation of the peach-like aroma of strawberry fruits has not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, fruit metabolome and transcriptome datasets for F. nilgerrensis (HA; peach-like aroma) and its interspecific hybrids PA (peach-like aroma) and NA (no peach-like aroma; control) were compared. In total, 150 differentially accumulated metabolites were detected. The K-means analysis revealed that esters/lactones, including acetic acid, octyl ester, δ-octalactone, and δ-decalactone, were more abundant in HA and PA than in NA. These metabolites may be important for the formation of the peach-like aroma of F. nilgerrensis fruits. The significantly enriched gene ontology terms assigned to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were fatty acid metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthetic process. Twenty-seven DEGs were predicted to be associated with ester and lactone biosynthesis, including AAT, LOX, AOS, FAD, AIM1, EH, FAH, ADH, and cytochrome P450 subfamily genes. Thirty-five transcription factor genes were predicted to be associated with aroma formation, including bHLH, MYB, bZIP, NAC, AP2, GATA, and TCPfamily members. Moreover, we identified differentially expressed FAD, AOS, and cytochrome P450 family genes and NAC, MYB, and AP2 transcription factor genes that were correlated with δ-octalactone and δ-decalactone. These findings provide key insights into the formation of the peach-like aroma of F. nilgerrensis fruits, with implications for the increased use of wild strawberry resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wang
- Horticulture Institute (Guizhou Horticultural Engineering Technology Research Center), Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (A.-H.W.); (H.-Y.M.); (B.-H.Z.); (C.-Y.M.)
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234099, China
| | - Hong-Ye Ma
- Horticulture Institute (Guizhou Horticultural Engineering Technology Research Center), Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (A.-H.W.); (H.-Y.M.); (B.-H.Z.); (C.-Y.M.)
| | - Bao-Hui Zhang
- Horticulture Institute (Guizhou Horticultural Engineering Technology Research Center), Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (A.-H.W.); (H.-Y.M.); (B.-H.Z.); (C.-Y.M.)
| | - Chuan-Yuan Mo
- Horticulture Institute (Guizhou Horticultural Engineering Technology Research Center), Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (A.-H.W.); (H.-Y.M.); (B.-H.Z.); (C.-Y.M.)
| | - En-Hong Li
- Guizhou Seed Management Station, Guiyang 550001, China;
| | - Fei Li
- Horticulture Institute (Guizhou Horticultural Engineering Technology Research Center), Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China; (A.-H.W.); (H.-Y.M.); (B.-H.Z.); (C.-Y.M.)
- Correspondence: author:
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13
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Palumbo M, Cozzolino R, Laurino C, Malorni L, Picariello G, Siano F, Stocchero M, Cefola M, Corvino A, Romaniello R, Pace B. Rapid and Non-Destructive Techniques for the Discrimination of Ripening Stages in Candonga Strawberries. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111534. [PMID: 35681286 PMCID: PMC9180294 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nose (e-nose), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and image analysis (IA) were used to discriminate the ripening stage (half-red or red) of strawberries (cv Sabrosa, commercially named Candonga), harvested at three different times (H1, H2 and H3). Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the e-nose, ATR-FTIR and IA data allowed us to clearly discriminate samples based on the ripening stage, as in the score space they clustered in distinct regions of the plot. Moreover, a correlation analysis between the e-nose sensor and 57 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were overall detected in all the investigated fruit samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), allowed us to distinguish half-red and red strawberries, as the e-nose sensors gave distinct responses to samples with different flavours. Three suitable broad bands were individuated by PCA in the ATR-FTIR spectra to discriminate half-red and red samples: the band centred at 3295 cm−1 is generated by compounds that decline, whereas those at 1717 cm−1 and at 1026 cm−1 stem from compounds that accumulate during ripening. Among the chemical parameters (titratable acidity, total phenols, antioxidant activity and total soluble solid) assayed in this study, only titratable acidity was somehow correlated to ATR-FTIR and IA patterns. Thus, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and IA might be exploited to rapidly assess titratable acidity, which is an objective indicator of the ripening stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Palumbo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (A.C.); (B.P.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (C.L.); (L.M.); (G.P.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-0825-299381 (R.C.); +39-0881-630-201 (M.C.)
| | - Carmine Laurino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (C.L.); (L.M.); (G.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Livia Malorni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (C.L.); (L.M.); (G.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (C.L.); (L.M.); (G.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Siano
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (C.L.); (L.M.); (G.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Matteo Stocchero
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Maria Cefola
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (A.C.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.C.); Tel.: +39-0825-299381 (R.C.); +39-0881-630-201 (M.C.)
| | - Antonia Corvino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (A.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Roberto Romaniello
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71121 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Bernardo Pace
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR), c/o CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (A.C.); (B.P.)
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14
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Profiles of Volatile and Phenolic Compounds as Markers of Ripening Stage in Candonga Strawberries. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123102. [PMID: 34945655 PMCID: PMC8701158 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds, quality traits (total phenols and antioxidant capacity) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-isolated polyphenols of strawberries, variety Sabrosa, commercially referred to as “Candonga”, harvested at three different times (H1, H2 and H3) and at two different ripening stages, namely half-red (Half-red-H1, Half-red-H2 and Half-red-H3) and red (Red-H1, Red-H2 and Red-H3) were evaluated. Dominant anthocyanins, namely cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, as well as p-coumaryl hexoside increased during harvesting, differently from flavonoids, such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoronide and quercetin 3-O-glucoronide, that declined. Samples clustered in different quadrants of the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on volatiles, quality traits and phenolic compounds, highlighting that only the red samples were directly correlated to volatile components, as volatiles clearly increased both in number and amount during ripening. In particular, volatiles with a positive impact on the consumers’ acceptance, including butyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, nonanal, terpenes and lactones, were positively associated with the Red-H1 and Red-H2 strawberries, while volatiles with negative coefficients related to consumer liking, including isopropyl butyrate, isoamyl butyrate and mesifurane directly correlated with the Red-H3 samples. Accordingly, strawberries harvested at Red-H1 and Red-H2 ripening stages could be preferred by the consumers compared to the Red-H3 fruit. Altogether, these results could help to individuate quality traits as putative markers of the ripening stage, and optimize the process of post-harvesting ripening to preserve or improve the desirable aromatic characteristics of strawberries.
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