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Varzaru I, Untea AE, Panaite TD, Turcu R, Saracila M, Vlaicu PA, Oancea AG. Chlorella vulgaris as a Nutraceutical Source for Broilers: Improving Meat Quality and Storage Oxidative Status. Foods 2024; 13:2373. [PMID: 39123564 PMCID: PMC11312065 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in broilers' diet, alone or in combination with vitamin E, on meat quality parameters, nutritional value, and oxidative stability during storage time. An experiment was conducted on 180 COBB 500 broiler chickens (14 days old), assigned into six treatments, following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet was supplemented with three levels of C. vulgaris (0% in group C1, 1% in E1, 2% in E2), two levels of vitamin E (0% in C1, 250 ppm in C2), and a combination of them (1% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E3), 2% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E4)). Dietary incorporation of C. vulgaris, including those supplemented with vitamin E, resulted in a significant increase in meat protein content. DPA and DHA levels increased by 2.01-fold and 1.60-fold in the 2% C. vulgaris + vitamin E group. The PUFA/SFA ratio was increased across all dietary treatments (p < 0.0001). HPI and h/H registered the highest values as a result of 2% C. vulgaris supplementation, being linked with a positive effect in lowering cholesterol levels. Supplementation with 2% C. vulgaris and vitamin E exhibited a 1.45-fold increase in vitamin E concentration in thigh meat compared to the control group, being the highest level registered in thigh meat in this experiment. Metmyoglobin concentrations registered lower values in the thigh meat of the experimental groups, while deoxymyoglobin increased in the same groups when compared to the control group. The inclusion of C. vulgaris (1% and 2%) in combination with vitamin E (250 mg/kg) in broiler diets exhibited the best prevention of lipid oxidation after 7 days of refrigerated storage, defined by the highest efficiency factors assessed in terms of secondary oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Varzaru
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Arabela Elena Untea
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Tatiana Dumitra Panaite
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania;
| | - Raluca Turcu
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Mihaela Saracila
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Petru Alexandru Vlaicu
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Alexandra Gabriela Oancea
- Feed and Food Quality Department, National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti, No.1, 077015 Balotesti, Romania; (A.E.U.); (R.T.); (M.S.); (P.A.V.); (A.G.O.)
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Najar-Almanzor CE, Velasco-Iglesias KD, Nunez-Ramos R, Uribe-Velázquez T, Solis-Bañuelos M, Fuentes-Carrasco OJ, Chairez I, García-Cayuela T, Carrillo-Nieves D. Microalgae-assisted green bioremediation of food-processing wastewater: A sustainable approach toward a circular economy concept. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118774. [PMID: 37619389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater disposal is a major environmental issue that pollutes water, causing eutrophication, habitat destruction, and economic impact. In Mexico, food-processing effluents pose a huge environmental threat due to their excessive nutrient content and their large volume discharged every year. Some of the most harmful residues are tequila vinasses, nejayote, and cheese whey. Each liter of tequila generates 13-15 L of vinasses, each kilogram of cheese produces approximately 9 kg of cheese whey, and each kilogram of nixtamalized maize results in the production of 2.5-3.3 L of nejayote. A promising strategy to reduce the contamination derived from wastewater is through microalgae-based wastewater treatment. Microalgae have a high adaptability to hostile environments and they can feed on the nutrients in the effluents to grow. Moreover, to increase the viability, profitability, and value of wastewater treatments, a microalgae biorefinery could be proposed. This review will focus on the circular bioeconomy scheme focused on the simultaneous food-processing wastewater treatment and its use to grow microalgae biomass to produce added-value compounds. This strategy allows for the revalorization of wastewater, decreases contamination of water sources, and produces valuable compounds that promote human health such as phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, mycosporine-like amino acids, and as a source of clean energy: biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar E Najar-Almanzor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Karla D Velasco-Iglesias
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Regina Nunez-Ramos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Tlalli Uribe-Velázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Minerva Solis-Bañuelos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Oscar J Fuentes-Carrasco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Isaac Chairez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for the Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Tomás García-Cayuela
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Tamel Selvan K, Goon JA, Makpol S, Tan JK. Therapeutic Potentials of Microalgae and Their Bioactive Compounds on Diabetes Mellitus. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:462. [PMID: 37755075 PMCID: PMC10532649 DOI: 10.3390/md21090462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. There has been a growing interest in applying natural products to improve metabolic derangements without the side effects of anti-diabetic drugs. Microalgae biomass or extract and their bioactive compounds have been applied as nutraceuticals or additives in food products and health supplements. Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of microalgae and their bioactive compounds in improving insulin sensitivity attributed to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pancreatic β-cell protective properties. However, a review summarizing the progression in this topic is lacking despite the increasing number of studies reporting their anti-diabetic potential. In this review, we gathered the findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies to discuss the effects of microalgae and their bioactive compounds on diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms involved. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and future perspectives of developing microalgae-based compounds as a health supplement for diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, microalgae-based supplementation has the potential to improve diabetes mellitus and be applied in more clinical studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Ya’acob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Bioactive Natural Pigments' Extraction, Isolation, and Stability in Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031200. [PMID: 36770869 PMCID: PMC9920834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Color in food has multiple effects on consumers, since this parameter is related to the quality of a product, its freshness, and even its nutrient content. Each food has a characteristic color; however, this can be affected by the technological treatments that are applied during its manufacturing process, as well as its storage. Therefore, the development of new food products should take into account consumer preferences, the physical properties of a product, food safety standards, the economy, and applications of technology. With all of this, the use of food additives, such as dyes, is increasingly important due to the interest in the natural coloring of foods, strict regulatory pressure, problems with the toxicity of synthetic food colors, and the need for globally approved colors, in addition to current food market trends that focus on the consumption of healthy, organic, and natural products. It is for this reason that there is a growing demand for natural pigments that drives the food industry to seek or improve extraction techniques, as well as to study different stability processes, considering their interactions with the food matrix, in order to meet the needs and expectations of consumers.
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Savvidou MG, Georgiopoulou I, Antoniou N, Tzima S, Kontou M, Louli V, Fatouros C, Magoulas K, Kolisis FN. Extracts from Chlorella vulgaris Protect Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:361. [PMID: 36679074 PMCID: PMC9866266 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae as unicellular eukaryotic organisms demonstrate several advantages for biotechnological and biological applications. Natural derived microalgae products demand has increased in food, cosmetic and nutraceutical applications lately. The natural antioxidants have been used for attenuation of mitochondrial cell damage caused by oxidative stress. This study evaluates the in vitro protective effect of Chlorella vulgaris bioactive extracts against oxidative stress in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). The classical solid-liquid and the supercritical extraction, using biomass of commercially available and laboratory cultivated C. vulgaris, are employed. Oxidative stress induced by 300 μM H2O2 reduces cell viability of MSCs. The addition of C. vulgaris extracts, with increased protein content compared to carbohydrates, to H2O2 treated MSCs counteracted the oxidative stress, reducing reactive oxygen species levels without affecting MSC proliferation. The supercritical extraction was the most efficient extraction method for carotenoids resulting in enhanced antioxidant activity. Pre-treatment of MSCs with C. vulgaris extracts mitigates the oxidative damage ensued by H2O2. Initial proteomic analysis of secretome from licensed (TNFα-activated) MSCs treated with algal extracts reveals a signature of differentially regulated proteins that fall into clinically relevant pathways such as inflammatory signaling. The enhanced antioxidative and possibly anti-inflammatory capacity could be explored in the context of future cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Savvidou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioulia Georgiopoulou
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Nasia Antoniou
- TheraCell Advanced Biotechnologies, 14564 Kifisia, Greece
| | - Soultana Tzima
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kontou
- TheraCell Advanced Biotechnologies, 14564 Kifisia, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Louli
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kostis Magoulas
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N. Kolisis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
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Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from C. vulgaris Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010415. [PMID: 36615604 PMCID: PMC9824854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
C. vulgaris microalgae biomass was employed for the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds with deep eutectic-based solvents (DESs). Particularly, the Choline Chloride (ChCl) based DESs, ChCl:1,2 butanediol (1:4), ChCl:ethylene glycol (1:2), and ChCl:glycerol (1:2) mixed with water at 70/30 w/w ratio were used for that purpose. The extracts' total carotenoid (TCC) and phenolic contents (TPC), as well as their antioxidant activity (IC50), were determined within the process of identification of the most efficient solvent. This screening procedure revealed ChCl:1,2 butanediol (1:4)/H2O 70/30 w/w as the most compelling solvent; thus, it was employed thereafter for the extraction process optimization. Three extraction parameters, i.e., solvent-to-biomass ratio, temperature, and time were studied regarding their impact on the extract's TCC, TPC, and IC50. For the experimental design and process optimization, the statistical tool Response Surface Methodology was used. The resulting models' predictive capacity was confirmed experimentally by carrying out two additional extractions under conditions different from the experimental design.
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Georgiopoulou I, Tzima S, Louli V, Magoulas K. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of High-Added Value Compounds from Chlorella vulgaris: Experimental Design, Modelling and Optimization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185884. [PMID: 36144617 PMCID: PMC9505159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are well-known for their high-added value compounds and their recovery is currently of great interest. The aim of this work is the recovery of such components from Chlorella vulgaris through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. The effect of the extraction temperature (40–60 °C), pressure (110–250 bar), and solvent flow rate (20–40 g/min) was tested on yield, the extract’s antioxidant activity, and the phenolic, chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Thus, data analysis indicated that the yield was mainly affected by temperature, carotenoids by pressure, while the extract’s phenolics and antioxidant activity were affected by the synergy of temperature and pressure. Moreover, SFE’s kinetic study was performed and experimental data were correlated using Sovová’s mass transfer-based model. SFE optimization (60 °C, 250 bar, 40 g/min) led to 3.37% w/w yield, 44.35 mgextr/mgDPPH antioxidant activity (IC50), 18.29 mgGA/gextr total phenolic content, 35.55, 21.14 and 10.00 mg/gextr total chlorophyll, carotenoid and selected carotenoid content (astaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene), respectively. A comparison of SFE with conventional aq. ethanol (90% v/v) extraction proved SFE’s superiority regarding extraction duration, carotenoids, antioxidant activity and organoleptic characteristics of color and odor despite the lower yield. Finally, cosolvent addition (ethanol 10% w/w) at optimum SFE conditions improved the extract’s antioxidant activity (19.46%) as well as yield (101.81%).
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