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Wang Y, Ai Q, Gu M, Guan H, Yang W, Zhang M, Mao J, Lin Z, Liu Q, Liu J. Comprehensive overview of different medicinal parts from Morus alba L.: chemical compositions and pharmacological activities. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1364948. [PMID: 38694910 PMCID: PMC11061381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1364948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Morus alba L., a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a centuries-old medicinal history, owned various medicinal parts like Mori folium, Mori ramulus, Mori cortex and Mori fructus. Different medical parts exhibit distinct modern pharmacological effects. Mori folium exhibited analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic action and lipid-regulation effects. Mori ramulus owned anti-bacterial, anti-asthmatic and diuretic activities. Mori cortex showed counteraction action of pain, inflammatory, bacterial, and platelet aggregation. Mori fructus could decompose fat, lower blood lipids and prevent vascular sclerosis. The main chemical components in Morus alba L. covered flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and amino acids. This article comprehensively analyzed the recent literature related to chemical components and pharmacological actions of M. alba L., summarizing 198 of ingredients and described the modern activities of different extracts and the bioactive constituents in the four parts from M. alba L. These results fully demonstrated the medicinal value of M. alba L., provided valuable references for further comprehensive development, and layed the foundation for the utilization of M. alba L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wang
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qing Ai
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Meiling Gu
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hong Guan
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jialin Mao
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zhao Lin
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jicheng Liu
- The Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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Khan M, Khan S, Alshammary FL, Zaidi S, Singh V, Ahmad I, Patel H, Gupta VK, Haque S. In silico analysis to identify potential antitubercular molecules in Morus alba through virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1924-1931. [PMID: 37154535 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2209648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is to combat the emerging resistant strains of its causing agent i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant -TB strains raise a requirement of new potential anti-tubercular compounds. In this direction, different plant parts of Morus alba were tested against MTb and found to be active with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging between 125 µg/ml to 31.5 µg/ml. Further to identify the phytochompounds having anti-mycobacterium activity, phytocompounds of the plant were docked against the five MTb proteins (PDB ID: 3HEM, 4OTK, 2QO0, 2AQ1 and 6MNA). Among twenty-two tested phytocompounds, four phytocompounds with effective binding energy (kcal/mol): Petunidin-3-rutinoside (3HEM: -8.2, 4OTK: -6.9, 2QO0: -9.0, 2AQ1: -8.3 and 6MNA:-7.8), Quercetin-3'-glucoside (3HEM:-6.7, 4OTK:-7.6, 2QO0:-7.6, 2AQ1:7.6 and 6MNA:-6.4), Rutin (3HEM:-7.8, 4OTK:-7.5, 2QO0:-9.1, 2AQ1:9.3 and 6MNA:-6.9) and Isoquercitrin (3HEM:-7.3, 4OTK:-6.6, 2QO0:-7.7, 2AQ1:8.3 and 6MNA:-6.6) shows promising activity against all the five target proteins. Further molecular dynamics studies of Petunidin-3-rutinoside with three target proteins 3HEM, 2AQ1 and 2QO0 resulted with low values of average RMSD (3.723 Å, 3.261 Å, and 2.497 Å, respectively) show that the complexes have better conformational stability. The wet lab validation of the current study will pave the new dimensions for the cure of TB patients.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvish Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Freah L Alshammary
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Department of preventive dental sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sama Zaidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India
- Molecular Research & Development, MRD Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Lucknow, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Truzzi E, Marchetti L, Gibertini G, Benvenuti S, Cappellozza S, Giovannini D, Saviane A, Sirri S, Pinetti D, Assirelli A, Bertelli D. Phytochemical and functional characterization of cultivated varieties of Morus alba L. fruits grown in Italy. Food Chem 2024; 431:137113. [PMID: 37604000 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Morus alba L. fruits are considered functional foods with an important nutritional value for their high content of polyphenols. Therefore, the type and level of phytochemicals of the soroses from 13 M. alba cultivars grown in Italy were characterized due to the lack of data available about their nutraceutical properties. Mature M. alba fruits exhibited variable polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, proanthocyanins, and 1-deoxynojirimycin contents which resulted in different antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Regression models built on UHPLC-HRMS results revealed a strong correlation between the expression of quercetin derivatives, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, caffeoyl methyl quinates, and 5,5'-dehydrodivanillic acid, and the biological activity of each fruit. On another note, principal component analysis revealed that the quantity of caffeoyl/dicaffeoyl methyl quinate, caffeoylquinic acids, and quercetin derivatives decreased during ripening. The results on the compositional and functional characterization of mature M. alba fruits might improve their consumption and economic value in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Lucia Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Giada Gibertini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Laboratorio di Gelsibachicoltura, Via Eulero, 6a, 35143 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Daniela Giovannini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro per la Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Via La Canapona 1 bis, 47121 Forlì (FC), Italy
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Laboratorio di Gelsibachicoltura, Via Eulero, 6a, 35143 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Sandro Sirri
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro per la Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Via La Canapona 1 bis, 47121 Forlì (FC), Italy
| | - Diego Pinetti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 213/A, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Alberto Assirelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via ella Pascolare 16, 00016 Monterotondo (Rm), Italy
| | - Davide Bertelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena (MO), Italy
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Urbanek Krajnc A, Senekovič J, Cappellozza S, Mikulic-Petkovsek M. The Darker the Better: Identification of Chemotype Profile in Soroses of Local and Introduced Mulberry Varieties with Respect to the Colour Type. Foods 2023; 12:3985. [PMID: 37959104 PMCID: PMC10650418 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberries are the "essence of the past", the so-called Proust effect, for the inhabitants of the sericultural regions who enthusiastically remember feeding silkworms with mulberry leaves and picking the different coloured fruits that were their favourite sweets in childhood. To determine the chemistry behind the colour and taste of mulberry soroses, the main metabolites of the local and introduced varieties were studied. The soroses were classified into five different colour types and the size parameters were determined. The main sugars identified were glucose and fructose, while the predominant organic acids were citric and malic acids, which were highest in the darker varieties, and fumaric and tartaric acids, which were highest in the lighter varieties. A total of 42 phenolic compounds were identified. The predominant phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid, followed by other caffeoylquinic acids and coumaroylquinic acids. The predominant anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. According to PCA analysis, the colour types showed a clear chemotype character. The sweet taste of the yellowish-white soroses was defined by 49% fructose, followed by 45% glucose and 6% organic acids. The sour character of the black genotypes was characterised by a lower sugar and higher (11%) organic acid content. The colour- and species-dependent effect was observed in the proportion of caffeoylquinic acids and quercetin glycosides, which decreased with increasing colour intensity from 60% of the total to 7%, and from 17% to 1%, respectively. An upward trend was observed for flavanols (5% to 29%) and anthocyanins, which accounted for 62% of the total phenolics in black varieties. This article gives an insight into the metabolite composition of mulberry soroses as the sweets of choice between light and sweet and dark and sour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Urbanek Krajnc
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia; (A.U.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Senekovič
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia; (A.U.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), Via Eulero 6a, 35143 Padua, Italy;
| | - Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wang L, Wen H, Yang N, Li H. Effect of vacuum freeze drying and hot air drying on dried mulberry fruit quality. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283303. [PMID: 37352305 PMCID: PMC10289396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different drying methods (vacuum freeze-drying and hot-air drying) were used to dry mulberry of three varieties 'Baiyuwang'(D1), 'Longsang'(D2) and 'Zhongshen.1'(D3), and the fresh fruit of each variety was used as the control. The effects of different processing conditions on the physical characteristics, nutrients, functional components and antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit were analyzed. The results show that after different drying methods, after vacuum freeze-drying, the physical properties of dried mulberry fruit such as wettability, hygroscopic property and water retention, soluble protein, ascorbic acid and other nutrients, functional components such as polyphenols, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin, and antioxidant activities such as DPPH free radical scavenging ability and ABTS free radical scavenging ability were superior to hot air drying (P < 0.01). It was concluded that vacuum freeze drying was more beneficial for retaining the original quality of mulberry than hot air drying. This study can provide a retaining theoretical basis for mulberry deep processing and comprehensive development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Forest Tree and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Haichao Wen
- College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Forest Tree and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Ningwei Yang
- College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Forest Tree and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Forest Tree and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Ou T, Zhang M, Gao H, Wang F, Xu W, Liu X, Wang L, Wang R, Xie J. Study on the Potential for Stimulating Mulberry Growth and Drought Tolerance of Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044090. [PMID: 36835498 PMCID: PMC9966926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress often leads to heavy losses in mulberry planting, especially for fruits and leaves. Application of plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) endows various plant beneficial traits to overcome adverse environmental conditions, but little is known about the effects on mulberry under drought stress. In the present study, we isolated 64 fungi from well-growing mulberry trees surviving periodical drought stress, and Talaromyces sp. GS1, Pseudeurotium sp. GRs12, Penicillium sp. GR19, and Trichoderma sp. GR21 were screened out due to their strong potential in plant growth promotion. Co-cultivation assay revealed that PGPF stimulated mulberry growth, exhibiting increased biomass and length of stems and roots. Exogenous application of PGPF could alter fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soils, wherein Talaromyces was obviously enhanced after inoculation of Talaromyces sp. GS1, and Peziza was increased in the other treatments. Moreover, PGPF could promote iron and phosphorus absorption of mulberry as well. Additionally, the mixed suspensions of PGPF induced the production of catalase, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll, which in turn enhanced the drought tolerance of mulberry and accelerated their growth recovery after drought. Collectively, these findings might provide new insights into improving mulberry drought tolerance and further boosting mulberry fruit yields by exploiting interactions between hosts and PGPF.
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Palencia-Argel M, Rodríguez-Villamil H, Bernal-Castro C, Díaz-Moreno C, Fuenmayor CA. Probiotics in anthocyanin-rich fruit beverages: research and development for novel synbiotic products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:110-126. [PMID: 35880471 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanin-rich fruit beverages are of special interest as functional products due to their antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties against pathogens, and, more recently, evidence of prebiotic potential. The stability and bioactivity of anthocyanins, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been extensively documented in beverage models and reviewed separately. This review summarizes the most recent works and methodologies used for the development of probiotic and synbiotic beverages based on anthocyanin-rich fruits with a synergistic perspective. Emphasis is made on key optimization factors and strategies that have allowed probiotic cultures to reach the minimum recommended doses to obtain health benefits at the end of the shelf life. The development of these beverages is limited by the high acidity and high content of phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-rich fruits. However, a proper selection of probiotic strains and strategies for their media adaptation may improve their viability in the beverages. Fermentation increases the viability of the probiotic cultures, improves the safety and stability of the product, and may increase its antioxidant capacity. Moreover, fermentation metabolites may synergistically enhance probiotic health benefits. On the other hand, the inoculation of probiotics without fermentation allows for synbiotic beverages with milder changes in terms of physicochemical and sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Palencia-Argel
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hawer Rodríguez-Villamil
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camila Bernal-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología (IBUN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Consuelo Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Fuenmayor
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wan M, Li Q, Lei Q, Zhou D, Wang S. Polyphenols and Polysaccharides from Morus alba L. Fruit Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Modifying the Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profile. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121818. [PMID: 35742014 PMCID: PMC9223293 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus alba L. fruit, a medicinal and edible fruit in East Asia, showed potential health-promoting effects against metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, both the protective effects and mechanisms of different fractions extracted from Morus alba L. fruit against MetS remain unclear. Additionally, the gut microbiota and its metabolites are regarded as key factors in the development of MetS. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit against MetS in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, individually and in combination, focusing on remodeling effects on gut microbiota and metabolite profiles. In the study, polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit improved the traditional pharmacodynamic parameters of MetS, including reductions in body weight (BW) and fat accumulation, improvement in insulin resistance, regulation of dyslipidemia, prevention of pathological changes in liver, kidney and proximal colon tissue, and suppressive actions against oxidative stress. In particular, the group treated with polyphenols and polysaccharides in combination showed better efficacy. The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera Muribaculum and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group were increased to various degrees, while opportunistic pathogens such as Prevotella_2, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium and Fusobacterium were markedly decreased after treatments. Moreover, fecal metabolite profiles revealed 23 differential metabolites related to treatments with polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit, individually and in combination. Altogether, these results demonstrated that polyphenols and polysaccharides derived from Morus alba L. fruit attenuated MetS in HFD-fed mice, and improved the gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Wan
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.W.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
- Qibo College of Medicine, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China
| | - Qing Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.W.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qianya Lei
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.W.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dan Zhou
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.W.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Shu Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.W.); (Q.L.); (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-85-503-950
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