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Sun J, Xiao Y, Xing W, Jiang W, Hu X, Li H, Liu Z, Jin Q, Ren P, Zhang H, Lobie PE. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of a novel GLP-1 receptor biased agonist-SAL0112. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116965. [PMID: 38925019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE GLP-1 receptor agonists are clinically utilized for type 2 diabetes and obesity. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies were performed to assess the druggability of a novel small molecule GLP-1 receptor biased agonist SAL0112. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The HTRF assay, FLIPR assay, TR-FRET assay, and PathHunter assay were utilized for in vitro studies. Liver transporter tests were conducted using the HEK293-OATP1B1 and HEK293-OATP1B3 cell lines. In vitro stability assessments of various species and in vivo PK studies in rodents were performed. A model of type 2 diabetes and obesity induced by a high-energy diet in transgenic C57BL/6 mice expressing the human GLP-1 receptor gene was conducted. PRINCIPAL RESULTS SAL0112 demonstrated high potency and selectivity in activating the Gαs pathway of the GLP-1 receptor, with no observed desensitization. SAL0112 demonstrated greater stability in human and rat liver microsomes compared to Danuglipron. In vivo PK studies revealed higher absorption of SAL0112 in rats. SAL0112 displayed a significantly lower potential for DDI on liver transporters compared to Danuglipron. SAL0112 led to significant reductions in body weight (P<0.001), blood glucose levels in OGTT (P<0.001), HbA1c (P<0.05) and improved insulin resistance (P<0.01). Notably, it increased peripheral adipocyte density and resolved hepatic steatosis. The efficacy of SAL0112 was found to be comparable to that of Danuglipron and Liraglutide. CONCLUSION SAL0112 demonstrated potent and selective GLP-1 receptor biased agonism, effectively alleviating signs of type 2 diabetes in a mouse model. These promising findings pave the way for the advancement of SAL0112 into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Sun
- iBHE, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying Xiao
- R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xing
- R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongchao Li
- R&D Center, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Pharmacology Department, Innoland Biosciences (SuZhou) co., LTD. Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Pharmacology Department, Innoland Biosciences (SuZhou) co., LTD. Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Biology Department, Pharmaron Inc. Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Biology Department, WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- iBHE, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Lv L, Brady BL, Xie L, Guevarra M, Turchin A. Adherence and persistence among people with type 2 diabetes newly initiating oral semaglutide versus DPP-4is in a US real-world setting. Prim Care Diabetes 2024:S1751-9918(24)00126-8. [PMID: 38991896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate real-world treatment adherence and persistence in people with type 2 diabetes newly initiating oral semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i). METHODS This retrospective cohort study used the Merative™ MarketScan® Commercial and Medicare databases. Index date was the first fill for the cohort medication. Adherence was defined as proportion of days covered (PDC) over the 12-month post-index period ('adherent' = ≥0.8). Persistence was number of days until discontinuation, based on a 45-day gap. Results were compared between cohorts using inverse probability treatment weighting. RESULTS Oral semaglutide (n=5485) and DPP-4i (n=4980) cohorts had similar percentages of people who were adherent (PDC ≥0.8; 41.6 % vs. 42.9 %; P = 0.182) and persistent for ≥9 months (45.0 % vs. 46.3 %; P = 0.185). The DPP-4i cohort used significantly more anti-diabetic medication (ADM) classes over the post-index period (mean±SD: 2.6±1.0 vs. 2.9±1.1, P < 0.001), with 23.2 % filling a GLP-1 RA in the post-period. CONCLUSIONS Adherence and persistence were similar between cohorts. However, there are potential benefits to prescribing oral semaglutide over DPP-4is, including reduced need for additional ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA.
| | - Brenna L Brady
- Merative, 100 Phoenix Dr Suite 200, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Mico Guevarra
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Alexander Turchin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wang M, Lu J, Dong J. Association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:272. [PMID: 38943083 PMCID: PMC11212248 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to examine if dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) use affects the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Cohort studies published up to 20th July 2023 in the databases of PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. The adjusted effect size was pooled to calculate the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS Seven studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that the use of DPP4i was not associated with any significant change in the risk of DR (OR: 0.86 95% CI: 0.70, 1.06 I2 = 78%). The pooled analysis also found that DPP4i use was not associated with any significant risk of progression of DR (OR: 0.87 95% CI: 0.47, 1.59 I2 = 86%). The results did not change during sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION Present evidence from a limited number of real-world studies shows that DPP4i may not affect the incidence and progression of DR. There is a need for further studies from different countries using accurate definitions of DR and its progression to validate the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changxing County People's Hospital, 66 Taihu Middle Road, Zhicheng Town, Changxing County, Huzhou city, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changxing County People's Hospital, 66 Taihu Middle Road, Zhicheng Town, Changxing County, Huzhou city, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiyue Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changxing County People's Hospital, 66 Taihu Middle Road, Zhicheng Town, Changxing County, Huzhou city, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Chawla M, Panneerselvam D, Gundgurthy A, Sud S, Alamchandani R, Aneja P, Nair R, Korukonda KR. Retrospective Observational Study on Assessing Sitagliptin and Dapagliflozin as a Fixed-Dose Combination in the Indian Population With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The SIDAXA Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60815. [PMID: 38910691 PMCID: PMC11191412 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, necessitates multifaceted treatment approaches. Emerging studies highlight the cardiovascular advantages of sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in T2DM. This investigation delves into the synergistic effects of the fixed-dose combination (FDC) of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin, offering insights into its safety and efficacy for the Indian population. Methods This real-world, retrospective, observational study spanned 328 cases across 111 Indian centres, evaluating the safety, efficacy, and clinical utilization of the sitagliptin and dapagliflozin FDC in T2DM patients after obtaining ethical approval. Assessments at baseline, week four, and week 12 encompassed hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and weight change. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29.0.1.0(171) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) with a significance level p<0.05. Results Study participants [mean age: 51.14±5.55 years, 77.74% (n=255) males, 22.26% (n=73) females] exhibited prevalent risk factors like sedentary lifestyle (n=167, 50.91%) and smoking (n=147, 44.82%). Comorbidities included hypertension (n=235, 71.65%) and dyslipidaemia (n=139, 42.38%). Metformin (n=282, 85.98%) and sulfonylurea (n=134, 40.85%) were commonly prescribed concomitant oral antidiabetic agents (OADs). FDC administration significantly reduced HbA1c by 1.05 ± 0.83% (p < 0.0001) at week 12. FPG and PPBG showed significant reductions of 22.98 ± 22.23 mg/dL (p < 0.0001), 165.50 ± 37.02 mg/dL and 40.94 ± 36.04 mg/dL (p < 0.0001) at four weeks respectively. By week 12, significant reductions were noted in SBP (14.61±13.98mmHg reduction, p-value <0.0001), DBP (7.80±8.45mmHg reduction, p-value <0.0001), and LDL-C levels (18.14±23.95 mg/dL reduction, p-value <0.0001). In patients with established cardiovascular disease, there was reduction in HbA1c levels by 1.02 ± 0.63% after 12 weeks, with FPG decreasing by 54.52 ± 32.67 mg/dL and PPBG decreasing by 88.73 ± 44.90 mg/dL. Treatment-emergent adverse events included headache, changes in micturition, genital mycotic infection, and nausea and diarrhoea which were mild, transient, and necessitated no treatment discontinuation. Conclusion The FDC of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin significantly improved glycaemic control and lipid profiles in T2DM patients, particularly those with coronary artery disease. It demonstrated a favourable safety profile in the Indian population, signifying its potential as an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option in patients with established cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Chawla
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lina Diabetes Care Centre, Mumbai, IND
| | | | - Abhay Gundgurthy
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sanjeevani Clinic, Bangalore, IND
| | - Sanjay Sud
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Doctor Sud's Clinic, Hooghly, IND
| | | | - Pankaj Aneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naveda Healthcare Centre, New Delhi, IND
| | - Rathish Nair
- Medical Strategic Affairs, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad, IND
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Chayah M, Luque-González A, Gómez-Pérez V, Salagre D, Al-Shdaifat A, Campos JM, Conejo-García A, Agil A. Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Activity of an 8-Purine Derivative as a Novel DPP-4 Inhibitor in Obese Diabetic Zücker Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1133-1141. [PMID: 38618281 PMCID: PMC11016271 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s450917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the world's principal metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The gut incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), which has been proposed as a new treatment for T2DM, are extensively metabolized by Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). Inhibitors of DPP-4 block the degradation of GLP-1 and GIP and may increase their natural circulating levels, favoring glycemic control in T2DM. A novel and potent selective inhibitor of DPP-4 with an 8-purine derived structure (1) has been developed and tested in vitro and in vivo in Zücker obese diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an experimental model of the metabolic syndrome and T2DM to assess the inhibitory activity using vildagliptin as reference standard. ZDF rats were subdivided into three groups (n = 7/group), control (C-ZDF), and those treated with compound 1 (Compound1-ZDF) and with vildagliptin (V-ZDF), both at 10 mg/kg/d rat body weight, in their drinking water for 12 weeks, and a group of lean littermates (ZL) was used. ZDF rats developed DM (fasting hyperglycemia, 425 ± 14.8 mg/dL; chronic hyperglycemia, HbA1c 8.5 ± 0.4%), compared to ZL rats. Compound 1 and vildagliptin reduced sustained HbAl1c (14% and 10.6%, P < 0.05, respectively) and fasting hyperglycemia values (24% and 19%, P < 0.05, respectively) compared to C-ZDF group (P < 0.001). Compound 1 and vildagliptin have shown a potent activity with an IC50 value of 4.92 and 3.21 µM, respectively. These data demonstrate that oral compound 1 administration improves diabetes in ZDF rats by the inhibitory effect on DPP-4, and the potential to be a novel, efficient and tolerable approach for treating diabetes of obesity-related T2DM, in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Chayah
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (Ibs.granada), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Angélica Luque-González
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Verónica Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Salagre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Federico Oloriz Neuroscience Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amjad Al-Shdaifat
- Department of Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordania
| | - Joaquín María Campos
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (Ibs.granada), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Conejo-García
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry and Excellence Research Unit of Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (Ibs.granada), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (Ibs.granada), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Federico Oloriz Neuroscience Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Jiang X, Li J, Yao X, Ding H, Gu A, Zhou Z. Neuroprotective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor on Alzheimer's disease: a narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1361651. [PMID: 38405664 PMCID: PMC10884281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1361651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance in brain and amyloidogenesis are principal pathological features of diabetes-related cognitive decline and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A growing body of evidence suggests that maintaining glucose under control in diabetic patients is beneficial for preventing AD development. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DDP4is) are a class of novel glucose-lowering medications through increasing insulin excretion and decreasing glucagon levels that have shown neuroprotective potential in recent studies. This review consolidates extant evidence from earlier and new studies investigating the association between DPP4i use, AD, and other cognitive outcomes. Beyond DPP4i's benefits in alleviating insulin resistance and glucose-lowering, underlying mechanisms for the potential neuroprotection with DPP4i medications were categorized into the following sections: (Ferrari et al., Physiol Rev, 2021, 101, 1,047-1,081): the benefits of DPP4is on directly ameliorating the burden of β-amyloid plaques and reducing the formation of neurofibrillary tangles; DPP4i increasing the bioactivity of neuroprotective DPP4 substrates including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) etc.; pleiotropic effects of DPP4is on neuronal cells and intracerebral structure including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-apoptosis. We further revisited recently published epidemiological studies that provided supportive data to compliment preclinical evidence. Given that there remains a lack of completed randomized trials that aim at assessing the effect of DPP4is in preventing AD development and progression, this review is expected to provide a useful insight into DPP4 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target for AD prevention and treatment. The evidence is helpful for informing the rationales of future clinical research and guiding evidence-based clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Baoying People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Hao Ding
- Baoying People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihong Gu
- Baoying People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fu WJ, Huo JL, Mao ZH, Pan SK, Liu DW, Liu ZS, Wu P, Gao ZX. Emerging role of antidiabetic drugs in cardiorenal protection. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1349069. [PMID: 38384297 PMCID: PMC10880452 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1349069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has led to widespread multi-system damage, especially in cardiovascular and renal functions, heightening morbidity and mortality. Emerging antidiabetic drugs sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have demonstrated efficacy in preserving cardiac and renal function, both in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. To understand the exact impact of these drugs on cardiorenal protection and underlying mechanisms, we conducted a comprehensive review of recent large-scale clinical trials and basic research focusing on SGLT2i, GLP-1RAs, and DPP-4i. Accumulating evidence highlights the diverse mechanisms including glucose-dependent and independent pathways, and revealing their potential cardiorenal protection in diabetic and non-diabetic cardiorenal disease. This review provides critical insights into the cardiorenal protective effects of SGLT2i, GLP-1RAs, and DPP-4i and underscores the importance of these medications in mitigating the progression of cardiovascular and renal complications, and their broader clinical implications beyond glycemic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Fu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ling Huo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hui Mao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao-Kang Pan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiuzi Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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Su J, Luo Y, Hu S, Tang L, Ouyang S. Advances in Research on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13381. [PMID: 37686185 PMCID: PMC10487533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic multifaceted disease with multiple potential complications, the treatment of which can only delay and prolong the terminal stage of the disease, i.e., type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The World Health Organization predicts that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. Although many antidiabetic medicines have been successfully developed in recent years, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, single-target drugs are gradually failing to meet the therapeutic requirements owing to the individual variability, diversity of pathogenesis, and organismal resistance. Therefore, there remains a need to investigate the pathogenesis of T2DM in more depth, identify multiple therapeutic targets, and provide improved glycemic control solutions. This review presents an overview of the mechanisms of action and the development of the latest therapeutic agents targeting T2DM in recent years. It also discusses emerging target-based therapies and new potential therapeutic targets that have emerged within the last three years. The aim of our review is to provide a theoretical basis for further advancement in targeted therapies for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (L.T.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yingsheng Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (L.T.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Shan Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (L.T.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (L.T.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (L.T.)
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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Hu S, Lin C, Cai X, Li Z, Lv F, Yang W, Ji L. Trends in baseline HbA1c and body-mass index in randomised placebo-controlled trials of type 2 diabetes from 1987 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 57:101868. [PMID: 36864984 PMCID: PMC9971277 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curbing or reversing high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) are two essential parts in the clinical management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We delineated the changing patterns of the baseline HbA1c and BMI in patients with T2D from placebo-controlled randomised trials to reflect the unmet clinical needs. METHODS PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases were searched from inception to December 19, 2022. Placebo-controlled trials of T2D with reports of baseline HbA1c and BMI were included, of which summary data from published reports were extracted. Pooled effect sizes of baseline HbA1c and BMI of from studies published in the same year were computed in Random-effects model due to the high level of heterogeneity among studies. The main outcome was correlations between the pooled baseline HbA1c, the pooled baseline BMI, and study years. This study was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022350482. FINDINGS We identified 6102 studies, of which 427 placebo-controlled trials with 261, 462 participants were finally included in the study. Baseline HbA1c level declined with time (Rs = -0.665, P < 0.0001, I2 = 99.4%). Baseline BMI increased over the past 35 years (R = 0.464, P = 0.0074, I2 = 99.4%), rising by around 0.70 kg/m2 per decade. Patients with BMI ≤25.0 kg/m2 dropped substantially from the half in 1996 to none in 2022. Patients with BMI ranging from 25 kg/m2 to 30 kg/m2 stabilized at 30-40% since 2000. INTERPRETATION A substantial decline in baseline HbA1c levels and a constant increase in baseline BMI levels was found in placebo-controlled trials through the past 35 years, which indicated the improvement in glycemic control and the urgency for the management of obesity in T2D. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81970698), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.7202216) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81970708).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoling Cai
- Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | | | | | | | - Linong Ji
- Corresponding author. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Attimarad M, Munirul Islam M, Shafi S, David M, Rahman A, II Plaza Molina E. Eco-friendly mathematically manipulated UV spectroscopic procedures to resolve severely overlapped spectra of a binary mixture of Dapagliflozin with Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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11
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Corredor JD, Febres-Molina C, Jaña GA, Jiménez VA. Insight into the Role of Active Site Protonation States and Water Molecules in the Catalytic Inhibition of DPP4 by Vildagliptin. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1338-1350. [PMID: 36757339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Vildagliptin (VIL) is an antidiabetic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) through a covalent mechanism. The molecular bases for this inhibitory process have been addressed experimentally and computationally. Nevertheless, relevant issues remain unknown such as the roles of active site protonation states and conserved water molecules nearby the catalytic center. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to examine the structures of 12 noncovalent VIL-DPP4 complexes encompassing all possible protonation states of three noncatalytic residues (His126, Asp663, Asp709) that were inconclusively predicted by different computational tools. A catalytically competent complex structure was only achieved in the system with His126 in its ε-form and nonconventional neutral states for Asp663/Asp709. This complex suggested the involvement of one water molecule in the catalytic process of His740/Ser630 activation, which was confirmed by QM/MM simulations. Our findings support the suitability of a novel water-mediated mechanism in which His740/Ser630 activation occurs concertedly with the nucleophilic attack on VIL and the imidate protonation by Tyr547. Then, the restoration of His740/ Tyr547 protonation states occurs via a two-water hydrogen bonding network in a low-barrier process, thus describing the final step of the catalytic cycle for the first time. Additionally, two hydrolytic mechanisms were proposed based on the hydrogen bonding networks formed by water molecules and the catalytic residues along the inhibitory mechanism. These findings are valuable to unveil the molecular features of the covalent inhibition of DPP4 by VIL and support the future development of novel derivatives with improved structural or mechanistic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeisson D Corredor
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Camilo Febres-Molina
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Jaña
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
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12
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Reinhart JM, Graves TK. The Future of Diabetes Therapies: New Insulins and Insulin Delivery Systems, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogs, and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors, and Beta Cell Replacement Therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:675-690. [PMID: 36854632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases, so too does the number of available treatment modalities. Many diabetic therapies available in human medicine or on the horizon could hold promise in the management of small animal diabetes. However, it is important to consider how species differences in pathophysiology, management practices and goals, and lifestyle may affect the translation of such treatment modalities for veterinary use. This review article aimed to familiarize veterinarians with the more promising novel diabetic therapies and explore their possible applications in the treatment of canine and feline diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Thomas K Graves
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 North 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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13
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Gomaa E, Eissa NG, Ibrahim TM, El-Bassossy HM, El-Nahas HM, Ayoub MM. Development of depot PLGA-based in-situ implant of Linagliptin: Sustained release and glycemic control. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:499-509. [PMID: 37063437 PMCID: PMC10102447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High percentage of diabetic people are diagnosed as type 2 who require daily dosing of an antidiabetic drug such as Linagliptin (Lina) to manage their blood glucose levels. This study aimed to develop injectable Lina-loaded biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in-situ implants (ISIs) to deliver a desired burst effect of Lina followed by a sustained release over several days for controlling the blood glucose levels over prolonged time periods. The morphological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic assessments of the Lina-loaded ISIs were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed the rapid exchange between the water miscible solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; NMP) and water during the ISI preparation, hence enhancing the initial burst Lina release. While, triacetin of lower water affinity could lead to formation of more compact and dense ISI structure with slower drug release. By comparing various ISI formulations containing different solvents and different PLGA concentrations, the ISI containing 40 % PLGA and triacetin was selected for its sustained release of Lina (93.06 ± 1.50 %) after 21 days. The pharmacokinetic results showed prolonged half life (t1/2) and higher area under the curve (AUC) values of the selected Lina-loaded ISI when compared to those of oral Lina preparation. The single Lina-ISI injection produced a hypoglycemic control in the diabetic rats very similar to the daily oral administration of Lina after 7 and 14 days. In conclusion, PLGA-based ISIs confirmed their suitability for prolonging Lina release in patients receiving long-term antidiabetic therapy, thereby achieving more enhanced patient compliance and reduced dosing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Gomaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Noura G. Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. El-Nahas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Margrit M. Ayoub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Ghrelin proteolysis increases in plasma of men, but not women, with obesity. Life Sci 2023; 313:121305. [PMID: 36543283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Since plasma ghrelin can undergo des-acylation and proteolysis, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which an enhancement of these reactions is associated to the decrease of ghrelin in plasma after food intake or in individuals with obesity. MAIN METHODS we performed an intervention cross-sectional study, in which levels of ghrelin, desacyl-ghrelin (DAG), glucose, insulin, ghrelin des-acylation and ghrelin proteolysis were assessed in plasma before and after a test meal in 40 people (n = 21 males) with normal weight (NW, n = 20) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB, n = 20). KEY FINDINGS Preprandial ghrelin and DAG levels were lower, whereas preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was ∼4.6-fold higher in plasma of males with OW/OB. In males, ghrelin proteolysis positively correlated with glycemia. Ghrelin and DAG levels were also lower in females with OW/OB, but preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was not different between females with NW or OW/OB. Ghrelin and DAG levels decreased postprandially in males and females, independently of BMI, and ghrelin proteolysis increased postprandially ∼2 folds only in individuals with NW. Ghrelin des-acylation remained unaffected by BMI or feeding status in both sexes. SIGNIFICANCE Current study shows that ghrelin proteolysis increases in males with obesity as well as after meal in lean individuals. Therefore, ghrelin proteolysis may be an important checkpoint and, consequently, a putative pharmacological target to control circulating ghrelin levels in humans.
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Andreadi A, Muscoli S, Tajmir R, Meloni M, Muscoli C, Ilari S, Mollace V, Della Morte D, Bellia A, Di Daniele N, Tesauro M, Lauro D. Recent Pharmacological Options in Type 2 Diabetes and Synergic Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021646. [PMID: 36675160 PMCID: PMC9862607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disease with a critical impact worldwide. During prediabetes, the presence of various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress will lead to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia will lead to micro- and macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerosis). The development through the years of pharmacological options allowed us to reduce the persistence of chronic hyperglycemia and reduce diabetic complications. This review aims to highlight the specific mechanisms with which the new treatments for type 2 diabetes reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Andreadi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Saverio Muscoli
- Division of Cardiology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rojin Tajmir
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Meloni
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - David Della Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.L.)
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Lee CH, Chen DY, Hsieh MJ, Hung KC, Huang SC, Cho CJ, Liu SJ. Nanofibrous insulin/vildagliptin core-shell PLGA scaffold promotes diabetic wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1075720. [PMID: 37168611 PMCID: PMC10164987 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1075720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Slow wound repair in diabetes is a serious adverse event that often results in loss of a limb or disability. An advanced and encouraging vehicle is wanted to enhance clinically applicable diabetic wound care. Nanofibrous insulin/vildagliptin core-shell biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds to prolong the effective drug delivery of vildagliptin and insulin for the repair of diabetic wounds were prepared. Methods: To fabricate core-shell nanofibrous membranes, vildagliptin mixture with PLGA, and insulin solution were pumped via separate pumps into two differently sized capillary tubes that were coaxially electrospun. Results and Discussion: Nanofibrous core-shell scaffolds slowly released effective vildagliptin and insulin over 2 weeks in vitro migration assay and in vivo wound-healing models. Water contact angle (68.3 ± 8.5° vs. 121.4 ± 2.0°, p = 0.006) and peaked water absorbent capacity (376% ± 9% vs. 283% ± 24%, p = 0.003) of the insulin/vildagliptin core-shell nanofibrous membranes remarkably exceeded those of a control group. The insulin/vildagliptin-loaded core-shell nanofibers improved endothelial progenitor cells migration in vitro (762 ± 77 cells/mm2 vs. 424.4 ± 23 cells/mm2, p < 0.001), reduced the α-smooth muscle actin content in vivo (0.72 ± 0.23 vs. 2.07 ± 0.37, p < 0.001), and increased diabetic would recovery (1.9 ± 0.3 mm2 vs. 8.0 ± 1.4 mm2, p = 0.002). Core-shell insulin/vildagliptin-loaded nanofibers extend the drug delivery of insulin and vildagliptin and accelerate the repair of wounds associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chen-Hung Lee, ; Chia-Jung Cho, ; Shih-Jung Liu,
| | - Dong-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Hsieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chun Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chen-Hung Lee, ; Chia-Jung Cho, ; Shih-Jung Liu,
| | - Shih-Jung Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chen-Hung Lee, ; Chia-Jung Cho, ; Shih-Jung Liu,
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Oura K, Morishita A, Tani J, Masaki T. Antitumor Effects and Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome Medications on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1279-1298. [PMID: 36545268 PMCID: PMC9760577 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s392051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common histological type. With the decrease in the number of newly infected patients and the spread of antiviral therapy, hepatitis virus-negative chronic liver diseases including steatohepatitis are increasingly accounting for a large proportion of HCC, and an important clinical characteristic is the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome including hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and obesity. Since patients with steatohepatitis are less likely to undergo surveillance for early detection of HCC, they may be diagnosed at an advanced stage and have worse prognosis. Therefore, treatment strategies for patients with HCC caused by steatohepatitis, especially in advanced stages, become increasingly important. Further, hypertension, T2D, and dyslipidemia may occur as side effects during systemic treatment, and there will be increasing opportunities to prescribe metabolic syndrome medications, not only for originally comorbid diseases, but also for adverse events during HCC treatment. Interestingly, epidemiological studies have shown that patients taking some metabolic syndrome medications are less likely to develop various types of cancers, including HCC. Basic studies have also shown that these drugs have direct antitumor effects on HCC. In particular, angiotensin II receptor blockers (a drug group for treating hypertension), biguanides (a drug group for treating T2D), and statins (a drug group for treating dyslipidemia) have shown to elucidate antitumor effects against HCC. In this review, we focus on the antitumor effects of metabolic syndrome medications on HCC and their mechanisms based on recent literature. New therapeutic agents are also increasingly being reported. Analysis of the antitumor effects of metabolic syndrome medications on HCC and their mechanisms will be doubly beneficial for HCC patients with metabolic syndrome, and the use of these medications may be a potential strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Oura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan,Correspondence: Kyoko Oura, Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kida, Kagawa, Japan, Tel +81-87-891-2156, Fax +81-87-891-2158, Email
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Antony P, Baby B, Aleissaee HM, Vijayan R. A Molecular Modeling Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Marine Compounds as DPP-4 Inhibitors. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120777. [PMID: 36547924 PMCID: PMC9788368 DOI: 10.3390/md20120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose due to insulin resistance or insulin-secretion defects. The development of diabetes is mainly attributed to the interaction of several complex pathogenic, genetic, environmental and metabolic processes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of several polypeptides, including natural hypoglycemic incretin hormones. Inhibition of this enzyme restores and maintains glucose homeostasis, making it an attractive drug target for the management of T2DM. Natural products are important sources of bioactive agents for anti-T2DM drug discovery. Marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have inspired the development of drugs for various human disorders, including diabetes. Here, structure-based virtual screening and molecular docking were performed to identify antidiabetic compounds from the Comprehensive Marine Natural Products Database (CMNPD). The binding characteristics of two shortlisted compounds, CMNPD13046 and CMNPD17868, were assessed using molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, this study provides insights into the potential antidiabetic activity and the underlying molecular mechanism of two compounds of marine origin. These compounds could be investigated further for the development of potent DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Antony
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bincy Baby
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamda Mohammed Aleissaee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- The Big Data Analytics Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Dule S, Cavallo MG. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) as A Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092306. [PMID: 36140405 PMCID: PMC9496088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a molecule implicated in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes, and it exerts its main action through its enzymatic activity. DPP4 represents the enzyme most involved in the catabolism of incretin hormones; thus, its activity impacts appetite, energy balance, and the fine regulation of glucose homeostasis. Indeed, DPP4 inhibitors represent a class of antidiabetic agents widely used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPP4 also acts as an adipokine and is mainly secreted by the adipose tissue, mostly from mature adipocytes of the visceral compartment, where it exerts autocrine and paracrine activities. DPP4 can disrupt insulin signaling within the adipocyte and in other target cells and tissues, where it also favors the development of a proinflammatory environment. This is likely at the basis of the presence of elevated circulating DPP4 levels in several metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence of the role of the DPP4 as an adipokine-regulating glucose/insulin metabolism and fat homeostasis, with a particular focus on clinical outcomes associated with its increased secretion in the presence of adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction.
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Pilszyk A, Niebrzydowska M, Pilszyk Z, Wierzchowska-Opoka M, Kimber-Trojnar Ż. Incretins as a Potential Treatment Option for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710101. [PMID: 36077491 PMCID: PMC9456218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease affecting an increasing number of pregnant women around the world. It is not only associated with numerous perinatal complications but also has long-term consequences impacting maternal health and fetal development. To prevent them, it is important to keep glucose levels under control. As much as 15-30% of GDM patients will require treatment with insulin, metformin, or glyburide. With that in mind, it is crucial to keep searching for novel and improved pharmacotherapies. Nowadays, there are ongoing studies investigating the use of other groups of drugs that have proven successful in the treatment of T2DM. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor are among the drugs targeting the incretin system and are currently receiving significant attention. The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of these medications in treating GDM and preventing its later complications. It seems that both groups may be successful in the GDM management used alone or as an addition to better-known drugs, including metformin and glyburide. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm their importance in GDM treatment and to demonstrate effective therapeutic strategies.
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Sun H, Qi X. The role of insulin and incretin-based drugs in biliary tract cancer: epidemiological and experimental evidence. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:70. [PMID: 35933633 PMCID: PMC9357599 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and incretin-based drugs are important antidiabetic agents with complex effects on cell growth and metabolism. Emerging evidence shows that insulin and incretin-based drugs are associated with altered risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC). Observational study reveals that insulin is associated with an increased risk of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), but not intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or gallbladder cancer (GBC). This type-specific effect can be partly explained by the cell of origin and heterogeneous genome landscape of the three subtypes of BTC. Similar to insulin, incretin-based drugs also exhibit very interesting contradictions and inconsistencies in response to different cancer phenotypes, including BTC. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that incretin-based drugs can be a promoter of some cancers and an inhibitor of others. It is now more apparent that this type of drugs has a broader range of physiological effects on the body, including regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, and gene expression. In particular, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have a more complex effect on cancer due to the multi-functional nature of DPP-4. DPP-4 exerts both catalytic and non-enzymatic functions to regulate metabolic homeostasis, immune reaction, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we collate the epidemiological and experimental evidence regarding the effect of these two classes of drugs on BTC to provide valuable information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, No.208 East Huancheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.573 Xujiahui Road, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Therapeutic Perspectives of CD26 Inhibitors in Imune-Mediated Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144498. [PMID: 35889373 PMCID: PMC9321265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic activity of CD26/DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4/DPP4) is highlighted in multiple studies to play a vital role in glucose metabolism by cleaving and inactivating the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) and gastric inhibitory protein (GIP). A large number of studies demonstrate that CD26 also plays an integral role in the immune system, particularly in T cell activation. CD26 is extensively expressed in immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The enzymatic activity of CD26 cleaves and regulates numerous chomokines and cytokines. CD26 inhibitors have been widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, while it is still under investigation as a therapy for immune-mediated diseases. In addition, CD26’s involvement in cancer immunology was also described. The review aims to summarize the therapeutic effects of CD26 inhibitors on immune-mediated diseases, as well as the mechanisms that underpin them.
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Rogić S, Gagić Ž. 3D-QSAR-based pharmacophore determination and design of novel DPP-4 inhibitors. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-40866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Therapy of diabetes mellitus type 2 includes drugs that act as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme. Several DPP-4 inhibitors are marketed today and although they have favourable safety profile and tolerability, they show moderate activity in controlling glycaemia. The 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) methodology was employed in order to find pharmacophore responsible for good DPP-4 inhibitory activity and designed new compounds with enhanced activity. Methods: For 3D-QSAR model development, 48 compounds structurally related to sitagliptin were collected from ChEMBL database. Structures of all compounds were optimised in order to find the best 3D conformations prior to QSAR modelling. To establish correlation between structure and biological activity Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression method integrated in Pentacle software was used. Results: Parameters of internal and external validation (R2 = 0.80, Q2 = 0.64 and R2 pred = 0.610) confirmed reliability of developed QSAR model. Analysis of obtained structural descriptors enabled identification of key structural characteristics that influenced DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Based on that information, new compounds were designed, of which 35 compounds had a better predicted activity, compared to sitagliptin. Conclusion: This QSAR model can be used for DPP-4 inhibitory activity prediction of structurally related compounds and resulting pharmacophore contains information useful for optimisation and design of new DPP-4 inhibitors. Finally, authors propose designed compounds for further synthesis, in vitro and in vivo testing, as new potential DPP-4 inhibitors.
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