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Alanazi NAH, Alamri AA, Mashlawi AM, Almuzaini N, Mohamed G, Salama SA. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Chemical Profiling of Commiphora myrrha Resin Extracts and Evaluation of Larvicidal, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2024; 29:1778. [PMID: 38675598 PMCID: PMC11051918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts and essential oils can be alternative environmentally friendly agents to combat pathogenic microbes and malaria vectors. Myrrh is an aromatic oligum resin that is extracted from the stem of Commiphora spp. It is used in medicine as an insecticide, cytotoxic, and aromatic. The current study assessed the effect of Commiphora myrrha resin extracts on the biological potency of the third larval stage of Aedes aegypti, as well as its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties against two types of tumor cells (HepG-2 and Hela cell lines). It also used GC-MS to determine the chemical composition of the C. myrrha resin extracts. Fifty components from the extracted plant were tentatively identified using the GC-MS method, with curzerene (33.57%) typically listed as the primary ingredient, but other compounds also make up a significant portion of the mixture, including 1-Methoxy-3,4,5,7-tetramethylnaphthalene (15.50%), β-Elemene (5.80%), 2-Methoxyfuranodiene (5.42%), 2-Isopropyl-4,7-Dimethyl-1-Naphthol (4.71%), and germacrene B (4.35%). The resin extracts obtained from C. myrrha exhibited significant efficacy in DPPH antioxidant activity, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 26.86 mg/L and a radical scavenging activity percentage of 75.06%. The 50% methanol extract derived from C. myrrha resins exhibited heightened potential for anticancer activity. It demonstrated substantial cytotoxicity against HepG-2 and Hela cells, with IC50 values of 39.73 and 29.41 µg mL-1, respectively. Notably, the extract showed non-cytotoxic activity against WI-38 normal cells, with an IC50 value exceeding 100 µg mL-1. Moreover, the selectivity index for HepG-2 cancer cells (2.52) was lower compared to Hela cancer cells (3.40). Additionally, MeOH resin extracts were more efficient against the different growth stages of the mosquito A. aegypti, with lower LC50, LC90, and LC95 values of 251.83, 923.76, and 1293.35 mg/L, respectively. In comparison to untreated groups (1454 eggs/10 females), the average daily number of eggs deposited (424 eggs/L) decreases at higher doses (1000 mg/L). Finally, we advise continued study into the possible use of C. myrrha resins against additional pests that have medical and veterinary value, and novel chemicals from this extract should be isolated and purified for use in medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimah Asid H. Alanazi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.H.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alamri
- Physical Sciences Department, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Nanotechnology Research Unit, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abadi M. Mashlawi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nujud Almuzaini
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.H.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Gamal Mohamed
- Human Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salama A. Salama
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Alghamdi SS, Alshafi RA, Huwaizi S, Suliman RS, Mohammed AE, Alehaideb ZI, Alturki AY, Alghashem SA, Rahman I. Exploring in vitro and in silico Biological Activities of Calligonum Comosum and Rumex Vesicarius: Implications on Anticancer and Antibacterial Therapeutics. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101794. [PMID: 37822695 PMCID: PMC10562755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adverse effects of clinically used anti-cancer medication and the rise in resistive micro-organisms have limited therapeutic options. Multiple anti-cancer drugs are derived from medicinal herbs which also have shown anti-bacterial effects. This study aimed to identify the optimal extraction solvent for detecting the cytotoxic and anti-bacterial effects of Calligonum comosum (C. Comosum) and Rumex vesicarius (R. Vesicarius) extracts. Additionally, the study aimed to identify active metabolites and assess their potential as future drug candidates for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial therapeutics. Methods Leaves from both plants were extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and water. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were tested on liver, colon, and breast cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was assessed using High Content Imaging (HCI) and the ApoTox triplex Glo assay. The anti-bacterial effects were determined using agar-well diffusion. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites. In silico computational studies were conducted to determine the metabolites' mode of action, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Results The ethanolic extract of C. Comosum exhibited potent cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 54.97 μg/mL and 58 μg/mL for KAIMRC2 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. It also induced apoptosis in colon and breast cancer cell lines. All tested extracts of C. Comosum and R. Vesicarius demonstrated anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Seven active metabolites were identified, one of which is Kaempferol 3-O-Glucoside-7-O-Rhamnoside, which showed strong (predicted) anti-cancer activity. Kaempferol 3-O-Glucoside-7-O-Rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-O-Glucuronide also exhibited potential anti-bacterial effects on gram-positive and negative bacteria. Conclusion Ethanol extraction of C. Comosum solubilizes active metabolites with potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and bacterial infections. Kaempferol 3-O-Glucoside-7-O-Rhamnoside, in particular, shows promise as a dual therapeutic drug candidate for further research and development to improve its efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar S. Alghamdi
- College of Pharmacy (COP), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard – Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad A. Alshafi
- College of Pharmacy (COP), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Huwaizi
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha S. Suliman
- Pharmacy Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences (FCHS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), P.O. Box 16 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad I. Alehaideb
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allulu Y. Alturki
- College of Pharmacy (COP), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A. Alghashem
- College of Pharmacy (COP), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishrat Rahman
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Smith A, Kardos P, Pfaar O, Randerath W, Estrada Riolobos G, Braido F, Sadofsky L. The treatment of mild upper respiratory tract infections - a position paper with recommendations for best practice. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2023-4-2. [PMID: 37521107 PMCID: PMC10379023 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2023-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the waning severity of COVID-19 due to vaccination and the development of immunity, the current variants of SARS-CoV-2 often lead to mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs), suggesting it is an appropriate time to review the pathogenesis and treatment of such illnesses. The present article reviews the diverse causes of MURTIs and the mechanisms leading to symptomatic illness. Different symptoms of MURTIs develop in a staggered manner and require targeted symptomatic treatment. A wide variety of remedies for home treatment is available, including over-the-counter drugs and plant-derived substances. Recent pharmacological research has increased the understanding of molecular effects, and clinical studies have shown the efficacy of certain herbal remedies. However, the use of subjective endpoints in these clinical studies may suggest limited validity of the results. In this position paper, the importance of patient-centric outcomes, including a subjective perception of improved well-being, is emphasized. A best practice approach for the management of MURTIs, in which pharmacists and physicians create an improved multi-professional healthcare setting and provide healthcare education to patients, is proposed. Pharmacists act as first-line consultants and provide patients with remedies, considering the individual patient's preferences towards chemical or plant-derived drugs and providing advice for self-monitoring. Physicians act as second-line consultants if symptoms worsen and subsequently initiate appropriate therapies. In conclusion, general awareness of MURTIs should be increased amongst medical professionals and patients, thus improving their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smith
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Kardos
- Centre of Allergy, Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Maingau Clinic of the Red Cross, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Randerath
- Institute of Pneumology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Bethanien Hospital, Clinic of Pneumology and Allergology, Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Care, Solingen, Germany
| | | | - Fulvio Braido
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Università di Genova, (DIMI), Genova, Italy
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Fady M, Rizwana H, Alarjani KM, Alghamdi MA, Ibrahim SS, Geyer J, Abbas A. Evaluation of antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of Rumex vesicarius methanol extract. OPEN CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bacterial resistant to antibiotics represents an obstacle in medication management in hospitals. Biofilm can be easily formed by bacteria in indwelling medical devices. By increasing numbers of patients using indwelling medical devices, we have to find an effective antibiofilm for the eradication of biofilm-associated infections.
Methods
The present study was designed to evaluate the antibiofilm and cytotoxicity effect of methanol extract of Rumex vesicarius L. leaves (Polygonaceae). Antibacterial and antibiofilm assays were investigated in this study against different standard and pathogenic bacteria isolates from endotracheal tubes in intensive care units (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Scanning electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the reduction of biofilm formation using methanol extract of R. vesicarius. Also, cytotoxicity of R. vesicarius L. was evaluated by using the lactate dehydrogenase assay.
Results
R. vesicarius displayed a broad spectrum and antibacterial activity against the tested organisms. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract was 62.5–125 mg/mL for gram positive while in case of gram negative, it was 125–250 mg/mL. While the result in case of minimal bactericidal concentration was 250–500 mg/mL in case of gram positive and was 500–1,000 mg/mL in case of gram negative.
Conclusion
Our results recommend usage of R. vesicarius as a promising antibiofilm to combat infection in indwelling medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Fady
- Zagazig University Hospitals, Infection Control Unit , Zagazig , 44519 , Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Modern University for Technology & Information, Pharmacy College , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Humaira Rizwana
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Shebl Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, College of Science , Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica Geyer
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton , Dayton , OH 45469 , USA
| | - Ahmad Abbas
- Chest Department, Zagazig University , 44519 , Zagazig , Egypt
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El-Amier YA, Zaghloul NS, Abd-ElGawad AM. Bioactive Chemical Constituents of Matthiola longipetala Extract Showed Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Potency. SEPARATIONS 2023; 10:53. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of bioactive compounds from natural resources attracts the attention of researchers and scientists worldwide. M. longipetala is an annual aromatic herb that emits a pleasant odor during the night. Regarding the chemical composition and biological characteristics, M. longipetala extracts are poorly studied. The current study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of M. longipetala methanol extract using GC-MS and determine its biological potencies, including its capacity for cytotoxicity and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In this approach, 37 components were identified, representing 99.98% of the total mass. The major chemical components can be classified as oxygenated hydrocarbons (19.15%), carbohydrates (10.21%), amines (4.85%), terpenoids (12.71%), fatty acids and lipids (50.8%), and steroids (2.26%). The major identified compounds were ascaridole epoxide (monoterpene, 12.71%) and methyl (E)-octadec-11-enoate (ester of fatty acid, 12.21%). The extract of M. longipetala showed substantial antioxidant activity. Based on the DPPH and ABTS scavenging, the antioxidant activity of the extracted components of M. longipetala revealed that leaf extract is the most effective with IC50 values of 31.47 and 28.94 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the extracted plant showed low antibacterial activities against diverse bacterial species, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. aureus. The most potent antibacterial results were documented for leaf and flower extracts against E. coli and S. aureus. Additionally, the extract’s effectiveness against HepG2 cells was evaluated in vitro using the measures of MTT, DNA fragmentation, and cell proliferation cycle, where it showed considerable activity. Therefore, we can conclude that M. longipetala extract displayed improvement in cytocompatibility and cell migration properties. In conclusion, M. longipetala could be considered a potential candidate for various bioactive compounds with promising biological activities. However, further characterization of the identified compounds, particularly the major compounds, is recommended to evaluate their efficacy, modes of action, and safety.
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Salama SA, AL-Faifi ZE, El-Amier YA. Chemical Composition of Reichardia tingitana Methanolic Extract and Its Potential Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and Larvicidal Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11152028. [PMID: 35956506 PMCID: PMC9370821 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenges are locating effective, reasonably priced, and eco-friendly compounds to treat diseases caused by insects and microbes. The aim of this study was to employ GC-MS to assess the biological potency and chemical composition of the aerial parts of Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth. Using this technique, 17 components were interpreted from the extracted plant, accounting for around 100% of total volatile compounds. Commonly, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (21.98%) and methyl oleate (27.26%) were positioned as the major components, which were ascertained after 19.25, and 23.34 min, respectively. The major components were classified as hydrocarbons (23.82%), fatty acids, esters of fatty acids (57.46%), steroids (17.26%), and terpenes (1.48%). The DPPH antioxidant activity of the R. tingitana extracted components revealed that the shoot extract is the most powerful, with an IC50 value of 30.77 mg L−1 and a radical scavenging activity percentage of 71.91%. According to the current result, methanolic extract of R. tingitana had the maximum zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus (25.71 ± 1.63 and 24.42 ± 0.81 mm, respectively), while Clostridium tetani and Staphylococcus xylosus were the main resistant species. In addition, the 50% methanol crude shoot extract of R. tingitana showed greater potential anticancer activity with high cytotoxicity for two tumor cells HepG-2 and PC3 cells (IC50 = 29.977 and 40.479 µg mL−1, respectively) and noncytotoxic activity for WI-38 normal cells (IC50 = >100 µg mL−1). The MeOH extract of plant sample was more effective against Aedes aegypti larvae with LC50 of extract being 46.85, 35.75, and 29.38 mg L−1, whereas the LC90 is 82.66, 63.82, and 53.30 mg L−1 for the various time periods of 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. R. tingitana is a possible biologically active plant. Future study will include pure chemical isolation and individual component bioactivity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A. Salama
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Zarraq E. AL-Faifi
- Center for Environmental Research and Studies, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2097, Jazan 42145, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A. El-Amier
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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