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Szechyńska-Hebda M, Hebda M, Doğan-Sağlamtimur N, Lin WT. Let's Print an Ecology in 3D (and 4D). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2194. [PMID: 38793260 PMCID: PMC11122764 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology has been adapted to address the dynamic interplay of energy, resources, and information shaping both natural and artificial ecosystems. Previously, 3D (and 4D) printing technologies have been presented as potential tools within this ecological framework, promising a new economy for nature. However, despite the considerable scientific discourse surrounding both ecology and 3D printing, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the interplay between these directions. Therefore, a holistic review of incorporating ecological principles into 3D printing practices is presented, emphasizing environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and innovation. Furthermore, the 'unecological' aspects of 3D printing, disadvantages related to legal aspects, intellectual property, and legislation, as well as societal impacts, are underlined. These presented ideas collectively suggest a roadmap for future research and practice. This review calls for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing and the development of responsible practices aligned with ecological goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
| | | | - Wei-Ting Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Ilan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Shennong Rd., I-Lan 260, Taiwan;
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Li H, Jiang Z, Li Z, Peng Y, Zhang Q, Xiao X. The Interface Strengthening of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Polylactic Acid Composites via the In-Loop Hybrid Manufacturing Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4426. [PMID: 38006150 PMCID: PMC10674376 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new in-loop hybrid manufacturing method is proposed for fabricating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted in conjunction with experiments to reveal the mechanism of the proposed method for improving the interfacial performance of MWCNTs/PLA. The superposed gradients in the PLA chain activity and conformation due to the plasma-actuating MWCNTs promoted intermolecular interaction and infiltration between the MWCNTs and PLA chains, forming an MWCNTs-stress-transfer bridge in the direction perpendicular to the interlayer interface, and finally enhancing the performance of the composites. The experimental results indicated that the interfacial shear strength of the specimen fabricated using the proposed method increased by 30.50% to 43.26 MPa compared to those without the addition of MWCNTs, and this value was 4.77 times higher than that of the traditional manufacturing method, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the interfacial properties of MWCNTs/PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (H.L.); (Z.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (Q.Z.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Zhuang Jiang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (H.L.); (Z.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (H.L.); (Z.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yubao Peng
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (H.L.); (Z.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; (H.L.); (Z.J.); (Z.L.); (Y.P.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xinyi Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Texas, Discovery Park, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Demeco A, Foresti R, Frizziero A, Daracchi N, Renzi F, Rovellini M, Salerno A, Martini C, Pelizzari L, Costantino C. The Upper Limb Orthosis in the Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients: The Role of 3D Printing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1256. [PMID: 38002380 PMCID: PMC10669460 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents the third cause of long-term disability in the world. About 80% of stroke patients have an impairment of bio-motor functions and over half fail to regain arm functionality, resulting in motor movement control disorder with serious loss in terms of social independence. Therefore, rehabilitation plays a key role in the reduction of patient disabilities, and 3D printing (3DP) has showed interesting improvements in related fields, thanks to the possibility to produce customized, eco-sustainable and cost-effective orthoses. This study investigated the clinical use of 3DP orthosis in rehabilitation compared to the traditional ones, focusing on the correlation between 3DP technology, therapy and outcomes. We screened 138 articles from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, selecting the 10 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria, which were subsequently examined for the systematic review. The results showed that 3DP provides substantial advantages in terms of upper limb orthosis designed on the patient's needs. Moreover, seven research activities used biodegradable/recyclable materials, underlining the great potential of validated 3DP solutions in a clinical rehabilitation setting. The aim of this study was to highlight how 3DP could overcome the limitations of standard medical devices in order to support clinicians, bioengineers and innovation managers during the implementation of Healthcare 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Demeco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Ruben Foresti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT), University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Nicola Daracchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesco Renzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Margherita Rovellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Antonello Salerno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Martini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Laura Pelizzari
- AUSL Piacenza, Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Unit, Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Cosimo Costantino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.F.); (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (C.C.)
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Sola A, Trinchi A. Recycling as a Key Enabler for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites: A Critical Perspective on Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4219. [PMID: 37959900 PMCID: PMC10649055 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM, aka 3D printing) is generally acknowledged as a "green" technology. However, its wider uptake in industry largely relies on the development of composite feedstock for imparting superior mechanical properties and bespoke functionality. Composite materials are especially needed in polymer AM, given the otherwise poor performance of most polymer parts in load-bearing applications. As a drawback, the shift from mono-material to composite feedstock may worsen the environmental footprint of polymer AM. This perspective aims to discuss this chasm between the advantage of embedding advanced functionality, and the disadvantage of causing harm to the environment. Fused filament fabrication (FFF, aka fused deposition modelling, FDM) is analysed here as a case study on account of its unparalleled popularity. FFF, which belongs to the material extrusion (MEX) family, is presently the most widespread polymer AM technique for industrial, educational, and recreational applications. On the one hand, the FFF of composite materials has already transitioned "from lab to fab" and finally to community, with far-reaching implications for its sustainability. On the other hand, feedstock materials for FFF are thermoplastic-based, and hence highly amenable to recycling. The literature shows that recycled thermoplastic materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, or its glycol-modified form PETG) can be used for printing by FFF, and FFF printed objects can be recycled when they are at the end of life. Reinforcements/fillers can also be obtained from recycled materials, which may help valorise waste materials and by-products from a wide range of industries (for example, paper, food, furniture) and from agriculture. Increasing attention is being paid to the recovery of carbon fibres (for example, from aviation), and to the reuse of glass fibre-reinforced polymers (for example, from end-of-life wind turbines). Although technical challenges and economical constraints remain, the adoption of recycling strategies appears to be essential for limiting the environmental impact of composite feedstock in FFF by reducing the depletion of natural resources, cutting down the volume of waste materials, and mitigating the dependency on petrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sola
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Adrian Trinchi
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
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Wang W, Liu P, Zhang B, Gui X, Pei X, Song P, Yu X, Zhang Z, Zhou C. Fused Deposition Modeling Printed PLA/Nano β-TCP Composite Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Promoting Osteogenic Induction Function. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5815-5830. [PMID: 37869064 PMCID: PMC10590137 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Large bone defects caused by congenital defects, infections, degenerative diseases, trauma, and tumors often require personalized shapes and rapid reconstruction of the bone tissue. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds exhibit promising application potential. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology can flexibly select and prepare printed biomaterials and design and fabricate bionic microstructures to promote personalized large bone defect repair. FDM-3D printing technology was used to prepare polylactic acid (PLA)/nano β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) composite bone tissue engineering scaffolds in this study. The ability of the bone-tissue-engineered scaffold to repair bone defects was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Methods PLA/nano-TCP composite bone tissue engineering scaffolds were prepared using FDM-3D printing technology. The characterization data of the scaffolds were obtained using relevant detection methods. The physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, and in vitro osteogenic capacity of the scaffolds were investigated, and their bone repair capacity was evaluated using an in vivo animal model of rabbit femur bone defects. Results The FDM-printed PLA/nano β-TCP composite scaffolds exhibited good personalized porosity and shape, and their osteogenic ability, biocompatibility, and bone repair ability in vivo were superior to those of pure PLA. The merits of biodegradable PLA and bioactive nano β-TCP ceramics were combined to improve the overall biological performance of the composites. Conclusion The FDM-printed PLA/nano-β-TCP composite scaffold with a ratio of 7:3 exhibited good personalized porosity and shape, as well as good osteogenic ability, biocompatibility, and bone repair ability. This study provides a promising strategy for treating large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Gui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Ren X, Zhu L, Li C. Biomass 3D Printing: Principles, Materials, Post-Processing and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2692. [PMID: 37376338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the background of green and low-carbon era, efficiently utilization of renewable biomass materials is one of the important choices to promote ecologically sustainable development. Accordingly, 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy customization. Biomass 3D printing technology has attracted more and more attentions recently in materials area. This paper mainly reviewed six common 3D printing technologies for biomass additive manufacturing, including Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Stereo Lithography Appearance (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Liquid Deposition Molding (LDM). A systematic summary and detailed discussion were conducted on the printing principles, common materials, technical progress, post-processing and related applications of typical biomass 3D printing technologies. Expanding the availability of biomass resources, enriching the printing technology and promoting its application was proposed to be the main developing directions of biomass 3D printing in the future. It is believed that the combination of abundant biomass feedstocks and advanced 3D printing technology will provide a green, low-carbon and efficient way for the sustainable development of materials manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyong Ren
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunmiao Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Pagés-Llobet A, Espinach FX, Julián F, Oliver-Ortega H, Méndez JA. Effect of Extruder Type in the Interface of PLA Layers in FDM Printers: Filament Extruder Versus Direct Pellet Extruder. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092019. [PMID: 37177167 PMCID: PMC10180944 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) is one of the most used and industrially applied additive manufacturing processes due to its fast prototyping and manufacturing, simplicity, and low cost of the equipment. However, the mechanical properties of the printed products have a large dependence on orientation and interface strength between layers which is mainly related to the thermal union obtained. This thermal union has a large dependence on the melting and cooling down process. Additionally, the materials used must be extruded in a continuous filament before their use, which limits the materials used. However, a pellet extruder could be used directly in the printing equipment, avoiding filament extrusion. In this work, specimens of PLA (Poly(lactic acid)) with different bead orientations have been produced via filament or pellet extrusion to compare the effect of the different melting processes in the manufacturing methodology. Pellet extruded specimens showed higher infill and mechanical properties. These results were related to better adhesion between layers due to the longer melting and cooling process. The result was confirmed using DSC and XRD techniques, where a higher crystallinity was observed. A bicomponent specimen (50% pellet-50% filament) was prepared and tested, showing higher mechanical results than expected, which was, again, due to the better thermal union obtained in the pellet extruder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Pagés-Llobet
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc X Espinach
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Fernando Julián
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - José Alberto Méndez
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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De Angelis N, Amaroli A, Sabbieti MG, Cappelli A, Lagazzo A, Pasquale C, Barberis F, Agas D. Tackling Inequalities in Oral Health: Bone Augmentation in Dental Surgery through the 3D Printing of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Combined with 20% Tricalcium Phosphate. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040536. [PMID: 37106737 PMCID: PMC10135550 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of personalized medicine and overcoming healthcare inequalities have become extremely popular in recent decades. Polymers can support cost reductions, the simplicity of customized printing processes, and possible future wide-scale expansion. Polymers with β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are well known for their synergy with oral tissues and their ability to induce osteoconductivity. However, poor information exists concerning their properties after the printing process and whether they can maintain an unaffected biological role. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymer and PCL compounded with TCP 20% composite were printed with a Prusa Mini-LCD-®3D printer. Samples were sterilised by immersion in a 2% peracetic acid solution. Sample analyses were performed using infrared-spectroscopy and statical mechanical tests. Biocompatibility tests, such as cell adhesion on the substrate, evaluations of the metabolic activity of viable cells on substrates, and F-actin labelling, followed by FilaQuant-Software were performed using a MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts line. PCL+β-TCP-20% composite is satisfactory for commercial 3D printing and appears suitable to sustain an ISO14937:200937 sterilization procedure. In addition, the proper actin cytoskeleton rearrangement clearly shows their biocompatibility as well as their ability to favour osteoblast adhesion, which is a pivotal condition for cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola De Angelis
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy
- Faculty of Dentistry Department of Periodontology, Trisakti University, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Alberto Lagazzo
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pasquale
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barberis
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, 16100 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Nagata K, Inaba K, Kimoto K, Kawana H. Accuracy of Dental Models Fabricated Using Recycled Poly-Lactic Acid. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2620. [PMID: 37048914 PMCID: PMC10096089 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the fabrication of dental models using fused deposition modeling and poly-lactic acid (PLA), followed by recycling and reusing, would reduce industrial waste, we aimed to compare the accuracies of virgin and recycled PLA models. The PLA models were recycled using a crusher and a filament-manufacturing machine. Virgin PLA was labeled R, and the first, second, and third recycles were labeled R1, R2, and R3, respectively. To determine the accuracies of the virgin and reused PLA models, identical provisional crowns were fitted, and marginal fits were obtained using micro-computed tomography. A marginal fit of 120 µm was deemed acceptable based on previous literature. The mesial, distal, buccal, and palatal centers were set at M, D, B, and P, respectively. The mean value of each measurement point was considered as the result. When comparing the accuracies of R and R1, R2, and R3, significant differences were noted between R and R3 at B, R and R2, R3 at P, and R and R3 at D (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed at M. This study demonstrates that PLA can be recycled only once owing to accuracy limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Keitaro Inaba
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kimoto
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kawana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
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10
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Comparative performance of fused deposit modeling
3D‐printed
and injection molded polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch/nanoclay bio‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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11
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Valerga AP, Fernandez-Vidal SR, Girot F. Impact of In-Soil Ageing Effect on PLA Printed Parts Tensile Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040862. [PMID: 36850145 PMCID: PMC9964335 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Material extrusion (MEX), more commonly known as fused deposition modelling (FDM/FFF), is one of the most widely used techniques in polymeric Additive Manufacturing (AM). This technology is increasingly present in fields such as engineering and medicine with polymeric materials, including additives of many types. Polylactic acid polymer (PLA) is one of the most widely used materials currently on the market for MEX technology. In addition to its ease of printing, it is a plastic of natural origin, biodegradable and supplants petroleum derivatives in many applications. However, the effect of ageing on the mechanical properties of PLA are still to be evaluated and understood. The main objective of this work is to investigate the effects of ageing of PLA samples on the tensile properties. To investigate the effect of ageing, the samples were tested periodically after exposure to fertilized soil for a period up to 6 months. In addition, some of the samples were chemically pre-treated to improve the surface quality, and the effect of ageing on the treated and untreated samples was also evaluated. This study showed that ultimate strength decreased with ageing from 46 to 36 MPa (22%), and it increased with treatment time in high percentages (even 40%) depending on the time of immersion in the solvent. However, this effect of the chemical treatment gradually disappeared, with the exception of the surface improvement obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Valerga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Av. Universidad de Cádiz, 10, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Severo R. Fernandez-Vidal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, Av. Universidad de Cádiz, 10, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Franck Girot
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFused filament fabrication is a 3D printing technique that has gained widespread use from homes to schools to workplaces. Thermoplastic filaments, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), are extruded at temperatures near their respective glass transition temperature or melting point, respectively. Little has been reported on the inorganic elemental composition and concentrations present in these materials or the methods available for extracting that information. Because inorganic constituents may be included in the aerosolized particulates emitted during the printing process, identifying elements that could be present and at what specific concentrations is critical. The objective of the current research is to determine the range of metals present in thermoplastic filaments along with their relative abundance and chemical speciation as a function of polymer type, manufacturer, and color. A variety of filaments from select manufacturers were digested using a range of techniques to determine the optimal conditions for metal extraction from ABS and PLA polymers. The extraction potential for each method was quantified using by ICP-MS analysis. When possible, further characterization of the chemical composition of the filaments was investigated using X-ray Absorption spectroscopy to determine chemical speciation of the metal. Optimal digestion conditions were established using a high temperature, high pressure microwave-assisted acid digestion method to produce the most complete and repeatable extraction results. The composition and abundance of metals in the filaments varied greatly as a function of polymer, manufacturer, and color. Potential elements of concern present in the filaments at elevated concentration included that could pose a respiratory risk included Si, Al, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Sn. XAS analysis revealed a mixture of metal oxides, mineral, and organometallic compounds were present in the filaments that were being used to increase opaqueness impart color (dyes), polymeric catalysts, and flame retardants. This work shows that a variety of metals are present in the starting materials used for 3D printing and depending on their partitioning into 3D printed products and byproducts as well as the exposure route, may pose a health risk which merits further investigation.
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. 4D bioprinting of smart polymers for biomedical applications: recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Physicochemical Characterization and Finite Element Analysis-Assisted Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid- Montmorillonite 3D Printed Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152641. [PMID: 35957072 PMCID: PMC9370662 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to improve the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for future biomedical applications by investigating the effect of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay on physicochemical and mechanical behavior. PLA nanocomposite filaments were fabricated using different amounts of MMT (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt.%) and 2 wt.% Joncryl chain extenders. The 3D-printed specimens were manufactured using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The composites were characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Melt Flow Index (MFI), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal properties were studied by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Moreover, the hydrophilicity of the PLA/MMT nanocomposites was investigated by measuring the water contact angle. The mechanical behavior of the PLA/MMT nanocomposites was examined with nanoindentation, compression tests, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The presence of Joncryl, as well as the pretreatment of MMT before filament fabrication, improved the MMT distribution in the nanocomposites. Furthermore, MMT enhanced the printability of PLA and improved the hydrophilicity of its surface. In addition, the results of nanoindentation testing coupled with Finite Element Analysis showed that as the MMT weight fraction increased, as well as an increased Young’s modulus. According to the results of the mechanical analysis, the best mechanical behavior was achieved for PLA nanocomposite with 4 wt.% MMT.
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Recent advances in 3D-printed polylactide and polycaprolactone-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:930-968. [PMID: 35896130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional printing (3DP) also known as the additive manufacturing (AM), a novel and futuristic technology that facilitates the printing of multiscale, biomimetic, intricate cytoarchitecture, function-structure hierarchy, multi-cellular tissues in the complicated micro-environment, patient-specific scaffolds, and medical devices. There is an increasing demand for developing 3D-printed products that can be utilized for organ transplantations due to the organ shortage. Nowadays, the 3DP has gained considerable interest in the tissue engineering (TE) field. Polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are exemplary biomaterials with excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, which have drawn notable attraction in tissue regeneration. Herein, the recent advancements in the PLA and PCL biodegradable polymer-based composites as well as their reinforcement with hydrogels and bio-ceramics scaffolds manufactured through 3DP are systematically summarized and the applications of bone, cardiac, neural, vascularized and skin tissue regeneration are thoroughly elucidated. The interaction between implanted biodegradable polymers, in-vivo and in-vitro testing models for possible evaluation of degradation and biological properties are also illustrated. The final section of this review incorporates the current challenges and future opportunities in the 3DP of PCL- and PLA-based composites that will prove helpful for biomedical engineers to fulfill the demands of the clinical field.
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Functional Biodegradable Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142500. [PMID: 35889724 PMCID: PMC9318550 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 367 million tons of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the growth of plastic pollution has become a global concern [...]
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De Maio F, Rosa E, Perini G, Augello A, Niccolini B, Ciaiola F, Santarelli G, Sciandra F, Bozzi M, Sanguinetti M, Sali M, De Spirito M, Delogu G, Palmieri V, Papi M. 3D-printed graphene polylactic acid devices resistant to SARS-CoV-2: Sunlight-mediated sterilization of additive manufactured objects. CARBON 2022; 194:34-41. [PMID: 35313599 PMCID: PMC8926154 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has played a crucial role in the COVID-19 global emergency allowing for rapid production of medical devices, indispensable tools for hospitals, or personal protection equipment. However, medical devices, especially in nosocomial environments, represent high touch surfaces prone to viral infection and currently used filaments for 3D printing can't inhibit transmission of virus [1]. Graphene-family materials are capable of reinforcing mechanical, optical and thermal properties of 3D printed constructs. In particular, graphene can adsorb near-infrared light with high efficiency. Here we demonstrate that the addition of graphene nanoplatelets to PLA filaments (PLA-G) allows the creation of 3D-printed devices that can be sterilized by near-infrared light exposure at power density analog to sunlight. This method has been used to kill SARS-CoV-2 viral particles on the surface of 3D printed PLA-G by 3 min of exposure. 3D-printed PLA-G is highly biocompatible and can represent the ideal material for the production of sterilizable personal protective equipment and daily life objects intended for multiple users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Enrico Rosa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Giordano Perini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Augello
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Niccolini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciaiola
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Giulia Santarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", (SCITEC)-CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Sezione di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCSS, Largo A. Gemelli, 8 00168, Rome, Italy
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Multifunctional Material Extrusion 3D-Printed Antibacterial Polylactic Acid (PLA) with Binary Inclusions: The Effect of Cuprous Oxide and Cellulose Nanofibers. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10060052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an effective process easily adapted in industrial environments for the development of multifunctional nanocomposites for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing (3DP). The literature is still very limited in this field, although the interest in such materials is constantly increasing. Nanocomposites with binary inclusions were prepared and investigated in this study. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the matrix material, and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used as nanoadditives introduced in the matrix material to enhance the mechanical properties and induce antibacterial performance. Specimens were built according to international standards with a thermomechanical process. Tensile, flexural, impact, and microhardness tests were conducted. The effect on the thermal properties of the matrix material was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopic analysis was conducted. The morphological characteristics were evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analyses. The antibacterial performance of the prepared nanomaterials was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, with a screening agar well diffusion method. All nanocomposites prepared exhibited biocidal properties against the bacteria tested. The tested PLA/1.0 CNF/0.5 Cu2O material had 51.1% higher tensile strength and 35.9% higher flexural strength than the pure PLA material.
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Noroozi R, Shamekhi MA, Mahmoudi R, Zolfagharian A, Asgari F, Mousavizadeh A, Bodaghi M, Hadi A, Haghighipour N. In vitro static and dynamic cell culture study of novel bone scaffolds based on 3D-printed PLA and cell-laden alginate hydrogel. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35609602 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to design and fabricate a novel composite scaffold based on the combination of 3D-printed PLA-based triply minimal surface structures (TPMS) and cell-laden alginate hydrogel. This novel scaffold improves the low mechanical properties of alginate hydrogel and can also provide a scaffold with a suitable pore size, which can be used in bone regeneration applications. In this regard, an implicit function was used to generate some Gyroid TPMS scaffolds. Then the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process was employed to print the scaffolds. Moreover, the micro-CT technique was employed to assess the microstructure of 3D-printed TPMS scaffolds and obtain the real geometries of printed scaffolds. The mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were investigated under compression tests experimentally. It was shown that different mechanical behaviors could be obtained for different implicit function parameters. In this research, to assess the mechanical behavior of printed scaffolds in terms of the strain-stress curves on, two approaches were presented: equivalent volume and finite element-based volume. Results of strain-stress curves showed that the finite-element based approach predicts a higher level of stress. Moreover, the biological response of composite scaffolds in terms of cell viability, cell proliferation, and cell attachment was investigated. In this vein, a dynamic cell culture system was designed and fabricated, which improves mass transport through the composite scaffolds and applies mechanical loading to the cells, which helps cell proliferation. Moreover, the results of the novel composite scaffolds were compared to those without Alginate, and it was shown that the composite scaffold could create more viability and cell proliferation in both dynamic and static cultures. Also, it was shown that scaffolds in dynamic cell culture have a better biological response than in static culture. In addition, Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the cell adhesion on the composite scaffolds, which showed excellent attachment between the scaffolds and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Noroozi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Amin Shamekhi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Shiraz, Shiraz, 19585-466, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, yasuj, Yasuj, 000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Fatemeh Asgari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ali Mousavizadeh
- Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, yasuj, Yasuj, 00000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Nottingham, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Amin Hadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Yasuj, 00000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Nooshin Haghighipour
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Intelligent biosensing strategies for rapid detection in food safety: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:114003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Muralidharan A, McLeod RR, Bryant SJ. Hydrolytically degradable Poly (β-amino ester) resins with tunable degradation for 3D printing by projection micro-stereolithography. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2106509. [PMID: 35813039 PMCID: PMC9268535 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Applications of 3D printing that range from temporary medical devices to environmentally responsible manufacturing would benefit from printable resins that yield polymers with controllable material properties and degradation behavior. Towards this goal, poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE)-diacrylate resins were investigated due to the wide range of available chemistries and tunable material properties. PBAE-diacrylate resins were synthesized from hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemistries and with varying electron densities on the ester bond to provide control over degradation. Hydrophilic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors characteristic of bulk degradation while hydrophobic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors dominated initially by surface degradation and then transitioned to bulk degradation. Depending on chemistry, the crosslinked PBAE-polymers exhibited a range of degradation times under accelerated conditions, from complete mass loss in 90 min to minimal mass loss at 45 days. Patterned features with 55 μm resolution were achieved across all resins, but their fidelity was dependent on PBAE-diacrylate molecular weight, reactivity, and printing parameters. In summary, simple chemical modifications in the PBAE-diacrylate resins coupled with projection microstereolithography enables high resolution 3D printed parts with similar architectures and initial properties, but widely different degradation rates and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030465. [PMID: 35160455 PMCID: PMC8839523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Hameed Majeed M, Kadhem Abd Alsaheb N. Morphological Evaluation of PLA/Soybean Oil Epoxidized Acrylate Three-Dimensional Scaffold in Bone Tissue Engineering. JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS 2022; 10:2391-2408. [DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2022.019887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Lee CH, Padzil FNBM, Lee SH, Ainun ZMA, Abdullah LC. Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091407. [PMID: 33925266 PMCID: PMC8123616 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the potential of natural fiber and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced PLA composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology is highlighted. Additive manufacturing is a material-processing method in which the addition of materials layer by layer creates a three-dimensional object. Unfortunately, it still cannot compete with conventional manufacturing processes, and instead serves as an economically effective tool for small-batch or high-variety product production. Being preformed of composite filaments makes it easiest to print using an FDM 3D printer without or with minimum alteration to the hardware parts. On the other hand, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite filaments have gained great attention in the market. However, uneven printing, clogging, and the inhomogeneous distribution of the fiber-matrix remain the main challenges. At the same time, kenaf fibers are one of the most popular reinforcements in polymer composites. Although they have a good record on strength reinforcement, with low cost and light weight, kenaf fiber reinforcement PLA filament is still seldom seen in previous studies. Therefore, this review serves to promote kenaf fiber in PLA composite filaments for FDM 3D printing. To promote the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in AM, eight challenges must be solved and carried out. Moreover, some concerns arise to achieve long-term sustainability and market acceptability of KF/PLA composite filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hao Lee
- Laboratory of Biocomposites, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Farah Nadia Binti Mohammad Padzil
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
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Niculescu AG, Chircov C, Bîrcă AC, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials Synthesis through Microfluidic Methods: An Updated Overview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:864. [PMID: 33800636 PMCID: PMC8066900 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices emerged due to an interdisciplinary "collision" between chemistry, physics, biology, fluid dynamics, microelectronics, and material science. Such devices can act as reaction vessels for many chemical and biological processes, reducing the occupied space, equipment costs, and reaction times while enhancing the quality of the synthesized products. Due to this series of advantages compared to classical synthesis methods, microfluidic technology managed to gather considerable scientific interest towards nanomaterials production. Thus, a new era of possibilities regarding the design and development of numerous applications within the pharmaceutical and medical fields has emerged. In this context, the present review provides a thorough comparison between conventional methods and microfluidic approaches for nanomaterials synthesis, presenting the most recent research advancements within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
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