Black Phosphorus as Multifaceted Advanced Material Nanoplatforms for Potential Biomedical Applications

Biomimetic nanodrug blocks CD73 to inhibit adenosine and boosts antitumor immune response synergically with photothermal stimulation

Combination of tumor immunotherapy with photothermal therapy (PTT) is a feasible tactic to overcome the drawback of immunotherapy such as poor immune response. Via triggering the immunogenic cells death (ICD), PTT can stimulate the activity of immune cells, but meanwhile, the level of adenosine is elevated via the CD73-induced decomposition of ATP which is overexpressed accompanying with the PTT process, resulting in negative feedback to impair the immune stimulation. Herein, we developed a novel biomimetic photothermal nanodrug to specifically block CD73 for inhibition of adenosine production and more efficient priming of the suppressive immune microenvironments. The nanodrug, named as AptEM@CBA, is constructed by encapsulation of photothermal agent black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and selective CD73 inhibitor α, β-Methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate (AMPCP) in chitosan nanogels, which are further covered with aptamer AS1411 modified erythrocyte membrane (EM) for biomimetic camouflage. With AS1411 induced active targeting and EM induced long blood circulation time, the enrichment of the nanodrug tumor sites is promoted. The photothermal treatment promotes the maturation of dendritic cells. Meanwhile, the release of AMPCP suppress the adenosine generation via CD73 blockade, alleviating the impairment of adenosine to dendritic cells and suppressing regulatory T cells, synergically stimulate the activity of T cells. The combination of CD73 blockade with PTT, not only suppresses the growth of primary implanted tumors, but also boosts strong antitumor immunity to inhibit the growth of distal tumors, providing good potential for tumor photoimmunotherapy.

Design and synthesis of silver nanoparticle anchored poly(ionic liquid)s mesoporous for controlled anticancer drug delivery with antimicrobial effect

Owing to the importance of drug delivery, the synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery plays a considerable role in medical treatment. One of the most prominent nanomaterials is PIL, which is used as controlled anticancer drug delivery and significantly improves the half-life and antitumor effect. In this study, a stable and effective drug carrier containing silver nanoparticles was reported for the drug delivery with an antimicrobial effect, and the capability of the drug carrier . PILP was synthesized by radical polymerization, and silver nanoparticles were anchored into PIL voids by in-situ reduction, which developed the adsorption antimicrobial effect and capability of the drug carrier. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized. The Ag-PILP nanocomposite showed antibacterial activityagainst both E. coli and S. aureus with a MIC of 256 μg/mL, and bactericidal activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains with a MBC of 256 and 512 μg/mL, respectively.

Recent advances of responsive scaffolds in bone tissue engineering

The investigation of bone defect repair has been a significant focus in clinical research. The gradual progress and utilization of different scaffolds for bone repair have been facilitated by advancements in material science and tissue engineering. In recent times, the attainment of precise regulation and targeted drug release has emerged as a crucial concern in bone tissue engineering. As a result, we present a comprehensive review of recent developments in responsive scaffolds pertaining to the field of bone defect repair. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary and forecast of prospects, thereby contributing novel insights to the field of bone defect repair.

2D Nanomaterials and Their Drug Conjugates for Phototherapy and Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy of Cancer and Infections

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) using 2D nanomaterials (2DnMat) have recently emerged as promising alternative treatments for cancer and bacterial infections, both important global health challenges. The present review intends to provide not only a comprehensive overview, but also an integrative approach of the state-of-the-art knowledge on 2DnMat for PTT and MHT of cancer and infections. High surface area, high extinction coefficient in near-infra-red (NIR) region, responsiveness to external stimuli like magnetic fields, and the endless possibilities of surface functionalization, make 2DnMat ideal platforms for PTT and MHT. Most of these materials are biocompatible with mammalian cells, presenting some cytotoxicity against bacteria. However, each material must be comprehensively characterized physiochemically and biologically, since small variations can have significant biological impact. Highly efficient and selective in vitro and in vivo PTTs for the treatment of cancer and infections are reported, using a wide range of 2DnMat concentrations and incubation times. MHT is described to be more effective against bacterial infections than against cancer therapy. Despite the promising results attained, some challenges remain, such as improving 2DnMat conjugation with drugs, understanding their in vivo biodegradation, and refining the evaluation criteria to measure PTT or MHT effects.

Black Phosphorus - A Rising Star in the Antibacterial Materials

Antibiotics are the most commonly used means to treat bacterial infection at present, but the unreasonable use of antibiotics induces the generation of drug-resistant bacteria, which causes great problems for their clinical application. In recent years, researchers have found that nanomaterials with high specific surface area, special structure, photocatalytic activity and other properties show great potential in bacterial infection control. Among them, black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, has been widely reported in the treatment of tumor and bone defect due to its excellent biocompatibility and degradability. However, the current theory about the antibacterial properties of BP is still insufficient, and the relevant mechanism of action needs to be further studied. In this paper, we introduced the structure and properties of BP, elaborated the mechanism of BP in bacterial infection, and systematically reviewed the application of BP composite materials in the field of antibacterial. At the same time, we also discussed the challenges faced by the current research and application of BP, which laid a solid theoretical foundation for the further study of BP in the future.

Research progress on black phosphorus hybrids hydrogel platforms for biomedical applications

Hydrogels, also known as three-dimensional, flexible, and polymer networks, are composed of natural and/or synthetic polymers with exceptional properties such as hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and elasticity. Researchers in biomedicine, biosensing, pharmaceuticals, energy and environment, agriculture, and cosmetics are interested in hydrogels. Hydrogels have limited adaptability for complicated biological information transfer in biomedical applications due to their lack of electrical conductivity and low mechanical strength, despite significant advances in the development and use of hydrogels. The nano-filler-hydrogel hybrid system based on supramolecular interaction between host and guest has emerged as one of the potential solutions to the aforementioned issues. Black phosphorus, as one of the representatives of novel two-dimensional materials, has gained a great deal of interest in recent years owing to its exceptional physical and chemical properties, among other nanoscale fillers. However, a few numbers of publications have elaborated on the scientific development of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels extensively. In this review, this review thus summarized the benefits of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels and highlighted the most recent biological uses of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels. Finally, the difficulties and future possibilities of the development of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels are reviewed in an effort to serve as a guide for the application and manufacture of black phosphorus -based hydrogels. Recent applications of black phosphorus hybrid hydrogels in biomedicine.

Injectable FHE+BP composites hydrogel with enhanced regenerative capacity of tendon-bone interface for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Features of black phosphorous (BP) nano sheets such as enhancing mineralization and reducing cytotoxicity in bone regeneration field have been reported. Thermo-responsive FHE hydrogel (mainly composed of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA), poly-ε-L-lysine (ε-EPL) and F127) also showed a desired outcome in skin regeneration due to its stability and antibacterial benefits. This study investigated the application of BP-FHE hydrogel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) both in in vitro and in vivo, and addressed its effects on tendon and bone healing. This BP-FHE hydrogel is expected to bring the benefits of both components (thermo-sensitivity, induced osteogenesis and easy delivery) to optimize the clinical application of ACLR and enhance the recovery. Our in vitro results confirmed the potential role of BP-FHE via significantly increased rBMSC attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation with ARS and PCR analysis. Moreover, In vivo results indicated that BP-FHE hydrogels can successfully optimize the recovery of ACLR through enhancing osteogenesis and improving the integration of tendon and bone interface. Further results of Biomechanical testing and Micro-CT analysis [bone tunnel area (mm2) and bone volume/total volume (%)] demonstrated that BP can indeed accelerate bone ingrowth. Additionally, histological staining (H&E, Masson and Safranin O/fast green) and immunohistochemical analysis (COL I, COL III and BMP-2) strongly supported the ability of BP to promote tendon-bone healing after ACLR in murine animal models.

Black Phosphorous Aptamer-based Platform for Biomarker Detection

Black phosphorus nanostructures (nano-BPs) mainly include BP nanosheets (BP NSs), BP quantum dots (BPQDs), and other nano-BPs-based particles at nanoscale. Firstly discovered in 2014, nano-BPs are one of the most popular nanomaterials. Different synthesis methods are discussed in short to understand the basic concepts and developments in synthesis. Exfoliated nano-BPs, i.e. nano-BPs possess high surface area, high photothermal conversion efficacy, excellent biocompatibility, high charge carrier mobility (~1000 cm^-2V^-1s^-1), thermal conductivity of 86 Wm^-1K^-1; and these properties make it a highly potential candidate for fabrication of biosensing platform. These properties enable nano-BPs to be promising photothermal/drug delivery agents as well as in electrochemical data storage devices and sensing devices; and in super capacitors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and solar cells, LEDs, super-conductors, etc. Early diagnosis is very critical in the health sector scenarios. This review attempts to highlight the attempts made towards attaining stable BP, BP-aptamer conjugates for successful biosensing applications. BP-aptamer- based platforms are reviewed to highlight the significance of BP in detecting biological and physiological markers of cardiovascular diseases and cancer; to be useful in disease diagnosis and management.

Oxygen metabolism-balanced engineered hydrogel microspheres promote the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus by inhibiting acid-sensitive complexes

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is commonly caused by imbalanced oxygen metabolism-triggered inflammation. Overcoming the shortcomings of antioxidants in IVDD treatment, including instability and the lack of targeting, remains challenging. Microfluidic and surface modification technologies were combined to graft chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated with strong reductive black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) onto GelMA microspheres via amide bonds to construct oxygen metabolism-balanced engineered hydrogel microspheres (GM@CS-BP), which attenuate extracellular acidosis in nucleus pulposus (NP), block the inflammatory cascade, reduce matrix metalloproteinase expression (MMP), and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) in intervertebral discs (IVDs). The GM@CS-BP microspheres reduce H₂O₂ intensity by 229%. Chemical grafting and electrostatic attraction increase the encapsulation rate of BPQDs by 167% and maintain stable release for 21 days, demonstrating the antioxidant properties and sustained modulation of the BPQDs. After the GM@CS-BP treatment, western blotting revealed decreased acid-sensitive ion channel-3 and inflammatory factors. Histological staining in an 8-week IVDD model confirmed the regeneration of NP. GM@CS-BP microspheres therefore maintain a balance between ECM synthesis and degradation by regulating the positive feedback between imbalanced oxygen metabolism in IVDs and inflammation. This study provides an in-depth interpretation of the mechanisms underlying the antioxidation of BPQDs and a new approach for IVDD treatment.

2D Hetero-Nanoconstructs of Black Phosphorus for Breast Cancer Theragnosis: Technological Advancements

As per global cancer statistics of 2020, female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and also the foremost cause of cancer death in women. Traditional treatments include a number of negative effects, making it necessary to investigate novel smart drug delivery methods and identify new therapeutic approaches. Efforts for developing novel strategies for breast cancer therapy are being devised worldwide by various research groups. Currently, two-dimensional black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) have attracted considerable attention and are best suited for theranostic nanomedicine. Particularly, their characteristics, including drug loading efficacy, biocompatibility, optical, thermal, electrical, and phototherapeutic characteristics, support their growing demand as a potential substitute for graphene-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications. In this review, we have explained different platforms of BP nanomaterials for breast cancer management, their structures, functionalization approaches, and general methods of synthesis. Various characteristics of BP nanomaterials that make them suitable for cancer therapy and diagnosis, such as large surface area, nontoxicity, solubility, biodegradability, and excellent near-infrared (NIR) absorption capability, are discussed in the later sections. Next, we summarize targeting approaches using various strategies for effective therapy with BP nanoplatforms. Then, we describe applications of BP nanomaterials for breast cancer treatment, which include drug delivery, codelivery of drugs, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, combined therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and multidrug resistance reversal strategy. Finally, the present challenges and future aspects of BP nanomaterials are discussed.

3D CNT/MXene microspheres for combined photothermal/photodynamic/chemo for cancer treatment

MXene nanosheets have shown exciting potential in nanomedicine because of their large surface area, intense near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, and good biocompatibility. However, their development in the direction of treating tumors is constrained by the limitations of existing design methodologies. These methodologies lack control over the size and distribution of tumors. Moreover, their photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect is poor. To address this unmet medical need, a simple strategy that processes MXene with carbon nanotube (CNT) into a three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb structure having anti aggregation capacity was established. The structure can be used in disease phototherapy against tumors, bacteria, and viruses, such as photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and multimodal synergistic therapy. In the present study, 3D CNT/MXene microspheres were obtained by the template method and spray-drying method. The microspheres possessed special photothermal effects and photothermal stability under NIR laser irradiation. Furthermore, the developed microspheres could achieve a maximum of 85.6% drug loading capability of doxorubicin (DOX). Under light irradiation at 650 and 808 nm, 3D CNT/MXene microspheres could efficiently produce singlet oxygen due to the effectiveness of CNTs as carries for Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) photosensitizers present on the MXene surface. Furthermore, in vitro studies had showed that 3D CNT/MXene-DOX effectively inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells. Hence, this study provides a promising platform for future clinical applications to realize PTT/PDT/chemotherapy combination cancer treatment based on MXene.

Artificial Assembled Macrophage Co-Deliver Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot and CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Colorectal Cancer Triple-Therapy

In recent years, therapeutic strategies based on macrophages have been inspiringly developed, but due to the high intricacy and immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment, the widespread use of these strategies still faces significant challenges. Herein, an artificial assembled macrophage concept (AB@LM) was presented to imitate the main antitumor abilities of macrophages of tumor targeting, promoting the antitumor immunity, and direct tumor-killing effects. The artificial assembled macrophage (AB@LM) was prepared through an extrusion method, which is to fuse the macrophage membrane with abemaciclib and black phosphorus quantum dot (BPQD)-loaded liposomes. AB@LM showed good stability and tumor targeting ability with the help of macrophage membrane. Furthermore, AB@LM reversed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by inhibiting regulatory T cells (Tregs) and stimulating the maturation of antigen-presenting cells to activate the antitumor immune response through triggering an immunogenic cell death effect. More importantly, in the colorectal tumor model in vivo, a strong cooperative therapeutic effect of photo/chemo/immunotherapy was observed with high tumor inhibition rate (95.3 ± 2.05%). In conclusion, AB@LM exhibits excellent antitumor efficacy by intelligently mimicking the abilities of macrophages. A promising therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment based on imitating macrophages was provided in this study.

Bioinspired Multifunctional Black Phosphorus Hydrogel with Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties: A Stepwise Countermeasure for Diabetic Skin Wound Healing

Cutaneous wound healing, especially diabetic wound healing, is a common clinical challenge. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bacterial infection are two major detrimental states that induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and impede angiogenesis and wound healing. A derivative of the metabolite itaconate, 4-octyl itaconate (4OI) has attracted increasing research interest in recent years due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, 4OI-modified black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets are incorporated into a photosensitive, multifunctional gelatin methacrylamide hydrogel to produce a new photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) system with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound regeneration. Under laser irradiation, the 4OI-BP-entrapped hydrogel enables rapid gelation, forming a membrane on wounds, and offers high PTT and PDT efficacy to eliminate bacterial infection. Without laser irradiation, BP acts as a carrier and controls the release of 4OI, with which it synergistically enhances antioxidant activity, thus alleviating excessive ROS damage to endothelial cells, promoting neovascularization, and facilitating faster diabetic wound closure. These findings indicate that 4OI-BP-entrapped multifunctional hydrogel provides a stepwise countermeasure with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for enhanced diabetic wound healing and may lead to novel therapeutic interventions for diabetic ulcers.

Recent Advances on 2D Materials towards 3D Printing

In recent years, 2D materials have been implemented in several applications due to their unique and unprecedented properties. Several examples can be named, from the very first, graphene, to transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g., MoS2), two-dimensional inorganic compounds (MXenes), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), or black phosphorus (BP). On the other hand, the accessible and low-cost 3D printers and design software converted the 3D printing methods into affordable fabrication tools worldwide. The implementation of this technique for the preparation of new composites based on 2D materials provides an excellent platform for next-generation technologies. This review focuses on the recent advances of 3D printing of the 2D materials family and its applications; the newly created printed materials demonstrated significant advances in sensors, biomedical, and electrical applications.

2D materials for bone therapy

Due to their prominent physicochemical properties, 2D materials are broadly applied in biomedicine. Currently, 2D materials have achieved great success in treating many diseases such as cancer and tissue engineering as well as bone therapy. Based on their different characteristics, 2D materials could function in various ways in different bone diseases. Herein, the application of 2D materials in bone tissue engineering, joint lubrication, infection of orthopedic implants, bone tumors, and osteoarthritis are firstly reviewed comprehensively together. Meanwhile, different mechanisms by which 2D materials function in each disease reviewed below are also reviewed in detail, which in turn reveals the versatile functions and application of 2D materials. At last, the outlook on how to further broaden applications of 2D materials in bone therapies based on their excellent properties is also discussed.

Recent advances in ocular drug delivery systems and targeting VEGF receptors for management of ocular angiogenesis: A comprehensive review

Background

Angiogenic ocular diseases address the main source of vision impairment or irreversible vision loss. The angiogenesis process depends on the balance between the pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. An imbalance between these factors leads to pathological conditions in the body. The vascular endothelial growth factor is the main cause of pathological conditions in the ocular region. Intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenic drugs are selective, safe, specific and revolutionized treatment for ocular angiogenesis. But intravitreal injections are invasive techniques with other severe complications. The area of targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors progresses with novel approaches and therapeutically based hope for best clinical outcomes for patients through the developments in anti-angiogenic therapy.

Main text

The present review article gathers prior knowledge about the vascular endothelial growth factor and associated receptors with other angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors involved in ocular angiogenesis. A focus on the brief mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of ocular angiogenesis is elaborated. The review also covers various recent novel approaches available for ocular drug delivery by comprising a substantial amount of research works. Besides this, we have also discussed in detail the adoption of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in ocular angiogenesis by comprising literature having recent advancements. The clinical applications of nanotechnology in terms of ocular drug delivery, risk analysis and future perspectives relating to the treatment approaches for ocular angiogenesis have also been presented.

Conclusion

The novel ocular drug delivery systems involving nanotechnologies are of great importance in the ophthalmological sector to overcome traditional treatments with many drawbacks. This article gives a detailed insight into the various approaches that are currently available to be a road map for future research in the field of ocular angiogenesis disease management.

Black Phosphorus, an Emerging Versatile Nanoplatform for Cancer Immunotherapy

Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the emerging versatile nanomaterials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, exhibiting great potential as a promising inorganic nanomaterial in the biomedical field. BP nanomaterials possess excellent ability for valid bio-conjugation and molecular loading in anticancer therapy. Generally, BP nanomaterials can be classified into BP nanosheets (BPNSs) and BP quantum dots (BPQDs), both of which can be synthesized through various preparation routes. In addition, BP nanomaterials can be applied as photothermal agents (PTA) for the photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency and larger extinction coefficients. The generated local hyperpyrexia leads to thermal elimination of tumor. Besides, BP nanomaterials are capable of producing singlet oxygen, which enable its application as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, BP nanomaterials can be oxidized and degraded to nontoxic phosphonates and phosphate under physiological conditions, improving their safety as a nano drug carrier in cancer therapy. Recently, it has been reported that BP-based PTT is capable of activating immune responses and alleviating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by detection of T lymphocytes and various immunocytokines, indicating that BP-based nanocomposites not only serve as effective PTAs to ablate large solid tumors but also function as an immunomodulation agent to eliminate discrete tumorlets. Therefore, BP-mediated immunotherapy would provide more possibilities for synergistic cancer treatment.

Bovine Serum Albumin-Immobilized Black Phosphorus-Based γ-Fe2O3 Nanocomposites: A Promising Biocompatible Nanoplatform

The interactions between proteins and nanoparticles need to be fully characterized as the immobilization of proteins onto various nanoplatforms in the physiological system often results in the change of surface of the protein molecules to avoid any detrimental issues related to their biomedical applications. Hence, in this article, the successful low-temperature synthesis of a BP-based γ-Fe2O3 (IB) nanocomposite and its interactive behavior with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-a molecule with chemical similarity and high sequence identity to human serum albumin-are described. To confirm the formation of γ-Fe2O3 and the IB nanocomposite, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the materials were performed. Additionally, the physical interaction between BSA and the IB nanocomposite was confirmed via UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectral analyses. Finally, the biocompatibility of the BSA-immobilized IB nanocomposite was verified using an in vitro cytotoxicity assay with HCT-15 colon cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that this newly developed nanocomposite has potential utility as a biocompatible nanoplatform for various biomedical applications.

Black Phosphorus Nanostructure Based Highly Sensitive and Selective Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Biological and Chemical Sensing: A Review

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an attention-grabbing sensor type, which offers the sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules and environmentally toxic substances. Notably, the SPR sensor gives excellent rewards including real-time, in-situ, and label-free measuring capability as compared to existing sensing technologies. As a result, these noteworthy merits of the SPR sensor make it straightforward to investigate the molecular events and chemical/gas molecule interaction. Unfortunately, there are different binding events including smaller molecular mass substances, which cannot be detected at the SPR sensor. Accordingly, this downside of the SPR sensor eventually led to the design and implementation of new approaches for sensitivity and selectivity improvement for sensing applications in different fields. Recently, the black phosphorus (BP) derived 2 D nanomaterial is stand out as a distinctive nanostructure in comparison to recently reported other 2 D nanomaterials. Substantial and functional characteristics of BP including simplicity of operation, optical properties, high carrier mobility, stronger immobilization of receptors and biomolecules, electronic bridging playing important role in the highly selective and sensitive assessment of analyte. The designed BP nanostructures are mostly serving to accelerate the plasmon material signals followed by improved molecular sensing that may due to 40-times faster-sensing responses of BP nanostructure than reported 2 D nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review article sheds light on the latest significant advances in biological and toxic gas detection through 2D BP nanostructures based SPR sensors. In the future, this review will facilitate detailed insights into the development of BP-based groundbreaking frameworks for highly sensitive and selective recognition of biomolecules and environmental pollutants.

Multifunctional modified polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffold incorporating sodium alginate microspheres decorated with strontium and black phosphorus for bone tissue engineering

Polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous scaffolds have received extensive attention in the field of tissue engineering due to their excellent degradability, biocompatibility and the biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) topographies. However, the cell affinity and osteogenic activity of PLA scaffolds is not satisfactory because of their intrinsic hydrophobicity, the absence of cell recognition sites and the nucleation sites of the in vivo biomineralization. Furthermore, effective anti-inflammatory activity for the in vivo scaffold could not be ignored, so a strategy to develop a multifunctional PLLA (poly-L-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffold with improved hydrophilicity, osteoinductivity, excellent near-infrared photothermal-responsive drug release capacity and anti-inflammatory activity via incorporating sodium alginate microspheres decorated with strontium and ibuprofen-loaded black phosphorus (BP + IBU@SA microspheres) into aminated modified PLLA nanofiber network is proposed in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that the BP + IBU@SA microspheres were homogeneously dispersed into the modified PLLA matrix with uniform nanofiber structure and the chemical composition of the as-prepared scaffolds was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and elemental mapping. The photothermal property of the scaffolds was assessed under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the results manifested that the entrapment of BP nanosheets endowed PLLA nanofibrous scaffold with significantly high photothermal conversion efficiency and optical cycle stability. Meanwhile, the scaffold also displayed an excellent photothermal-responsive intelligent drug release performance toward Sr²⁺ and ibuprofen. Moreover, the in vitro studies revealed that the as-developed scaffolds possessed a good biocompatibility for cell adhesion and proliferation and an improved bioactivity to induce apatite formation. All these results indicated the potential of the fabricated scaffolds in tissue engineering applications.