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Hilton J, Nanao Y, Flokstra M, Askari M, Smith TK, Di Falco A, King PDC, Wahl P, Adamson CS. The role of ion dissolution in metal and metal oxide surface inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0155323. [PMID: 38259079 PMCID: PMC10880620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01553-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-viral surface coatings are under development to prevent viral fomite transmission from high-traffic touch surfaces in public spaces. Copper's anti-viral properties have been widely documented, but the anti-viral mechanism of copper surfaces is not fully understood. We screened a series of metal and metal oxide surfaces for anti-viral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Copper and copper oxide surfaces exhibited superior anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity; however, the level of anti-viral activity was dependent on the composition of the carrier solution used to deliver virus inoculum. We demonstrate that copper ions released into solution from test surfaces can mediate virus inactivation, indicating a copper ion dissolution-dependent anti-viral mechanism. The level of anti-viral activity is, however, not dependent on the amount of copper ions released into solution per se. Instead, our findings suggest that degree of virus inactivation is dependent on copper ion complexation with other biomolecules (e.g., proteins/metabolites) in the virus carrier solution that compete with viral components. Although using tissue culture-derived virus inoculum is experimentally convenient to evaluate the anti-viral activity of copper-derived test surfaces, we propose that the high organic content of tissue culture medium reduces the availability of "uncomplexed" copper ions to interact with the virus, negatively affecting virus inactivation and hence surface anti-viral performance. We propose that laboratory anti-viral surface testing should include virus delivered in a physiologically relevant carrier solution (saliva or nasal secretions when testing respiratory viruses) to accurately predict real-life surface anti-viral performance when deployed in public spaces.IMPORTANCEThe purpose of evaluating the anti-viral activity of test surfaces in the laboratory is to identify surfaces that will perform efficiently in preventing fomite transmission when deployed on high-traffic touch surfaces in public spaces. The conventional method in laboratory testing is to use tissue culture-derived virus inoculum; however, this study demonstrates that anti-viral performance of test copper-containing surfaces is dependent on the composition of the carrier solution in which the virus inoculum is delivered to test surfaces. Therefore, we recommend that laboratory surface testing should include virus delivered in a physiologically relevant carrier solution to accurately predict real-life test surface performance in public spaces. Understanding the mechanism of virus inactivation is key to future rational design of improved anti-viral surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that release of copper ions from copper surfaces into small liquid droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 is a mechanism by which the virus that causes COVID-19 can be inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hilton
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiko Nanao
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Machiel Flokstra
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Meisam Askari
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Di Falco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Phil D. C. King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Wahl
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Adamson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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2
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Zheng B, Kou X, Liu C, Wang Y, Yu Y, Ma J, Liu Y, Xue Z. Effect of nanopackaging on the quality of edible mushrooms and its action mechanism: A review. Food Chem 2023; 407:135099. [PMID: 36508864 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With higher demands for food packaging and the development of nanotechnology, nanopackaging is becoming a research hotspot in the field of food packaging because of its superb preservation effect, and it can effectively resist oxidation and regulates energy metabolism to maintain the quality and prolong the shelf life of mushrooms. Furthermore, under the background of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, nanomaterials could be a potential tool to prevent virus transmission because of their excellent antiviral activities. However, the investigation and application of nanopackaging are facing many challenges including costs, environmental pollution, poor in-depth genetic research for mechanisms and so on. This article reviews the preservation effect and mechanisms of nanopackaging on the quality of mushrooms and discusses the trends and challenges of using these materials in food packaging technologies with the focus on nanotechnology and based on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Dynamiker Biotechnology(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Juan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yazhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Hirao R, Shigetoh K, Inagaki S, Ishida N. Virus Inactivation Based on Optimal Surfactant Reservoir of Mesoporous Silica. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1032-1040. [PMID: 36780326 PMCID: PMC10031556 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) caused a pandemic in 2019 and reaffirmed the importance of environmental sanitation. To prevent the spread of viral infections, we propose the application of a mesoporous silica (MS)-based virus-inactivating material. MS is typically synthesized using a micellar surfactant template; hence, the intermediate before removal of the surfactant template is expected to have a virus-inactivating activity. MS-CTAC particles filled with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), a cationic surfactant with an alkyl chain length of 16, were used to test this hypothesis. Plaque assays revealed that the MS-CTAC particles inactivated the enveloped bacteriophage φ6 by approximately 4 orders of magnitude after a contact time of 10 min. The particles also indicated a similar inactivation effect on the nonenveloped bacteriophage Qβ. In aqueous solution, CTAC loaded on MS-CTAC was released until the equilibrium concentration of loading and release on MS was reached. The released CTAC acted on viruses. Thus, MS is likely a good reservoir for the micellar surfactant. Surfactant readsorption also occurred in the MS particles, and the highest retention rate was observed when micellar surfactants with alkyl chain lengths appropriate for the pore size were used. The paper containing MS-CTAC particles was shown to maintain stable viral inactivation for at least three months in a typical indoor environment. Applying this concept to indoor wallpaper and air-conditioning filters could contribute to the inactivation of viruses in aerosols. These findings open possibilities for mesoporous materials with high surface areas, which can further develop into virus inactivation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hirao
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Inagaki
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ishida
- Toyota
Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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4
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Singh DD, Han I, Choi EH, Yadav DK. A Clinical Update on SARS-CoV-2: Pathology and Development of Potential Inhibitors. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:400-433. [PMID: 36661514 PMCID: PMC9857284 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is highly infectious and causes severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARD), immune suppression, and multi-organ failure. For SARS-CoV-2, only supportive treatment options are available, such as oxygen supportive therapy, ventilator support, antibiotics for secondary infections, mineral and fluid treatment, and a significant subset of repurposed effective drugs. Viral targeted inhibitors are the most suitable molecules, such as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) and RBD (receptor-binding domain) protein-based inhibitors, inhibitors of host proteases, inhibitors of viral proteases 3CLpro (3C-like proteinase) and PLpro (papain-like protease), inhibitors of replicative enzymes, inhibitors of viral attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteinase 2), inhibitors of HR1 (Heptad Repeat 1)-HR2 (Heptad Repeat 2) interaction at the S2 protein of the coronavirus, etc. Targeting the cathepsin L proteinase, peptide analogues, monoclonal antibodies, and protein chimaeras as RBD inhibitors interferes with the spike protein's ability to fuse to the membrane. Targeting the cathepsin L proteinase, peptide analogues, monoclonal antibodies, and protein chimaeras as RBD inhibitors interferes with the spike protein's ability to fuse to the membrane. Even with the tremendous progress made, creating effective drugs remains difficult. To develop COVID-19 treatment alternatives, clinical studies are examining a variety of therapy categories, including antibodies, antivirals, cell-based therapy, repurposed diagnostic medicines, and more. In this article, we discuss recent clinical updates on SARS-CoV-2 infection, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, immunopathology, the new emergence of variant, SARS-CoV-2, various approaches to drug development and treatment options. The development of therapies has been complicated by the global occurrence of many SARS-CoV-2 mutations. Discussion of this manuscript will provide new insight into drug pathophysiology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (D.K.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-597-0365 (I.H. & D.K.Y.)
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (D.K.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-597-0365 (I.H. & D.K.Y.)
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5
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Yakoubi A, Dhafer CEB. Advanced Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Techniques for the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Current COVID-19. PLASMONICS (NORWELL, MASS.) 2022; 18:311-347. [PMID: 36588744 PMCID: PMC9786532 DOI: 10.1007/s11468-022-01754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Coronavirus disease 2019 known as COVID-19 is the worst pandemic since World War II. The outbreak of COVID-19 had a significant repercussion on the health, economy, politics, and environment, making coronavirus-related issues more complicated and becoming one of the most challenging pandemics of the last century with deadly outcomes and a high rate of the reproduction number. There are thousands of different types - or variants - of COVID circulating across the world. Viruses mutate all the time; it emphasizes the critical need for the designing of efficient vaccines to prevent virus infection, early and fast diagnosis, and effective antiviral and protective therapeutics. In this regard, the use of nanotechnology offers new opportunities for the development of novel strategies in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. This review presents an outline of the platforms developed using plasmonic nanoparticles in the detection, treatment, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2. We select the best strategies in each of these approaches. The properties of metallic plasmon NPs and their relevance in the development of novel point-of-care diagnosis approaches for COVID-19 are highlighted. Also, we discuss the current challenges and the future perspectives looking towards the clinical translation and the commercial aspects of nanotechnology and plasmonic NP-based diagnostic tools and therapy to fight COVID-19 pandemic. The article could be of significance for researchers dedicated to developing suitable plasmonic detection tools and therapy approaches for COVID-19 viruses and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Yakoubi
- Laboratory of Hetero-organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, University of Carthage, LR 18 ES11, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine El Baher Dhafer
- Chemistry Department College of Science, Jouf University, P.O Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Cimolai N. Disinfection and decontamination in the context of SARS-CoV-2-specific data. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4654-4668. [PMID: 35758523 PMCID: PMC9350315 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the high transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as witnessed early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, concerns arose with the existing methods for virus disinfection and decontamination. The need for SARS-CoV-2-specific data stimulated considerable research in this regard. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 is practically and equally susceptible to approaches for disinfection and decontamination that have been previously found for other human or animal coronaviruses. The latter have included techniques utilizing temperature modulation, pH extremes, irradiation, and chemical treatments. These physicochemical methods are a necessary adjunct to other prevention strategies, given the environmental and patient surface ubiquity of the virus. Classic studies of disinfection have also allowed for extrapolation to the eradication of the virus on human mucosal surfaces by some chemical means. Despite considerable laboratory study, practical field assessments are generally lacking and need to be encouraged to confirm the correlation of interventions with viral eradication and infection prevention. Transparency in the constitution and use of any method or chemical is also essential to furthering practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's and Women's Health Centre of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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7
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Iraci N, Corsaro C, Giofrè SV, Neri G, Mezzasalma AM, Vacalebre M, Speciale A, Saija A, Cimino F, Fazio E. Nanoscale Technologies in the Fight against COVID-19: From Innovative Nanomaterials to Computer-Aided Discovery of Potential Antiviral Plant-Derived Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1060. [PMID: 36008954 PMCID: PMC9405735 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have increasingly emphasized the need to develop new active antiviral products obtained from artificial synthesis processes using nanomaterials, but also derived from natural matrices. At the same time, advanced computational approaches have found themselves fundamental in the repurposing of active therapeutics or for reducing the very long developing phases of new drugs discovery, which represents a real limitation, especially in the case of pandemics. The first part of the review is focused on the most innovative nanomaterials promising both in the field of therapeutic agents, as well as measures to control virus spread (i.e., innovative antiviral textiles). The second part of the review aims to show how computer-aided technologies can allow us to identify, in a rapid and therefore constantly updated way, plant-derived molecules (i.e., those included in terpenoids) potentially able to efficiently interact with SARS-CoV-2 cell penetration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Maria Mezzasalma
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Martina Vacalebre
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
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8
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Hosseini M, Poon LLM, Chin AWH, Ducker WA. Effect of Surface Porosity on SARS-CoV-2 Fomite Infectivity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18238-18246. [PMID: 35663285 PMCID: PMC9159070 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports indicated the low stability of severe actute respiratory syndrome coronovirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on various porous surfaces, but the role of porosity was unclear because there was no direct comparison between porous and nonporous solids of the same chemistry. Through comparing pairs of solids with very similar chemistry, we find that porosity is important: porous glass has a much lower infectivity than nonporous glass. However, porosity is not sufficient to lower infectivity; permeability, which is the ability of a liquid to move through a material, is the important parameter. We show this by comparing a pair of porous CuO coatings where the pores are accessible in one case and inaccessible in the other case. When the pores are inaccessible, the infectivity remains similar to that for nonporous solids. Thus, for both glass and CuO, it is the access to porosity that decreases the infectivity of extracted liquid droplets. Having established the importance of permeability, there is the open question of the mechanism of changing the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Several hypotheses are possible, such as increasing the difficulty of extracting the virus from the solid, changing the drying time, increasing the surface area of active ingredient, etc. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) measurements show that less viral DNA is extracted from a permeable surface, suggesting that the virus becomes trapped in the pores. Finally, we consider the effect of drying. We show that permeability and the water contact angle on the solid have effects on the drying time of a contaminated droplet, which may in turn affect infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Deptartment
of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft Matter and Biological
Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- School
of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre
for Immunity and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- HKU
Pasteur Research Pole, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
| | - Alex W. H. Chin
- School
of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre
for Immunity and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - William A. Ducker
- Deptartment
of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft Matter and Biological
Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Dahanayake MH, Athukorala SS, Jayasundera ACA. Recent breakthroughs in nanostructured antiviral coating and filtration materials: a brief review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16369-16385. [PMID: 35747530 PMCID: PMC9158512 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 persists as the most challenging pandemic of the 21st century with a high rate of transmission. The main pathway of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is aerosol-mediated infection transfer through virus-laden droplets that are expelled by infected people, whereas indirect transmission occurs when contact is made with a contaminated surface. This mini review delivers an overview of the current state of knowledge, research directions, and applications by examining the most recent developments in antiviral surface coatings and filters and analyzing their efficiencies. Reusable masks and other personal protective devices with antiviral properties and self-decontamination could be valuable tools in the fight against viral spread. Moreover, antiviral surface coatings that repel pathogens by preventing adhesion or neutralize pathogens with self-sanitizing ability are assumed to be the most desirable for terminating indirect transmission of viruses. Although many nanomaterials have shown high antiviral capacities, additional research is unquestionably required to develop next-generation antiviral agents with unique characteristics to face future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushani H Dahanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies Hanthana Kandy Sri Lanka
| | - Sandya S Athukorala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka
| | - A C A Jayasundera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka
- Division of Mathematics and Science, Missouri Valley College Marshall MO 65340 USA
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10
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Nanoscale copper and silver thin film systems display differences in antiviral and antibacterial properties. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7193. [PMID: 35505071 PMCID: PMC9063624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has exemplified the need for simple and efficient prevention strategies that can be rapidly implemented to mitigate infection risks. Various surfaces have a long history of antimicrobial properties and are well described for the prevention of bacterial infections. However, their effect on many viruses has not been studied in depth. In the context of COVID-19, several surfaces, including copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) coatings have been described as efficient antiviral measures that can easily be implemented to slow viral transmission. In this study, we detected antiviral properties against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on surfaces, which were coated with Cu by magnetron sputtering as thin Cu films or as Cu/Ag ultrathin bimetallic nanopatches. However, no effect of Ag on viral titers was observed, in clear contrast to its well-known antibacterial properties. Further enhancement of Ag ion release kinetics based on an electrochemical sacrificial anode mechanism did not increase antiviral activity. These results clearly demonstrate that Cu and Ag thin film systems display significant differences in antiviral and antibacterial properties which need to be considered upon implementation.
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11
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de Jesus JR, Galazzi RM, Lopes Júnior CA, Arruda MAZ. Trace element homeostasis in the neurological system after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Insight into potential biochemical mechanisms. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126964. [PMID: 35240553 PMCID: PMC8881805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can affect several organs, including the brain. In the brain, specifically, viral infection can cause dyshomeostasis of some trace elements that promote complex biochemical reactions in specialized neurological functions. OBJECTIVE Understand the neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 and the relationship between trace elements and neurological disorders after infection, and provide new insights on the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. METHODS The main databases were used to search studies published up September 2021, focusing on the role of trace elements during viral infection and on the correct functioning of the brain. RESULTS The imbalance of important trace elements can accelerate SARS-CoV-2 neurovirulence and increase the neurotoxicity since many neurological processes can be associated with the homeostasis of metal and metalloproteins. Some studies involving animals and humans have suggested the synapse as a vulnerable region of the brain to neurological disorders after viral infection. Considering the combined evidence, some mechanisms have been suggested to understand the relationship between neurological disorders and imbalance of trace elements in the brain after viral infection. CONCLUSION Trace elements play important roles in viral infections, such as helping to activate immune cells, produce antibodies, and inhibit virus replication. However, the relationship between trace elements and virus infections is complex since the specific functions of several elements remain largely undefined. Therefore, there is still a lot to be explored to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved between trace elements and viral infections, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Research Laboratory in Bionanomaterials, LPbio, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Moretto Galazzi
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, Analytik Jena GmbH, an Endress & Hauser Company, São Paulo, SP 04029-901, Brazil.
| | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Grupo de Estudos em Bioanalítica - GEBIO, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Brazil.
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Yasuda Y, Mutsuo S, Hamada M, Murai K, Hirayama Y, Uemasu K, Arasawa S, Iwashima D, Takahashi KI. Aluminium Gauze Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Non-Woven Masks Worn by Patients with COVID-19. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:250-257. [PMID: 35447882 PMCID: PMC9028381 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aluminium reduces severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) survival in experimental settings. It is unknown whether adding an aluminium gauze to a mask reduces the SARS-CoV-2 RNA load in the mask and whether SARS-CoV-2 is detectable in the breath that permeates through such a mask in clinical settings. Methods: Patients admitted to Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan, between July 2021 and September 2021 were enrolled in the study. Non-woven masks comprising filters with 99% viral filtration efficacy and aluminium and cotton gauzes attached to plastic collection cases were developed. All participants wore the experimental mask models for three hours. Results: Twenty-nine patients who wore the final model masks were analysed in this study. The Ct values of the nucleocapsid gene and envelope gene of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly higher in the aluminium gauze than in the cotton gauze. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the masks of 8 out of 12 vaccinated patients (66.7%). Although breath condensates were collected behind both aluminium and cotton gauzes, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in these condensates. Conclusions: Our study indicated that non-woven masks with an aluminium gauze may obstruct SARS-CoV-2 transmission in clinical settings better than non-woven masks with cotton gauzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yasuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan; (K.U.); (D.I.); (K.-i.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Satoru Mutsuo
- Department of Central Clinical Laboratory, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan;
| | - Motoaki Hamada
- Department of Research and Development, Dawn Inc., 1-13-5 Ayabe Bld.3F-B, Isehara-shi 259-1131, Japan;
| | - Kazuo Murai
- Department of Engineering, Dawn Inc., 1-13-5 Ayabe Bld.3F-B, Isehara-shi 259-1131, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Uemasu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan; (K.U.); (D.I.); (K.-i.T.)
| | - Soichi Arasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Iwashima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan; (K.U.); (D.I.); (K.-i.T.)
| | - Ken-ichi Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada-shi 586-8501, Japan; (K.U.); (D.I.); (K.-i.T.)
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Mosselhy DA, Kareinen L, Kivistö I, Virtanen J, Loikkanen E, Ge Y, Maunula L, Sironen T. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Variant and Murine Noroviruses on Copper-Silver Nanocomposite Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071037. [PMID: 35407155 PMCID: PMC9000483 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the continued scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is still seeking out-of-the-box solutions to break its transmission cycle and contain the pandemic. There are different transmission routes for viruses, including indirect transmission via surfaces. To this end, we used two relevant viruses in our study. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the pandemic and human norovirus (HuNV), both known to be transmitted via surfaces. Several nanoformulations have shown attempts to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. However, a rigorous, similar inactivation scheme to inactivate the cords of two tedious viruses (SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant and HuNV) is lacking. The present study demonstrates the inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant and the decrease in the murine norovirus (MNV, a surrogate to HuNV) load after only one minute of contact to surfaces including copper-silver (Cu-Ag) nanocomposites. We thoroughly examined the physicochemical characteristics of such plated surfaces using diverse microscopy tools and found that Cu was the dominanting element in the tested three different surfaces (~56, ~59, and ~48 wt%, respectively), hence likely playing the major role of Alpha and MNV inactivation followed by the Ag content (~28, ~13, and ~11 wt%, respectively). These findings suggest that the administration of such surfaces within highly congested places (e.g., schools, public transportations, public toilets, and hospital and live-stock reservoirs) could break the SARS-CoV-2 and HuNV transmission. We suggest such an administration after an in-depth examination of the in vitro (especially on skin cells) and in vivo toxicity of the nanocomposite formulations and surfaces while also standardizing the physicochemical parameters, testing protocols, and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Mosselhy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (I.K.); (J.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (D.A.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (I.K.); (J.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivistö
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (I.K.); (J.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Virtanen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (I.K.); (J.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emil Loikkanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Yanling Ge
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., 02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (L.K.); (I.K.); (J.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (D.A.M.); (T.S.)
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14
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Zhou Y, Fletcher NF, Zhang N, Hassan J, Gilchrist MD. Enhancement of Antiviral Effect of Plastic Film against SARS-CoV-2: Combining Nanomaterials and Nanopatterns with Scalability for Mass Manufacturing. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10149-10156. [PMID: 34881894 PMCID: PMC8672428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct contact with contaminated surfaces in frequently accessed areas is a confirmed transmission mode of SARS-CoV-2. To address this challenge, we have developed novel plastic films with enhanced effectiveness for deactivating the SARS-CoV-2 by means of nanomaterials combined with nanopatterns. Results prove that these functionalized films are able to deactivate SARS-CoV-2 by up to 2 orders of magnitude within the first hour compared to untreated films, thus reducing the likelihood of transmission. Nanopatterns can enhance the antiviral effectiveness by increasing the contact area between nanoparticles and virus. Significantly, the established process also considers the issue of scalability for mass manufacturing. A low-cost process for nanostructured antiviral films integrating ultrasonic atomization spray coating and thermal nanoimprinting lithography is proposed. A further in-depth investigation should consider the size, spacing, and shape of nanopillars, the type and concentration of nanoparticles, and the scale-up and integration of these processes with manufacturing for optimal antiviral effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Centre
of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering, University College
Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
- National
Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing
Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nicola F. Fletcher
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, University College
Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Nan Zhang
- Centre
of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering, University College
Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Jaythoon Hassan
- National
Virus Reference Laboratory, University College
Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Michael D. Gilchrist
- Centre
of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering, University College
Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
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