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Levin N, Hendler-Neumark A, Kamber D, Bisker G. Enhanced cellular internalization of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes facilitated by a transfection reagent. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:650-666. [PMID: 38490040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) hold immense potential for diverse biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and optical properties, including near-infrared fluorescence. Specifically, SWCNTs have been utilized to target cells as a vehicle for drug delivery and gene therapy, and as sensors for various intracellular biomarkers. While the main internalization route of SWCNTs into cells is endocytosis, methods for enhancing the cellular uptake of SWCNTs are of great importance. In this research, we demonstrate the use of a transfecting reagent for promoting cell internalization of functionalized SWCNTs. We explore different types of SWCNT functionalization, namely single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, and two different cell types, embryonic kidney cells and adenocarcinoma cells. We show that internalizing PEGylated functionalized SWCNTs is enhanced in the presence of the transfecting reagent, where the effect is more pronounced for negatively charged PEG-lipid. However, ssDNA-SWCNTs tend to form aggregates in the presence of the transfecting reagent, rendering it unsuitable for promoting internalization. For all cases, cellular uptake is visualized by near-infrared fluorescence microscopy, showing that the SWCNTs are typically localized within the lysosome. Generally, cellular internalization was higher in the adenocarcinoma cells, thereby paving new avenues for drug delivery and sensing in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naamah Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Dotan Kamber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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2
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Erkens M, Wenseleers W, López Carrillo MÁ, Botka B, Zahiri Z, Duque JG, Cambré S. Hyperspectral Detection of the Fluorescence Shift between Chirality-Sorted Empty and Water-Filled Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Enantiomers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14532-14545. [PMID: 38760006 PMCID: PMC11155256 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have extraordinary electronic and optical properties that depend strongly on their exact chiral structure and their interaction with their inner and outer environment. The fluorescence (PL) of semiconducting SWCNTs, for instance, will shift depending on the molecules with which the SWCNT's hollow core is filled. These interaction-induced shifts are challenging to resolve on the ensemble level in samples containing a mixture of different filling contents due to the relatively large inhomogeneous line width of the ensemble SWCNT PL compared to the size of these shifts. To circumvent this inhomogeneous broadening, single-tube spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging are often applied, which until now required time-consuming statistical studies. Here, we present hyperspectral PL microscopy combined with automated SWCNT segmenting based on either principal component analysis or a convolutional neural network, capable of both spatially and spectrally resolving the PL along the length of many individual SWCNTs at the same time and automatically fitting peak positions and line widths of individual SWCNTs. The methodology is demonstrated by accurately determining the emission shifts and line widths of thousands of left- and right-handed empty and water-filled SWCNTs coated with a chiral surfactant, resulting in four statistical distributions which cannot be resolved in ensemble spectroscopy of unsorted samples. The results demonstrate a robust method to quickly probe ensemble properties with single-enantiomer spectral resolution. Moreover, it promises to be an absolute quantitative method to characterize the relative abundances of SWCNTs with different handedness or filling content in macroscopic samples, simply by counting individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksiem Erkens
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials (NANOrOPT), Department
of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Wenseleers
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials (NANOrOPT), Department
of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miguel Ángel López Carrillo
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials (NANOrOPT), Department
of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bea Botka
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials (NANOrOPT), Department
of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zohreh Zahiri
- Visionlab,
Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juan G. Duque
- Physical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (C-PCS), Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sofie Cambré
- Nanostructured
and Organic Optical and Electronic Materials (NANOrOPT), Department
of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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3
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Simon AA, Haye L, Alhalabi A, Gresil Q, Muñoz BM, Mornet S, Reisch A, Le Guével X, Cognet L. Expanding the Palette of SWIR Emitting Nanoparticles Based on Au Nanoclusters for Single-Particle Tracking Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309267. [PMID: 38639398 PMCID: PMC11199965 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy has proved promising to unravel the dynamics and molecular architecture of thin biological samples down to nanoscales. For applications in complex, thick biological tissues shifting single-particle emission wavelengths to the shortwave infrared (SWIR also called NIR II) region between 900 to 2100 nm, where biological tissues are more transparent is key. To date, mainly single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) enable such applications, but they are inherently 1D objects. Here, 0D ultra-small luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs, <3 nm) and ≈25 nm AuNC-loaded-polymeric particles that can be detected at the single-particle level in the SWIR are presented. Thanks to high brightness and excellent photostability, it is shown that the dynamics of the spherical polymeric particles can be followed at the single-particle level in solution at video rates for minutes. We compared single particle tracking of AuNC-loaded-polymeric particles with that of SWCNT diffusing in agarose gels demonstrating the specificity and complementarity of diffusion properties of these SWIR-emitting nano-objects when exploring a complex environment. This extends the library of photostable SWIR emitting nanomaterials to 0D nano-objects of variable size for single-molecule localization microscopy in the second biological window, opening unprecedented possibilities for mapping the structure and dynamics of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline A. Simon
- Univ. BordeauxLaboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N)UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRSLP2N UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
- Univ. BordeauxCNRSBordeaux INPICMCBUMR 5026Pessac33600France
| | - Lucie Haye
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSLaboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021StrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - Abdallah Alhalabi
- University of Grenoble AlpesInstitute for Advanced BiosciencesINSERM1209/CNRS‐UMR5309GrenobleF‐38700France
| | - Quentin Gresil
- Univ. BordeauxLaboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N)UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRSLP2N UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
| | - Blanca Martín Muñoz
- Univ. BordeauxLaboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N)UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRSLP2N UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
| | - Stéphane Mornet
- Univ. BordeauxCNRSBordeaux INPICMCBUMR 5026Pessac33600France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSLaboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021StrasbourgF‐67000France
- Inserm UMR_S 1121CNRS EMR 7003Université de StrasbourgBiomaterials and BioengineeringCentre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg1 rue Eugène BoeckelStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - Xavier Le Guével
- University of Grenoble AlpesInstitute for Advanced BiosciencesINSERM1209/CNRS‐UMR5309GrenobleF‐38700France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Univ. BordeauxLaboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N)UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRSLP2N UMR 5298TalenceF‐33400France
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Metternich JT, Wartmann JAC, Sistemich L, Nißler R, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Biosensors Based on Covalent DNA Anchors. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37367958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are versatile near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores. They are noncovalently modified to create sensors that change their fluorescence when interacting with biomolecules. However, noncovalent chemistry has several limitations and prevents a consistent way to molecular recognition and reliable signal transduction. Here, we introduce a widely applicable covalent approach to create molecular sensors without impairing the fluorescence in the NIR (>1000 nm). For this purpose, we attach single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) via guanine quantum defects as anchors to the SWCNT surface. A connected sequence without guanines acts as flexible capture probe allowing hybridization with complementary nucleic acids. Hybridization modulates the SWCNT fluorescence and the magnitude increases with the length of the capture sequence (20 > 10 ≫ 6 bases). The incorporation of additional recognition units via this sequence enables a generic route to NIR fluorescent biosensors with improved stability. To demonstrate the potential, we design sensors for bacterial siderophores and the SARS CoV-2 spike protein. In summary, we introduce covalent guanine quantum defect chemistry as rational design concept for biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus T Metternich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Sistemich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Nißler
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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5
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Ackermann J, Stegemann J, Smola T, Reger E, Jung S, Schmitz A, Herbertz S, Erpenbeck L, Seidl K, Kruss S. High Sensitivity Near-Infrared Imaging of Fluorescent Nanosensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206856. [PMID: 36610045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical processes are fast and occur on small-length scales, which makes them difficult to measure. Optical nanosensors based on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are able to capture such dynamics. They fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR, 850-1700 nm) tissue transparency window and the emission wavelength depends on their chirality. However, NIR imaging requires specialized indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) cameras with a typically low resolution because the quantum yield of normal Si-based cameras rapidly decreases in the NIR. Here, an efficient one-step phase separation approach to isolate monochiral (6,4)-SWCNTs (880 nm emission) from mixed SWCNT samples is developed. It enables imaging them in the NIR with high-resolution standard Si-based cameras (>50× more pixels). (6,4)-SWCNTs modified with (GT)10 -ssDNA become highly sensitive to the important neurotransmitter dopamine. These sensors are 1.7× brighter and 7.5× more sensitive and allow fast imaging (<50 ms). They enable high-resolution imaging of dopamine release from cells. Thus, the assembly of biosensors from (6,4)-SWCNTs combines the advantages of nanosensors working in the NIR with the sensitivity of (Si-based) cameras and enables broad usage of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarkstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jan Stegemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Smola
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarkstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Eline Reger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarkstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- ZEMOS Center for Solvation Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anne Schmitz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 58, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Seidl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarkstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Carl-Benz-Strasse 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Carl-Benz-Strasse 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Bon P, Cognet L. On Some Current Challenges in High-Resolution Optical Bioimaging. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:2538-2546. [PMID: 35996373 PMCID: PMC9389608 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective we propose our current point of view and a suggestive roadmap on the field of high-resolution optical microscopy dedicated to bioimaging. Motivated by biological applications, researchers have indeed devised an impressive amount of strategies to address the diverse constraints of imaging and studying biological matter down to the molecular scale, making this interdisciplinary research field a vibrant forum for creativity. Throughout the discussion, we highlight several striking recent successes in this quest. We also identify some next challenges still ahead to apprehend biological questions in increasingly complex living organisms for integrative studies in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bon
- Laboratoire
Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, University of Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
- LP2N
UMR 5298, Institut d’Optique Graduate
School, CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Laboratoire
Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, University of Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
- LP2N
UMR 5298, Institut d’Optique Graduate
School, CNRS, F-33400 Talence, France
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