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Zhang X, Ma L, Sun D, Yi M, Wang Z. Artificial Intelligence in Telemedicine: A Global Perspective Visualization Analysis. Telemed J E Health 2024. [PMID: 38436235 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2023.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in telemedicine has been a popular topic in academic research in recent years, resulting in a surge of literature publications. This study provides a scientific overview of AI in telemedicine through bibliometric and visualization analysis. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was used as the data source, and the search was conducted on June 1, 2023. A total of 2,860 articles and review studies published in English between 2010 and 2023 were included. This study analyzed general information on the field, trends in publication output, countries/regions, authors, journals, influential articles, keyword usage, and knowledge flows between disciplines. The Bibliometrix R package, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used for the analysis. Results: The rate of articles published on AI in telemedicine is increasing by ∼42.1% annually. The United States and China are the top two countries in terms of the number of articles published, accounting for 37.1% of the overall publication volume. In addition to AI and telemedicine, machine learning, digital health, and deep learning are the top three keywords in terms of frequency of occurrence. The keyword time trend graph shows that ChatGPT became one of the important keywords in 2023. The analysis of burst detection suggests that mobile health, based on mobile phones, may be a promising area for future research. Conclusions: This study systematically reviewed the development of AI in telemedicine and identified current research hotspots and future research directions. The results will provide impetus for the innovative development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Nursing, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mo Yi
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Ouyang Q, Yao C, Chen H, Song L, Zhang T, Chen D, Yang L, Chen M, Chen HJ, Peng Z, Xie X. Machine learning-coupled tactile recognition with high spatiotemporal resolution based on cross-striped nanocarbon piezoresistive sensor array. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115873. [PMID: 38071853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensor arrays have been playing important roles in various applications of human-machine interface, including robotic tactile sensing, electronic skin, prosthetics, and human-machine interaction. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve high spatial and temporal resolution in developing pressure sensor arrays for tactile sensing with robust function to achieve precise signal recognition. This work presents the development of a flexible high spatiotemporal piezoresistive sensor array (PRSA) by coupling with machine learning algorithms to enhance tactile recognition. The sensor employs cross-striped nanocarbon-polymer composite as an active layer, though screen printing manufacture processes. A miniaturized signal readout circuit and transmission board is developed to achieve high-speed acquisition of distributed pressure signals from the PRSA. Test results indicate that the developed PRSA platform simultaneously possesses the characteristics of high spatial resolution up to 1.5 mm, fast temporal resolution of about 5 ms, and long-term durability with a variation of less than 2%. The PRSA platform also exhibits excellent performance in real-time visualization of multi-point touch, mapping embossed shapes, and tracking motion trajectory. To test the performance of PRSA in recognizing different shapes, we acquired pressure images by pressing the finger-type device coated with PRSA film on different embossed shapes and implementing the T-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding model to visualize the distinction between images of different shapes. Then we adopted a one-layer neural network to quantify the discernibility between images of different shapes. The analysis results show that the PRSA could capture the embossed shapes clearly by one contact with high discernibility up to 98.9%. Collectively, the PRSA as a promising platform demonstrates its promising potential for robotic tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Ouyang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Houhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liping Song
- Changzhou RouXi Electronics Technology Co.,Ltd, Changzhou, 213032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- School of Automation, C-IMER, CICAEET, B-DAT, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lidong Yang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mojun Chen
- Smart Manufacturing Thrust, Systems Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xi Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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3
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Rollo G, Ronca A, Cerruti P, Xia H, Gruppioni E, Lavorgna M. Optimization of Piezoresistive Response of Elastomeric Porous Structures Based on Carbon-Based Hybrid Fillers Created by Selective Laser Sintering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4404. [PMID: 38006128 PMCID: PMC10674563 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, piezoresistive sensors made by 3D printing have gained considerable interest in the field of wearable electronics due to their ultralight nature, high compressibility, robustness, and excellent electromechanical properties. In this work, building on previous results on the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) of porous systems based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and graphene (GE)/carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as carbon conductive fillers, the effect of variables such as thickness, diameter, and porosity of 3D printed disks is thoroughly studied with the aim of optimizing their piezoresistive performance. The resulting system is a disk with a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm endowed with optimal reproducibility, sensitivity, and linearity of the electrical signal. Dynamic compressive strength tests conducted on the proposed 3D printed sensors reveal a linear piezoresistive response in the range of 0.1-2 N compressive load. In addition, the optimized system is characterized at a high load frequency (2 Hz), and the stability and sensitivity of the electrical signal are evaluated. Finally, an application test demonstrates the ability of this system to be used as a real-time wearable pressure sensor for applications in prosthetics, consumer products, and personalized health-monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Rollo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Previati, 1, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Alfredo Ronca
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Previati, 1, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.)
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council Viale J.F. Kennedy, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Previati, 1, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.)
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Emanuele Gruppioni
- Istituto nazionale Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Centro Protesi, Via Rabuina, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marino Lavorgna
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Previati, 1, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.)
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, P. le Enrico Fermi, 80055 Portici, Italy
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4
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Lin Q, Zhang F, Xu X, Yang H, Mao Q, Xian D, Yao K, Meng Q. A Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Graphene/Epoxy Resin Composite Film and Screen Printing Process. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2630. [PMID: 37836271 PMCID: PMC10574549 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
At present, flexible pressure-sensitive materials generally have problems with weak adhesion and poor wear resistance, which easily result in friction failure when used for plantar pressure detection. In this study, a flexible pressure sensor with the advantages of a wide detection range, fast recovery, and good abrasive resistance was designed and prepared based on the screen printing process. The pressure-sensitive unit with a structural size of 5 mm× 8 mm was a functional material system due to the use of graphene and epoxy resin. The influence of the different mass ratios of the graphene and epoxy resin on the sensing properties was also studied. The test results showed that when the mass ratio of graphene to epoxy resin was 1:4, the response time and recovery time of the sensing unit were 40.8 ms and 3.7 ms, respectively, and the pressure detection range was 2.5-500 kPa. The sensor can detect dynamic pressure at 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz and can withstand 11,000 cycles of bending. In addition, adhesion tests showed that the high viscosity of the epoxy helped to improve the interlayer bond between the pressure-sensitive materials and the flexible substrate, which makes it more suitable for plantar pressure detection environments, where friction is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Xiamen Institute of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Chongqing Academician Workstation, Chongqing 2011 Collaborative Innovation Centers of Micro/Nano Sensing and Intelligent Ecological Internet of Things, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Sensing, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Fuzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
| | - Haolin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
| | - Dan Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Kun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qingzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Q.L.); (X.X.); (H.Y.); (Q.M.); (D.X.); (K.Y.); (Q.M.)
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265503, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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5
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Mirjalali S, Bagherzadeh R, Mahdavi Varposhti A, Asadnia M, Huang S, Chang W, Peng S, Wang CH, Wu S. Enhanced Piezoelectricity of PVDF-TrFE Nanofibers by Intercalating with Electrosprayed BaTiO 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41806-41816. [PMID: 37610412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, flexible piezoelectric devices have gained increasing interest due to their wide applications as wearable sensors and energy harvesters. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE), as one of piezoelectric polymers, has caught considerable attention because of its high flexibility, high thermal stability, and biocompatibility. However, its relatively lower piezoelectricity limits its broader applications. Herein, we present a new approach to improving the piezoelectricity of PVDF-TrFE nanofibers by integrating barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles. Instead of being directly dispersed into PVDF-TrFE nanofibers, the BTO nanoparticles were electrosprayed between the nanofiber layers to create a sandwich structure. The results showed that the sample with BTO sandwiched between PVDF-TrFE nanofibers showed a much higher piezoelectric output compared to the sample with BTO uniformly dispersed in the nanofibers, with a maximum of ∼ 457% enhancement. Simulation results suggested that the enhanced piezoelectricity is due to the larger strain induced in the BTO nanoparticles in the sandwich structure. Additionally, BTO might be better poled during electrospraying with higher field strength, which is also believed to contribute to enhanced piezoelectricity. The potential of the piezoelectric nanofiber mats as a sensor for measuring biting force and as a sensor array for pressure mapping was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Mirjalali
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Roohollah Bagherzadeh
- Institute for Advanced Textile Materials and Technologies, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Arezo Mahdavi Varposhti
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Shujuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Wenkai Chang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chun-Hui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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6
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Tama Birkocak D, Gomes P, Carvalho H. Flexible Pressure Sensors for Integration into Karate Body Protector. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6524. [PMID: 37514821 PMCID: PMC10384085 DOI: 10.3390/s23146524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in karate has also attracted the attention of researchers, especially in combining the equipment used by practitioners with technology to prevent injuries, improve technical skills and provide appropriate scoring. Contrary to the sport of taekwondo, the development of a smart body protector in the sport of karate is still a niche field to be researched. This study focused on developing piezoresistive, textile-based pressure sensors using piezoresistive film, conductive fabric as well as different bonding materials and methods. Primarily, small-scale sensors were produced using ultrasonic welding, hot press welding and oven curing. These were characterized using a universal testing machine and specific conditioning and data-acquisition hardware combined with custom processing software. Large-scale sensors were then manufactured to be placed inside the karate body protector and characterized using cyclic testing. The conditioning circuit allows flexible gain adjustment, and it was possible to obtain a stable signal with an output of up to 0.03 V/N, an adequate signal for the tested force range. The transfer function shows some drift over the cycles, in addition to the expected hysteresis and slight nonlinearity, which can be compensated for. Finally, the configuration with the best results was tested in real practice tests; during these tests the body protector was placed on a dummy as well as on a person. The results showed that the piezoresistive textile-based pressure sensor produced is able to detect and quantify the impact of even light punches, providing an unobtrusive means for performance monitoring and score calculation for competitive practice of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Tama Birkocak
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Textile Engineering Department, Ege University, 35040 İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Textile Engineering Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helder Carvalho
- Textile Engineering Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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7
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Tovar-Lopez FJ. Recent Progress in Micro- and Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Challenges. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5406. [PMID: 37420577 DOI: 10.3390/s23125406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors have made remarkable advancements in the fields of biomedicine and the environment, enabling the sensitive and selective detection and quantification of diverse analytes. In biomedicine, these sensors have facilitated disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and point-of-care devices. In environmental monitoring, they have played a crucial role in assessing air, water, and soil quality, as well as ensured food safety. Despite notable progress, numerous challenges persist. This review article addresses recent developments in micro- and nanotechnology-enabled sensors for biomedical and environmental challenges, focusing on enhancing basic sensing techniques through micro/nanotechnology. Additionally, it explores the applications of these sensors in addressing current challenges in both biomedical and environmental domains. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to expand the detection capabilities of sensors/devices, enhance sensitivity and selectivity, integrate wireless communication and energy-harvesting technologies, and optimize sample preparation, material selection, and automated components for sensor design, fabrication, and characterization.
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8
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Gilanizadehdizaj G, Bhattacharyya D, Stringer J, Aw K. Elucidating the Conducting Mechanisms in a Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Film in Silicone Elastomer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2443. [PMID: 36904647 PMCID: PMC10006949 DOI: 10.3390/s23052443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sensors as a composite film made from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) structures filled with a silicone elastomer are soft and flexible, making them suitable for wearable applications. The sensors exhibit three distinct conducting regions, denoting different conducting mechanisms when pressure is applied. This article aims to elucidate the conduction mechanisms in these sensors made from this composite film. It was deduced that the conducting mechanisms are dominated by Schottky/thermionic emission and Ohmic conduction.
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9
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Zhou X, Cao W. Flexible and Stretchable Carbon-Based Sensors and Actuators for Soft Robots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 36678069 PMCID: PMC9864711 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of low-dimensional carbon-based materials, such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, together with the advances in materials science, have greatly enriched the variety of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Compared with conventional rigid devices, these soft robotic sensors and actuators exhibit remarkable advantages in terms of their biocompatibility, portability, power efficiency, and wearability, thus creating myriad possibilities of novel wearable and implantable tactile sensors, as well as micro-/nano-soft actuation systems. Interestingly, not only are carbon-based materials ideal constituents for photodetectors, gas, thermal, triboelectric sensors due to their geometry and extraordinary sensitivity to various external stimuli, but they also provide significantly more precise manipulation of the actuators than conventional centimeter-scale pneumatic and hydraulic robotic actuators, at a molecular level. In this review, we summarize recent progress on state-of-the-art flexible and stretchable carbon-based sensors and actuators that have creatively added to the development of biomedicine, nanoscience, materials science, as well as soft robotics. In the end, we propose the future potential of carbon-based materials for biomedical and soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy Efficient and Custom AI IC, Shanghai 201210, China
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10
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Liu E, Cai Z, Ye Y, Zhou M, Liao H, Yi Y. An Overview of Flexible Sensors: Development, Application, and Challenges. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:817. [PMID: 36679612 PMCID: PMC9863693 DOI: 10.3390/s23020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and advancement of flexible electronics have great potential to lead development trends in many fields, such as "smart electronic skin" and wearable electronics. By acting as intermediates to detect a variety of external stimuli or physiological parameters, flexible sensors are regarded as a core component of flexible electronic systems and have been extensively studied. Unlike conventional rigid sensors requiring costly instruments and complicated fabrication processes, flexible sensors can be manufactured by simple procedures with excellent production efficiency, reliable output performance, and superior adaptability to the irregular surface of the surroundings where they are applied. Here, recent studies on flexible sensors for sensing humidity and strain/pressure are outlined, emphasizing their sensory materials, working mechanisms, structures, fabrication methods, and particular applications. Furthermore, a conclusion, including future perspectives and a short overview of the market share in this field, is given for further advancing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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11
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Verma A, Goos R, Weerdt JD, Pelgrims P, Ferraris E. Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Fully 3D-Printed Pressure Sensor Using a Hybrid Printing Approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7531. [PMID: 36236629 PMCID: PMC9572801 DOI: 10.3390/s22197531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensing is not a new concept and can be applied by using different transduction mechanisms and manufacturing techniques, including printed electronics approaches. However, very limited efforts have been taken to realise pressure sensors fully using additive manufacturing techniques, especially for personalised guide prosthetics in biomedical applications. In this work, we present a novel, fully printed piezoresistive pressure sensor, which was realised by using Aerosol Jet® Printing (AJP) and Screen Printing. AJ®P was specifically chosen to print silver interconnects on a selective laser sintered (SLS) polyamide board as a customised substrate, while piezoresistive electrodes were manually screen-printed on the top of the interconnects as the sensing layer. The sensor was electromechanically tested, and its response was registered upon the application of given signals, in terms of sensitivity, hysteresis, reproducibility, and time drift. When applying a ramping pressure, the sensor showed two different sensitive regions: (i) a highly sensitive region in the range of 0 to 0.12 MPa with an average sensitivity of 106 Ω/MPa and a low sensitive zone within 0.12 to 1.25 MPa with an average sensitivity of 7.6 Ω/MPa with some indeterminate overlapping regions. Hysteresis was negligible and an electrical resistance deviation of about 14% was observed in time drift experiments. Such performances will satisfy the demands of our application in the biomedical field as a smart prosthetics guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Ruben Goos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Jurre De Weerdt
- EmSys Research Group, Thomas More Mechelen—Antwerpen, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pelgrims
- EmSys Research Group, Thomas More Mechelen—Antwerpen, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
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12
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Duan Y, Wu J, He S, Su B, Li Z, Wang Y. Bioinspired Spinosum Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on CNT/PDMS Nanocomposites for Broad Range and High Sensitivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3265. [PMID: 36234394 PMCID: PMC9565558 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have garnered much attention recently owing to their prospective applications in fields such as structural health monitoring. Capacitive pressure sensors have been extensively researched due to their exceptional features, such as a simple structure, strong repeatability, minimal loss and temperature independence. Inspired by the skin epidermis, we report a high-sensitivity flexible capacitive pressure sensor with a broad detection range comprising a bioinspired spinosum dielectric layer. Using an abrasive paper template, the bioinspired spinosum was fabricated using carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane (CNT/PDMS) composites. It was observed that nanocomposites comprising 1 wt% CNTs had excellent sensing properties. These capacitive pressure sensors allowed them to function at a wider pressure range (~500 kPa) while maintaining sensitivity (0.25 kPa-1) in the range of 0-50 kPa, a quick response time of approximately 20 ms and a high stability even after 10,000 loading-unloading cycles. Finally, a capacitive pressure sensor array was created to detect the deformation of tires, which provides a fresh approach to achieving intelligent tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Shixue He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Benlong Su
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Youshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Center for Rubber Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
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Research Progresses in Microstructure Designs of Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173670. [PMID: 36080744 PMCID: PMC9460742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology is one of the research hotspots, and numerous wearable devices have been widely used in our daily life. As an important part of wearable devices, flexible sensors can effectively detect various stimuli related to specific environments or biological species, having a very bright development prospect. Therefore, there has been lots of studies devoted to developing high-performance flexible pressure sensors. In addition to developing a variety of materials with excellent performances, the microstructure designs of materials can also effectively improve the performances of sensors, which has brought new ideas to scientists and attracted their attention increasingly. This paper will summarize the flexible pressure sensors based on material microstructure designs in recent years. The paper will mainly discuss the processing methods and characteristics of various sensors with different microstructures, and compare the advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of them. At the same time, the main application fields of flexible pressure sensors based on microstructure designs will be listed, and their future development and challenges will be discussed.
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