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Eltaweil AS, Abd El-Monaem EM, El-Subruiti GM, Ali BM, Abd El-Latif MM, Omer AM. Graphene oxide incorporated cellulose acetate beads for efficient removal of methylene blue dye; isotherms, kinetic, mechanism and co-existing ions studies. JOURNAL OF POROUS MATERIALS 2023; 30:607-618. [DOI: 10.1007/s10934-022-01347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this investigation, new porous adsorbent beads were formulated via the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into cellulose acetate beads (CA) for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. The experimental results signified that the adsorption of MB dye increased with the increase in the GO ratio from 10 to 25%. In addition, the adsorption process obeyed PSO kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity reaching 369.85 mg/g. More importantly, it was proposed that the adsorption mechanism of MB dye onto GO@CA proceeded via electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, van der Waals forces, n-π and π -π interactions. Besides, the fabricated beads exhibited an excellent ability to recycle and reuse after five successive cycles. In addition, there was a high selectivity of GO@CA beads towards MB molecules in the presence of co-existing cations such as Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+.
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Application of egg yolk IgY on carboxylated polypyrrole films for impedimetric detection of PfHRP2 antigen. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Density functional theory studies of polypyrrole and polypyrrole derivatives; substituent effect on the optical and electronic properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, Paz San Andrés M, Díez-Pascual AM. Surface functionalization of graphene oxide with tannic acid: Covalent vs non-covalent approaches. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Díez-Pascual AM. Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Recent Advances. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2102. [PMID: 35631984 PMCID: PMC9147770 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are currently attracting a great deal of interest due to their unique chemical, optical, and electronic properties, which make them suitable for a broad range of uses, including supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries, biomedicine, and so forth [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Eltaweil AS, Mamdouh IM, Abd El-Monaem EM, El-Subruiti GM. Highly Efficient Removal for Methylene Blue and Cu 2+ onto UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework/Carboxylated Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Sodium Alginate Beads. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23528-23541. [PMID: 34549149 PMCID: PMC8444308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composite beads adsorbent made via incorporating UiO-66 MOF, carboxylated graphene oxide (GOCOOH) into sodium alginate for efficient removal of methylene blue dye, and Cu2+ ions. The successful fabrication of the synthesized UiO-66/GOCOOH@SA composite beads was confirmed by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis and BET measurement. The incorporation of both UiO-66 and GOCOOH into SA beads greatly increased their adsorption efficiency for the removal of both MB and Cu2+ with maximum adsorption capacities of 490.72 and 343.49 mg/g, respectively. The removal process of both MB and Cu2+ follows the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm model. A plausible adsorption mechanism was discussed in detail. Regeneration tests clarified that the removal efficiencies toward both MB and Cu2+ remained higher than 87% after five cycles. These results reveal the potentiality of UiO-66/GOCOOH@SA beads as an excellent adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem S. Eltaweil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Injy M. Mamdouh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Abd El-Monaem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Gehan M. El-Subruiti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty
of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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7
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Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR, Junior FFM, Gemini-Piperni S, Carneiro SV, Fechine LMUD, Freire RM, Golokhvast K, Metrangolo P, Fechine PBA, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene and its derivatives: understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 12:693-727. [PMID: 34512930 PMCID: PMC8419677 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Monteiro Magne
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Biophysics and Nanosystems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão 65080805 Brazil
| | - Francisco Franciné Maia Junior
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, RN 59625-900 Brazil
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Laboratory of Advanced Science, Universidade Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-202 Brazil
| | - Samuel V. Carneiro
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Lillian M. U. D. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Freire
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8910060 Santiago, Chile
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico Di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre B. A. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Av Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 200, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 2100000 Brazil
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8
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Díez-Pascual AM. Development of Graphene-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites: A Brief Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2978. [PMID: 34503017 PMCID: PMC8433988 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene (G) and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have outstanding electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties, owed to their 2D structure and large specific surface area. Further, their combination with polymers leads to novel nanocomposites with enhanced structural and functional properties due to synergistic effects. Such nanocomposites are becoming increasingly useful in a wide variety of fields ranging from biomedicine to the electronics and energy storage applications. In this review, a brief introduction on the aforementioned G derivatives is presented, and different strategies to develop polymeric nanocomposites are described. Several functionalization methods including covalent and non-covalent approaches to increase their interaction with polymers are summarized, and selected examples are provided. Further, applications of this type of nanocomposites in the field of energy are discussed, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, transparent conductive electrodes, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, and active layers of organic solar cells. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for G-based polymeric nanocomposites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Farhana FZ, Umer M, Saeed A, Pannu AS, Husaini S, Sonar P, Firoz SH, Shiddiky MJA. e-MagnetoMethyl IP: a magnetic nanoparticle-mediated immunoprecipitation and electrochemical detection method for global DNA methylation. Analyst 2021; 146:3654-3665. [PMID: 33949437 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) content has emerged as a promising approach for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers. However, conventional methods for the global 5mC analysis require large quantities of DNA and may not be useful for liquid biopsy applications, where the amount of DNA available is limited. Herein, we report magnetic nanoparticles-assisted methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (e-MagnetoMethyl IP) coupled with electrochemical quantification of global DNA methylation. Carboxyl (-COOH) group-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (C-IONPs) synthesized by a novel starch-assisted gel formation method were conjugated with anti-5mC antibodies through EDC/NHS coupling (anti-5mC/C-IONPs). Anti-5mC/C-IONPs were subsequently mixed with DNA samples, in which they acted as dispersible capture agents to selectively bind 5mC residues and capture the methylated fraction of genomic DNA. The target-bound Anti-5mC/C-IONPs were magnetically separated and directly adsorbed onto the gold electrode surface using gold-DNA affinity interaction. The amount of DNA adsorbed on the electrode surface, which corresponds to the DNA methylation level in the sample, was electrochemically estimated by differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) study of an electroactive indicator [Ru(NH3)6]3+ bound to the surface-adsorbed DNA. Using a 200 ng DNA sample, the assay could successfully detect differences as low as 5% in global DNA methylation levels with high reproducibility (relative standard deviation (% RSD) = <5% for n = 3). The method could also reproducibly analyze various levels of global DNA methylation in synthetic samples as well as in cell lines. The method avoids bisulfite treatment, does not rely on enzymes for signal generation, and can detect global DNA methylation using clinically relevant quantities of sample DNA without PCR amplification. We believe that this proof-of-concept method could potentially find applications for liquid biopsy-based global DNA methylation analysis in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Zerin Farhana
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Ayad Saeed
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Amandeep Singh Pannu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia and Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Sediqa Husaini
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia and Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Shakhawat H Firoz
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia. and School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
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Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030339. [PMID: 33494537 PMCID: PMC7865638 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6-7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.
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Graphene Oxides Derivatives Prepared by an Electrochemical Approach: Correlation between Structure and Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122532. [PMID: 33348545 PMCID: PMC7766825 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) can be defined as a single monolayer of graphite with oxygen-containing functionalities such as epoxides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. It is an interesting alternative to graphene for many applications due to its exceptional properties and feasibility of functionalization. In this study, electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxides (EGOs) with different amounts of surface groups, hence level of oxidation, were prepared by an electrochemical two-stage approach using graphite as raw material. A complete characterization of the EGOs was carried out in order to correlate their surface topography, interlayer spacing, defect content, and specific surface area (SSA) with their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It has been found that the SSA has a direct relationship with the d-spacing. The EGOs electrical resistance decreases with increasing SSA while rises with increasing the D/G band intensity ratio in the Raman spectra, hence the defect content. Their thermal stability under both nitrogen and dry air atmospheres depends on both their oxidation level and defect content. Their macroscopic mechanical properties, namely the Young’s modulus and tensile strength, are influenced by the defect content, while no correlation was found with their SSA or interlayer spacing. Young moduli values as high as 54 GPa have been measured, which corroborates that the developed method preserves the integrity of the graphene flakes. Understanding the structure-property relationships in these materials is useful for the design of modified GOs with controllable morphologies and properties for a wide range of applications in electrical/electronic devices.
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Illés E, Tombácz E, Hegedűs Z, Szabó T. Tunable Magnetic Hyperthermia Properties of Pristine and Mildly Reduced Graphene Oxide/Magnetite Nanocomposite Dispersions. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122426. [PMID: 33291627 PMCID: PMC7761925 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a study on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of graphene oxide/magnetite (GO/MNP) nanocomposites to investigate their heat production behavior upon the modification of the oxidation degree of the carbonaceous host. Avoiding the harsh chemical conditions of the regular in situ co-precipitation-based routes, the oppositely charged MNPs and GO nanosheets were combined by the heterocoagulation process at pH ~ 5.5, which is a mild way to synthesize composite nanostructures at room temperature. Nanocomposites prepared at 1/5 and 1/10 GO/MNP mass ratios were reduced by NaBH4 and L-ascorbic acid (LAA) under acidic (pH ~ 3.5) and alkaline conditions (pH ~ 9.3). We demonstrate that the pH has a crucial effect on the LAA-assisted conversion of graphene oxide to reduced GO (rGO): alkaline reduction at higher GO loadings leads to doubled heat production of the composite. Spectrophotometry proved that neither the moderately acidic nor alkaline conditions promote the iron dissolution of the magnetic core. Although the treatment with NaBH4 also increased the hyperthermic efficiency of aqueous GO/MNP nanocomposite suspensions, it caused a drastic decline in their colloidal stability. However, considering the enhanced heat production and the slightly improved stability of the rGO/MNP samples, the reduction with LAA under alkaline condition is a more feasible way to improve the hyperthermic efficiency of magnetically modified graphene oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Illés
- Correspondence: (E.I.); (T.S.); Tel.: +36-62-544-112 (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Tamás Szabó
- Correspondence: (E.I.); (T.S.); Tel.: +36-62-544-112 (T.S.)
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13
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Tombácz E, Tóth IY, Kovács K, Illés E, Szekeres M, Barna B, Csicsor A, Szabó T. Striking analogies and dissimilarities between graphene oxides and humic acids: pH-dependent charging and colloidal stability. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Electrically-Conductive Polyketone Nanocomposites Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040923. [PMID: 32316345 PMCID: PMC7240681 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the functionalization of polyketone 30 (PK30) with glycyl-glycine (Gly-Gly) via the Paal-Knorr reaction with the aim of homogenously dispersing two types of reduced graphene oxide (rGO, i.e., lrGO and hrGO, the former characterized by a lower degree of reduction in comparison to the latter) by non-covalent interactions. The functional PK30-Gly-Gly polymer was effective in preparing composites with homogeneously distributed rGO characterized by an effective percolation threshold at 5 wt. %. All the composites showed a typical semiconductive behavior and stable electrical response after several heating/cooling cycles from 30 to 115 °C. Composites made by hrGO displayed the same resistive behaviour even if flanked by a considerable improvement on conductivity, in agreement with the more reduced rGO content. Interestingly, no permanent percolative network was shown by the composite with 4 wt. % of lrGO at temperatures higher than 45 °C. This material can be used as an ON-OFF temperature sensor and could find interesting applications as sensing material in soft robotics applications.
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Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for High-Performance Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040872. [PMID: 32290251 PMCID: PMC7240536 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Díez-Pascual AM, Sainz-Urruela C, Vallés C, Vera-López S, San Andrés MP. Tailorable Synthesis of Highly Oxidized Graphene Oxides via an Environmentally-Friendly Electrochemical Process. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E239. [PMID: 32013166 PMCID: PMC7075238 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is an attractive alternative to graphene for many applications due to its captivating optical, chemical, and electrical characteristics. In this work, GO powders with a different amount of surface groups were synthesized from graphite via an electrochemical two-stage process. Many synthesis conditions were tried to maximize the oxidation level, and comprehensive characterization of the resulting samples was carried out via elemental analysis, microscopies (TEM, SEM, AFM), X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies as well as electrical resistance measurements. SEM and TEM images corroborate that the electrochemical process used herein preserves the integrity of the graphene flakes, enabling to obtain large, uniform and well exfoliated GO sheets. The GOs display a wide range of C/O ratios, determined by the voltage and time of each stage as well as the electrolyte concentration, and an unprecedented minimum C/O value was obtained for the optimal conditions. FT-IR evidences strong intermolecular interactions between neighbouring oxygenated groups. The intensity ratio of D/G bands in the Raman spectra is high for samples prepared using concentrated H2SO4 as an electrolyte, indicative of many defects. Furthermore, these GOs exhibit smaller interlayer spacing than that expected according to their oxygen content, which suggests predominant oxidation on the flake edges. Results point out that the electrical resistance is conditioned mostly by the interlayer distance and not simply by the C/O ratio. The tuning of the oxidation level is useful for the design of GOs with tailorable structural, electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry Research, “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid- Barcelona Km. 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Cristina Vallés
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry Research, “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid- Barcelona Km. 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry Research, “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid- Barcelona Km. 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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