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Hu B, Wang L, Zeng J, Ge Y, Pan S, Shao Y, Lu H. Straightforward Strategy Toward In Situ Water-Phase Exfoliation and Improved Interfacial Adhesion to Fabricate High-Performance Polypropylene/Graphene Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37903-37915. [PMID: 37493641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a potential candidate for achieving high-performance and multifunctional polypropylene (PP) composites. However, the complex manufacturing process and low dispersibility of graphene, as well as poor interfacial adhesion between graphene and polypropylene chains, stifle progress on large-scale production and applications of graphene/polypropylene composites. Here, we develop a strategy of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) latex-assisted graphene exfoliation and melt blending to address the key challenges facing in industrial production. The surface property of the graphitic precursor is well-designed to achieve a high graphene exfoliation yield of ∼100% and induce abundant hydrogen bonding between the obtained mild-oxidized graphene (MOG) sheets and MAPP chains. Therefore, the MAPP-modified MOG can homogeneously disperse in the PP matrix and exhibits an excellent interfacial compatibility with the polymer. The addition of 5 wt % MOG results in simultaneous increase in the initial decomposition temperature, crystallization temperature, tensile strength, and Young's modulus by 43.2, 11.4 °C, 21.5, and 50.7%, respectively, and the electrical conductivity increases to 0.02 S·m-1. This work illustrates a practical solution to low-cost, eco-friendly, and feasible industrial production of graphene/PP composites through synchronous exfoliation and interfacial modification of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lequan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiaxi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shaoxue Pan
- Engineering Research Institute, China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., 1568 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Yizhen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
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2
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Wojno S, Sonker AK, Feldhusen J, Westman G, Kádár R. Isotropic Gels of Cellulose Nanocrystals Grafted with Dialkyl Groups: Influence of Surface Group Topology from Nonlinear Oscillatory Shear. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6433-6446. [PMID: 37096902 PMCID: PMC10173451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Attractive (non-self-assembling) aqueous cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions were topologically tailored into isotropic gels through the surface grafting of dialkyl groups. We thus focus on the influence of CNC concentration, including for pristine CNC, surface linker branching, branching degree, and the influence of side group size and branch-on-branch surface-grafted groups. The resulting mobility and strength of interaction in particle-particle interaction mediated by the surface groups was investigated from a rheological point of view. The emphasis is on nonlinear material parameters from Fourier-transform rheology and stress decomposition analysis. The results show that nonlinear material parameters are more sensitive than linear viscoelastic parameters to the onset of weakly interconnected networks in pristine CNC isotropic suspensions. All surface-modified CNC suspensions resulted in isotropic gels. The nonlinear material parameters were found to be broadly sensitive to CNC concentration, branching, degree of branching and surface-grafted linkers' length. However, the length of the grafted chains and the degree of branching were the primary factors influencing the nonlinear material response. Furthermore, the results showed evidence of two strain amplitude ranges with distinct nonlinear signatures that could be attributed to the disruption of weak network connection points and to distortions of more dense (aggregate) network regions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wojno
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amit Kumar Sonker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jelka Feldhusen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Westman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Chalmers, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Payandehpeyman J, Mazaheri M. Geometrical and physical effects of nanofillers on percolation and electrical conductivity of polymer carbon-based nanocomposites: a general micro-mechanical model. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:530-539. [PMID: 36541407 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A micro-mechanical model was developed to describe the electrical percolation and effective electrical conductivity of nanocomposites containing fillers with different shapes such as graphene nanoplatelets, carbon black, and carbon nanotubes. The fillers are considered to be an oblate or short cylindrical shape for graphene nanoplatelets, a spherical or spheroidal shape for carbon blacks, and a prolate or long cylindrical shape for carbon nanotubes. The effects of the filler shape, filler size, filler aspect ratios, the thickness of the interphase layer, the conductivity of the filler, the conductivity of the interphase layer, the conductivity of the matrix, volume fractions, quantum tunneling distance, and tunneling barrier height have been examined. This modified mean field model well describes the electrical properties of nanocomposites in the whole range of volume fractions for a variety of experimental results with various reinforcements. Also, it reproduces the very sharp behavior of the percolation transition well around the percolation threshold. The results show that nanocomposites containing fillers with an aspect ratio of 10-2 < M < 102 and a volume fraction of ϕf < 0.3 show an insulating behavior while exhibiting a metallic behavior in the ranges M < 10-2 and M > 102. This model produces variations in the percolation threshold in terms of the aspect ratio as a parabolic curve that can be used to predict the percolation threshold of nanocomposites with various fillers. The present general model can provide a new insight to design conductive polymer nanocomposites with the desired features and specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Payandehpeyman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, 65169-1-3733, Iran
| | - M Mazaheri
- Department of Basic Science, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, 65169-1-3733, Iran.
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Stalmann G, Matic A, Jacobsson P, Tranchida D, Gitsas A, Gkourmpis T. Crystallisation Kinetics and Associated Electrical Conductivity Dynamics of Poly(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) Nanocomposites in the Melt State. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3602. [PMID: 36296791 PMCID: PMC9612297 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite systems comprised of a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix and carbon black (CB) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were used to investigate conductivity and crystallisation dynamics using a commercially relevant melt-state mixing process. Crystallisation kinetics and morphology, as investigated by DSC and SEM, turn out to depend on the interplay of (i) the interphase interactions between matrix and filler, and (ii) the degree of filler agglomeration. For the GNP-based systems, an almost constant conductivity value was observed for all compositions upon cooling, something not observed for the CB-based compositions. These conductivity changes reflect structural and morphological changes that can be associated with positive and negative thermal expansion coefficients. GNP-based systems were observed to exhibit a percolation threshold of approximately 2.2 vol%, lower than the 4.4 vol% observed for the CB-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Stalmann
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothemburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Jacobsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Antonis Gitsas
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, 444 86 Stenungsund, Sweden
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Additive Manufactured Poly(ε-caprolactone)-graphene Scaffolds: Lamellar Crystal Orientation, Mechanical Properties and Biological Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091669. [PMID: 35566838 PMCID: PMC9101196 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechano-biological coupling mechanisms of biomaterials for tissue engineering is of major importance to assure proper scaffold performance in situ. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to establish correlations between biomaterials, their processing conditions, and their mechanical behaviour, as well as their biological performance. With this work, it was possible to infer a correlation between the addition of graphene nanoparticles (GPN) in a concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% (w/w) (GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) in three-dimensional poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based scaffolds, the extrusion-based processing parameters, and the lamellar crystal orientation through small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of extruded samples of PCL and PCL/GPN. Results revealed a significant impact on the scaffold's mechanical properties to a maximum of 0.5% of GPN content, with a significant improvement in the compressive modulus of 59 MPa to 93 MPa. In vitro cell culture experiments showed the scaffold's ability to support the adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts (fold increase of 28, 22, 23, and 13 at day 13 (in relation to day 1) for PCL, GPN0.25, GPN0.5, and GPN0.75, respectively) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (seven-fold increase for all sample groups at day 21 in relation to day 1). Moreover, the cells maintained high viability, regular morphology, and migration capacity in all the different experimental groups, assuring the potential of PCL/GPN scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications.
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Titone V, Mistretta MC, Botta L, Mantia FPL. Investigation on the Properties and on the Photo-Oxidation Behaviour of Polypropylene/Fumed Silica Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162673. [PMID: 34451213 PMCID: PMC8399021 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of very small amounts of fumed silica on the morphology and on the rheological and mechanical behaviour of polypropylene nanocomposites and on their photo-oxidation behaviour. Polypropylene nanocomposites were prepared using a twin-screw corotating extruder with 0, 1 and 2 wt/wt% of SiO2. Morphological, mechanical, thermomechanical and rheological properties were examined. It was found that the viscosity of the matrix is reduced by the presence of the silica nanoparticles, suggesting a poor adhesion between the two phases and probably some lubricating effect. On the contrary, the mechanical and, in particular, the thermomechanical properties of the matrix are considerably improved by the presence of the silica. In particular, elastic modulus and tensile strength increases remarkably, and this effect becomes more and more remarkable with an increasing temperature. As for the photo-oxidation behaviour, the presence of silica improves the photostability of the polypropylene matrix. This effect has been attributed to both the barrier to the oxygen and to the absorbance of the UV radiation from the silica nanoparticles. Finally, no significant effect of the silica nanoparticles has been put in evidence on the crystallisation behaviour of the polypropylene. As for the effect of the silica content, the difference in the properties of the two nanocomposites is relatively small and all the measured properties depend much less than linearly with its amount. This has been correlated with the reaggregation of the nanoparticles that, having a larger size, decrease the contact area between the matrix and the filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Titone
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.M.); (L.B.)
- INSTM Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.M.); (L.B.)
- INSTM Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.T.); (M.C.M.); (L.B.)
- INSTM Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50125 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zhao X, Huang D, Ewulonu CM, Wu M, Wang C, Huang Y. Polypropylene/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites with high conductivity via solid-state shear mixing. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The research on facile, low-cost, and green process for the uniform dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into polymer matrix has always been a considerable challenge in practical applications. The Van der Waals interaction between graphene layers can easily cause aggregation of the nanofillers. Here, we propose a new method to solve this problem by involving solid-state shear mixing to obtain a well-dispersed nanocomposite. The comprehensive properties of nanocomposite, including antistatic properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, can be significantly enhanced by this method. The surface resistivity of the nanocomposite can be up to 2.4 × 107 Ω sq−1 under 1 wt% content of GNPs, which is significantly better than the value obtained by conventional melting compounding and meets the required standard of less than 3 × 108 Ω sq−1 for actual application antistatic materials. The impact strength of the nanocomposite increased by 120.8% when compared with neat PP. At the same time, the heat distortion temperature and initial decomposition temperature of the nanocomposite with only 0.5 wt% content of GNPs are improved by 11.7°C and 110°C, respectively. In addition, GNPs is a heterogeneous nucleating agent that leads PP to emerge β crystal form. This study provides an effective and practical reference for the broad-scale industrial preparation of polymer-based graphene nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dayong Huang
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chinomso M. Ewulonu
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University , P. M. B 5025 , Awka , Nigeria
| | - Min Wu
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chao Wang
- Functional Polymer Materials Center, National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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8
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Al‐Maqdasi Z, Pupure L, Gong G, Emami N, Joffe R. Time‐dependent properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced high‐density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Al‐Maqdasi
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
| | - Liva Pupure
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
- Riga Technical University, Institute of Construction and Reconstruction Riga Latvia
| | - Guan Gong
- RISE SICOMP AB, Composite materials and product development Piteå Sweden
| | - Nazanin Emami
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
| | - Roberts Joffe
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
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Rohm K, Solouki Bonab V, Manas‐Zloczower I. In situ TPU/graphene nanocomposites: Correlation between filler aspect ratio and phase morphology. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Rohm
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Vahab Solouki Bonab
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Ica Manas‐Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
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Pathak AK, Zhou Y, Lecointre L, Yokozeki T. Polypropylene nanocomposites with high-loading conductive carbon nano-reinforcements for multifunctional applications. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gaska K, Manika GC, Gkourmpis T, Tranchida D, Gitsas A, Kádár R. Mechanical Behavior of Melt-Mixed 3D Hierarchical Graphene/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1309. [PMID: 32521812 PMCID: PMC7361869 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of novel low percolation melt-mixed 3D hierarchical graphene/polypropylene nanocomposites are analyzed in this study. The analysis spans a broad range of techniques and time scales, from impact to tensile, dynamic mechanical behavior, and creep. The applicability of the time-temperature superposition principle and its limitations in the construction of the master curve for the isotactic polypropylene (iPP)-based graphene nanocomposites has been verified and presented. The Williams-Landel-Ferry method has been used to evaluate the dynamics and also Cole-Cole curves were presented to verify the thermorheological character of the nanocomposites. Short term (quasi-static) tensile tests, creep, and impact strength measurements were used to evaluate the load transfer efficiency. A significant increase of Young's modulus with increasing filler content indicates reasonably good dispersion and adhesion between the iPP and the filler. The Young's modulus results were compared with predicted modulus values using Halpin-Tsai model. An increase in brittleness resulting in lower impact strength values has also been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gaska
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Georgia C. Manika
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Thomas Gkourmpis
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis AB, SE-444 86 Stenungsund, Sweden;
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonis Gitsas
- Innovation & Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021 Linz, Austria; (D.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Roland Kádár
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Division of Engineering Materials, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.C.M.); (R.K.)
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12
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Boldt R, Leuteritz A, Schob D, Ziegenhorn M, Wagenknecht U. Barrier Properties of GnP-PA-Extruded Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030669. [PMID: 32192140 PMCID: PMC7183322 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally known that significant improvements in the properties of nanocomposites can be achieved with graphene types currently commercially available. However, so far this is only possible on a laboratory scale. Thus, the aim of this study was to transfer results from laboratory scale experiments to industrial processes. Therefore, nanocomposites based on polyamide (PA) and graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were prepared in order to produce membranes with improved gas barrier properties, which are characterized by reduced permeation rates of helium. First, nanocomposites were prepared with different amounts of commercial availably graphene nanoplatelets using a semi-industrial-scale compounder. Subsequently, films were produced by compression molding at different temperatures, as well as by flat film extrusion. The extruded films were annealed at different temperatures and durations. In order to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on barrier properties in correlation to thermal, structural, and morphological properties, the films were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), melt rheology measurements, and permeation measurements. In addition to structural characterization, mechanical properties were investigated. The results demonstrate that the permeation rate is strongly influenced by the processing conditions and the filler content. If the filler content is increased, the permeation rate is reduced. The annealing process can further enhance this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Boldt
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (A.L.); (U.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (A.L.); (U.W.)
| | - Daniela Schob
- Faculty Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Energy Systems, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Matthias Ziegenhorn
- Faculty Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Energy Systems, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitaetsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (D.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Udo Wagenknecht
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (A.L.); (U.W.)
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