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Genova C, Marconi S, Chiorino G, Guana F, Ostano P, Santamaria S, Rossi G, Vanni I, Longo L, Tagliamento M, Zullo L, Dal Bello MG, Dellepiane C, Alama A, Rijavec E, Ludovini V, Barletta G, Passiglia F, Metro G, Baglivo S, Chiari R, Rivoltini L, Biello F, Baraibar I, Gil-Bazo I, Novello S, Grossi F, Coco S. Extracellular vesicles miR-574-5p and miR-181a-5p as prognostic markers in NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:182. [PMID: 39105937 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although patient survival is still unsatisfactory. Accurate predictive markers capable of personalizing the treatment of patients with NSCLC are still lacking. Circulating extracellular vesicles involved in cell-to-cell communications through miRNAs (EV-miRs) transfer are promising markers. Plasma from 245 patients with advanced NSCLC who received nivolumab as second-line therapy was collected and analyzed. EV-miRnome was profiled on 174/245 patients by microarray platform, and selected EV-miRs were validated by qPCR. A prognostic model combining EV-miR and clinical variables was built using stepwise Cox regression analysis and tested on an independent patient cohort (71/245). EV-PD-L1 gene copy number was assessed by digital PCR. For 54 patients with disease control, EV-miR changes at best response versus baseline were investigated by microarray and validated by qPCR. EV-miRNome profiling at baseline identified two EV-miRs (miR-181a-5p and miR-574-5p) that, combined with performance status, are capable of discriminating patients unlikely from those that are likely to benefit from immunotherapy (median overall survival of 4 months or higher than 9 months, respectively). EV-PD-L1 digital evaluation reported higher baseline copy number in patients at increased risk of mortality, without improving the prognostic score. Best response EV-miRNome profiling selected six deregulated EV-miRs (miR19a-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-1260a, miR-1260b, and miR-5100) in responding patients. Their longitudinal monitoring highlighted a significant downmodulation already in the first treatment cycles, which lasted more than 6 months. Our results demonstrate that EV-miRs are promising prognostic markers for NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Genova
- UOC Clinica Di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Interna E Specialità Mediche (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Marconi
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo Ed Elvo Tempia, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy.
| | - Francesca Guana
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo Ed Elvo Tempia, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo Ed Elvo Tempia, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Sara Santamaria
- UOC Clinica Di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rossi
- UOC Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Vanni
- Genetica Oncologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Longo
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Tagliamento
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Interna E Specialità Mediche (DiMI), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lodovica Zullo
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Dal Bello
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Dellepiane
- UOC Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angela Alama
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erika Rijavec
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Vienna Ludovini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 3, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Barletta
- UOC Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Giulio Metro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 3, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Baglivo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 3, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Chiari
- Azienda Ospedaliera "Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord", Piazzale Cinelli 4, 61126, Pesaro, PU, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Biello
- Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore Della Carità, Largo Bellini, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. de Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research and Navarra Institute for Health Research, Av. de Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. de Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research and Navarra Institute for Health Research, Av. de Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Grossi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ospedale Di Circolo E Fondazione Macchi, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Via Lazio, 36, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Coco
- UOS Tumori Polmonari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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2
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Babaei A, Yazdi AT, Ranji R, Bahadoran E, Taheri S, Nikkhahi F, Ghorbani S, Abbasi A. Therapeutic Effects of Exosomal miRNA-4731-5p from Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells on Human Glioblastoma Cells. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103061. [PMID: 39098111 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed and serve as tumor suppressors in glioblastoma (GBM). The present study aimed to elucidate the function of exosomal microRNA-4731-5p (miR-4731-5p) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) in the activity of human GBM cell lines. METHOD First, GBM-related miRNAs, their expression, and potential target genes and cytokines of miR-4731-5p were identified using bioinformatic datasets. Subsequently, purified AD-MSCs were transfected with a miRNA-4731-5p expression plasmid, and exosomes were isolated and characterized. Next, the transfection process was confirmed and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the overexpressed exosomal miRNA-4731-5p was inhibited for cancer cells. The probable anticancer action of exosomal miRNA-4731-5p on U-87 and U-251 GBM cell lines was verified by flow cytometry, DAPI staining, cell cycle, real-time PCR, and wound healing assays. RESULTS A concentration of 50 ng/mL of miRNA-4731-5p-transfected exosomes was the safe dose for anticancer settings. The results showed that the exosomal miR-4731-5p exerted an inhibitory effect on the cell cycle and migration and induced apoptosis in GBM cell lines by regulating the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-AKT (PI3K-AKT) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study reveals that the expression of exosomal miRNA-4731-5p has favorable antitumor properties for the treatment of GBM cell lines and may be a fundamental therapeutic option for this type of brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Amin Torabi Yazdi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Ranji
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Bahadoran
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Kumar RMR. Exosomal microRNAs: impact on cancer detection, treatment, and monitoring. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03590-6. [PMID: 38971914 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, measuring between 30 and 150 nm in diameter, are small vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane. They are released by various cells in the body and carry a diverse payload of molecules, including proteins, lipids, mRNA, and different RNA species such as long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, and microRNA (miRNA). With lengths of approximately 19-22 nucleotides, miRNAs constitute the predominant cargo in exosomes and serve as crucial regulators of protein biosynthesis. In cancer detection, exosomal miRNAs show promise as non-invasive biomarkers due to their stability and presence in various bodily fluids, aiding in early detection and precise diagnosis with specific miRNA signatures linked to different cancer types. Moreover, exosomal miRNAs influence treatment outcomes by affecting cellular processes like cell growth, cell death, and drug resistance, thereby impacting response to therapy. Additionally, they serve as indicators of disease progression and treatment response, providing insights that can guide treatment decisions and improve patient care. Through longitudinal studies, changes in exosomal miRNA profiles have been observed to correlate with disease progression, metastasis, and response to therapy, highlighting their potential for real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics and treatment efficacy. Understanding the intricate roles of exosomal miRNAs in cancer biology offers opportunities for developing innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patients, ultimately advancing precision medicine approaches and improving outcomes for cancer patients. This review aims to provide an understanding of the role of exosomal miRNAs in cancer detection, treatment, and monitoring, shedding light on their potential for revolutionising oncology practices and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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4
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Yu Y, Su Y, Wang G, Lan M, Liu J, Garcia Martin R, Brandao BB, Lino M, Li L, Liu C, Kahn CR, Meng Q. Reciprocal communication between FAPs and muscle cells via distinct extracellular vesicle miRNAs in muscle regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316544121. [PMID: 38442155 PMCID: PMC10945765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316544121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is a complex process relying on precise teamwork between multiple cell types, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are also the main source of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Muscles without FAPs exhibit decreased IMAT infiltration but also deficient muscle regeneration, indicating the importance of FAPs in the repair process. Here, we demonstrate the presence of bidirectional crosstalk between FAPs and MuSCs via their secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing distinct clusters of miRNAs that is crucial for normal muscle regeneration. Thus, after acute muscle injury, there is activation of FAPs leading to a transient rise in IMAT. These FAPs also release EVs enriched with a selected group of miRNAs, a number of which come from an imprinted region on chromosome 12. The most abundant of these is miR-127-3p, which targets the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1pr3 and activates myogenesis. Indeed, intramuscular injection of EVs from immortalized FAPs speeds regeneration of injured muscle. In late stages of muscle repair, in a feedback loop, MuSCs and their derived myoblasts/myotubes secrete EVs enriched in miR-206-3p and miR-27a/b-3p. The miRNAs repress FAP adipogenesis, allowing full muscle regeneration. Together, the reciprocal communication between FAPs and muscle cells via miRNAs in their secreted EVs plays a critical role in limiting IMAT infiltration while stimulating muscle regeneration, hence providing an important mechanism for skeletal muscle repair and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Miaomiao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Ruben Garcia Martin
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Bruna Brasil Brandao
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Marsel Lino
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
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Giannubilo SR, Cecati M, Marzioni D, Ciavattini A. Circulating miRNAs and Preeclampsia: From Implantation to Epigenetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1418. [PMID: 38338700 PMCID: PMC10855731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we comprehensively present the literature on circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific disease considered the primary reason for maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. miRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs, 20-24 nt long, which control mRNA expression. Changes in miRNA expression can induce a variation in the relative mRNA level and influence cellular homeostasis, and the strong presence of miRNAs in all body fluids has made them useful biomarkers of several diseases. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease, but the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The functions of trophoblasts, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, are essential for a successful pregnancy. During the early stages of placental development, trophoblasts are strictly regulated by several molecular pathways; however, an imbalance in these molecular pathways can lead to severe placental lesions and pregnancy complications. We then discuss the role of miRNAs in trophoblast invasion and in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prediction of preeclampsia. We also discuss the potential role of miRNAs from an epigenetic perspective with possible future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ciavattini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.G.); (A.C.)
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Al-Jipouri A, Eritja À, Bozic M. Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:485. [PMID: 38203656 PMCID: PMC10779093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released from various cell types that have emerged as powerful new therapeutic option for a variety of diseases. EVs are involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells and in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, highlighting them as potential novel targets/platforms for therapeutics intervention and/or delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new aspects of EVs' biogenesis, biodistribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as safety/compatibility of both unmodified and engineered EVs upon administration in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of essential physiological and pathological roles of EVs in different organs and organ systems. We provide an overview regarding application of EVs as therapeutic targets, therapeutics, and drug delivery platforms. We also explore various approaches implemented over the years to improve the dosage of specific EV products for different administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Àuria Eritja
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
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7
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Aries A, Vignon C, Zanetti C, Goubaud A, Cormier A, Diederichs A, Lahlil R, Hénon P, Garitaonandia I. Development of a potency assay for CD34 + cell-based therapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19665. [PMID: 37952030 PMCID: PMC10640600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that intracardiac delivery of autologous CD34+ cells after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is safe and leads to long term improvement. We are now conducting a multicenter, randomized, controlled Phase I/IIb study in post-AMI to investigate the safety and efficacy of intramyocardial injection of expanded autologous CD34+ cells (ProtheraCytes) (NCT02669810). Here, we conducted a series of in vitro studies characterizing the growth factor secretion, exosome secretion, gene expression, cell surface markers, differentiation potential, and angiogenic potential of ProtheraCytes clinical batches to develop a potency assay. We show that ProtheraCytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its concentration is significantly correlated with the number of CD34+ cells obtained after expansion. ProtheraCytes also secrete exosomes containing proangiogenic miRNAs (126, 130a, 378, 26a), antiapoptotic miRNAs (21 and 146a), antifibrotic miRNAs (133a, 24, 29b, 132), and miRNAs promoting myocardial regeneration (199a and 590). We also show that ProtheraCytes have in vitro angiogenic activity, express surface markers of endothelial progenitor cells, and can differentiate in vitro into endothelial cells. After the in vitro characterization of multiple ProtheraCytes clinical batches, we established that measuring the concentration of VEGF provided the most practical, reliable, and consistent potency assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aries
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation, Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d'Altkirch, Mulhouse, France
| | | | - Céline Zanetti
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation, Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d'Altkirch, Mulhouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Rachid Lahlil
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation, Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d'Altkirch, Mulhouse, France
| | - Philippe Hénon
- Institut de Recherche en Hématologie et Transplantation, Hôpital du Hasenrain, 87 Avenue d'Altkirch, Mulhouse, France
- CellProthera SAS, 12 Rue du Parc, Mulhouse, France
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8
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Salimi L, Seyedaghamiri F, Karimipour M, Mobarak H, Mardi N, Taghavi M, Rahbarghazi R. Physiological and pathological consequences of exosomes at the blood-brain-barrier interface. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:118. [PMID: 37208741 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface with multicellular structure controls strictly the entry of varied circulating macromolecules from the blood-facing surface into the brain parenchyma. Under several pathological conditions within the central nervous system, the integrity of the BBB interface is disrupted due to the abnormal crosstalk between the cellular constituents and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Exosomes (Exos) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles with diverse therapeutic outcomes. These particles transfer a plethora of signaling molecules with the potential to modulate target cell behavior in a paracrine manner. Here, in the current review article, the therapeutic properties of Exos and their potential in the alleviation of compromised BBB structure were discussed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Salimi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Seyedaghamiri
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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9
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Schwarzenbach H, Gahan PB. Interplay between LncRNAs and microRNAs in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098095. [PMID: 37175800 PMCID: PMC10179369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be precursors of microRNAs (miRNAs), they frequently act as competing endogoneous RNAs (ceRNAs), yet still their interplay with miRNA is not well known. However, their interaction with miRNAs may result in the modulation of miRNA action. (2) To determine the contribution of these RNA molecules in tumor resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, it is essential to consider not only the oncogenic and tumor suppressive function of miRNAs but also the impact of lncRNAs on miRNAs. Therefore, we performed an extensive search in different databases including PubMed. (3) The present study concerns the interplay between lncRNAs and miRNAs in the regulatory post-transcriptional network and their impact on drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer. (4) Consideration of this interplay may improve the search for new drugs to circumvent chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter B Gahan
- Fondazione "Enrico Puccinelli" Onlus, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Mitra T, Gulati R, Uppal A, Kumari SR, Tripathy S, Ranjan P, Janardhanan R. Prospecting of exosomal-miRNA signatures as prognostic marker for gestational diabetes mellitus and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1097337. [PMID: 36843574 PMCID: PMC9946972 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1097337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomal microRNA (ExomiRs) serves as potential cargo molecules responsible for post-translation of gene expression and intracellular communication playing a vital role in acting as clinically relevant prognostic biomarkers for identifying pregnancy-associated complications in patients. ExomiRs are associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) as potential targets for understanding the pathophysiology of beta-cell dysfunction. ExomiRs (ExomiR 122, ExomiR 16-5p, ExomiR 215-5p, ExomiR 450b-3p, ExomiR 122-5p) aid to act as biomarkers and regulate the progression of diabetes and its related complication. These ExomiRshave been reported to interfere with the regulation of various genes such as ZEB2, IRS1, IRS2, GLUT1, GLUT4, etc. and inhibition of several pathways like PI3K/AKT, Wnt, and mTOR signaling pathways leading to the modulation in the development of GDM affecting the clinical and pathological features of women. These ExomiRs have also been associated with other pregnancy-associated complications, including preeclampsia, hypothyroidism, pregnancy loss, and ectopic pregnancies. On the other hand, overexpression of certain ExomiRs such as Exomir-515-5p, ExomiR-221, and ExomiR-96 serve a regulatory role in overcoming insulin resistance. Taken together, the current review focuses on the prospective capabilities of ExomiRs for diagnosis and clinical prognosis of GDM women with respect to pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridip Mitra
- Department of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Richa Gulati
- Department of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sajeetha R Kumari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Priya Ranjan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Rajiv Janardhanan
- Department of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Chowdhury SG, Ray R, Karmakar P. Exosomal miRNAs-a diagnostic biomarker acting as a guiding light in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 36574059 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer, one of the major causes of mortality globally is regarded as the second leading cause of mortality among men. It is known to affect the stromal cells surrounding it. Through the use of exosomes, the affected stromal cells can promote the growth and spread of the cancer. Exosomes are known to play a role not only in the development and progression of cancer but also contribute to the drug-resistance character of cancer cells. Recently, the discovery of the small non-coding RNAs or miRNA has attracted attention of cancer researchers as they can regulate the expression of different genes. Therefore, exosomal miRNA can be used as a novel and reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In addition, exosomal miRNAs can also be used as a potential treatment for prostate cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge about the role of exosomal miRNAs in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer and their potential role in monitoring the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachayeeta Ray
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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12
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Contributions and therapeutic potential of tumor-derived microRNAs containing exosomes to cancer progression. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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de Rooij LA, Mastebroek DJ, ten Voorde N, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Moelans CB. The microRNA Lifecycle in Health and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235748. [PMID: 36497229 PMCID: PMC9736740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They can bind to around 60% of all protein-coding genes with an average of 200 targets per miRNA, indicating their important function within physiological and pathological cellular processes. miRNAs can be quickly produced in high amounts through canonical and non-canonical pathways that involve a multitude of steps and proteins. In cancer, miRNA biogenesis, availability and regulation of target expression can be altered to promote tumour progression. This can be due to genetic causes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, epigenetic changes, differences in host gene expression, or chromosomal remodelling. Alternatively, post-transcriptional changes in miRNA stability, and defective or absent components and mediators of the miRNA-induced silencing complex can lead to altered miRNA function. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the lifecycle of miRNAs in health and cancer. Understanding miRNA function and regulation is fundamental prior to potential future application of miRNAs as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adriana de Rooij
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-887-556-557
| | - Dirk Jan Mastebroek
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky ten Voorde
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Joannes van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Beatrice Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Ji J, Anwar M, Petretto E, Emanueli C, Srivastava PK. PPMS: A framework to Profile Primary MicroRNAs from Single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac419. [PMID: 36209413 PMCID: PMC9677482 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Single-cell/nuclei RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies can simultaneously quantify gene expression in thousands of cells across the genome. However, the majority of the noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), cannot currently be profiled at the same scale. MiRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs and play an important role in gene regulation. MiRNAs originate from the processing of primary transcripts, known as primary-microRNAs (pri-miRNAs). The pri-miRNA transcripts, independent of their cognate miRNAs, can also function as long noncoding RNAs, code for micropeptides or even interact with DNA, acting like enhancers. Therefore, it is apparent that the significance of scRNA-seq pri-miRNA profiling expands beyond using pri-miRNA as proxies of mature miRNAs. However, there are no computational methods that allow profiling and quantification of pri-miRNAs at the single-cell-type resolution. RESULTS We have developed a simple yet effective computational framework to profile pri-MiRNAs from single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets (PPMS). Based on user input, PPMS can profile pri-miRNAs at cell-type resolution. PPMS can be applied to both newly produced and publicly available datasets obtained via single cell or single-nuclei RNA-seq. It allows users to (i) investigate the distribution of pri-miRNAs across cell types and cell states and (ii) establish a relationship between the number of cells/reads sequenced and the detection of pri-miRNAs. Here, to demonstrate its efficacy, we have applied PPMS to publicly available scRNA-seq data generated from (i) individual chambers (ventricles and atria) of the human heart, (ii) human pluripotent stem cells during their differentiation into cardiomyocytes (the heart beating cells) and (iii) hiPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ji
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Maryam Anwar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- London Institute of Medical Sciences, MRC, UK
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Institute of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, China Pharmaceutical University (CPU), 211198 Nanjing, China
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15
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MicroRNAs in the cancer cell-to-cell communication: An insight into biological vehicles. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113449. [PMID: 36076563 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Talaat IM, Kim B. A brief glimpse of a tangled web in a small world: Tumor microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002715. [PMID: 36045917 PMCID: PMC9421133 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor is a result of stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. This notion has deepened the understanding of cancer biology and has introduced the era of targeted therapies. On the other hand, there have been a series of attempts of using the immune system to treat tumors, dating back to ancient history, to sporadic reports of inflamed tumors undergoing spontaneous regression. This was succeeded by modern immunotherapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The recent breakthrough has broadened the sight to other players within tumor tissue. Tumor microenvironment is a niche or a system orchestrating reciprocal and dynamic interaction of various types of cells including tumor cells and non-cellular components. The output of this complex communication dictates the functions of the constituent elements present within it. More complicated factors are biochemical and biophysical settings unique to TME. This mini review provides a brief guide on a range of factors to consider in the TME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Byoungkwon Kim
- Department of Pathology, H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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Circulating Exosome Cargoes Contain Functionally Diverse Cancer Biomarkers: From Biogenesis and Function to Purification and Potential Translational Utility. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143350. [PMID: 35884411 PMCID: PMC9318395 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diagnostic and therapeutic treatments of cancer have tremendously improved over the past two decades, the indolent nature of its symptoms has made early detection challenging. Thus, inter-disciplinary (genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and lipidomic) research efforts have been focused on the non-invasive identification of unique "silver bullet" cancer biomarkers for the design of ultra-sensitive molecular diagnostic assays. Circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CTCs and ctDNAs, which are released by tumors in the circulation, have already demonstrated their clinical utility for the non-invasive detection of certain solid tumors. Considering that exosomes are actively produced by all cells, including tumor cells, and can be found in the circulation, they have been extensively assessed for their potential as a source of circulating cell-specific biomarkers. Exosomes are particularly appealing because they represent a stable and encapsulated reservoir of active biological compounds that may be useful for the non-invasive detection of cancer. T biogenesis of these extracellular vesicles is profoundly altered during carcinogenesis, but because they harbor unique or uniquely combined surface proteins, cancer biomarker studies have been focused on their purification from biofluids, for the analysis of their RNA, DNA, protein, and lipid cargoes. In this review, we evaluate the biogenesis of normal and cancer exosomes, provide extensive information on the state of the art, the current purification methods, and the technologies employed for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and lipidomic evaluation of their cargoes. Our thorough examination of the literature highlights the current limitations and promising future of exosomes as a liquid biopsy for the identification of circulating tumor biomarkers.
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18
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Theragnostic Applications of Mammal and Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Latest Findings, Current Technologies, and Prospects. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123941. [PMID: 35745063 PMCID: PMC9228370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The way cells communicate is not fully understood. However, it is well-known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved. Researchers initially thought that EVs were used by cells to remove cellular waste. It is now clear that EVs function as signaling molecules released by cells to communicate with one another, carrying a cargo representing the mother cell. Furthermore, these EVs can be found in all biological fluids, making them the perfect non-invasive diagnostic tool, as their cargo causes functional changes in the cells upon receiving, unlike synthetic drug carriers. EVs last longer in circulation and instigate minor immune responses, making them the perfect drug carrier. This review sheds light on the latest development in EVs isolation, characterization and, application as therapeutic cargo, novel drug loading techniques, and diagnostic tools. We also address the advancement in plant-derived EVs, their characteristics, and applications; since plant-derived EVs only recently gained focus, we listed the latest findings. Although there is much more to learn about, EV is a wide field of research; what scientists have discovered so far is fascinating. This paper is suitable for those new to the field seeking to understand EVs and those already familiar with it but wanting to review the latest findings.
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19
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Natrus L, Labudzynskyi D, Muzychenko P, Chernovol P, Klys Y. Plasma-derived exosomes implement miR-126-associated regulation of cytokines secretion in PBMCs of CHF patients in vitro. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022066. [PMID: 35775773 PMCID: PMC9335432 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93i3.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The investigation of regulatory effects of intra-exosomal compounds, especially microRNAs, has promising therapeutic prospects in the treatment of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. In this study, we investigated the effect of healthy donors` plasma exosomes (HDPE) on the production of cytokines by PBMC cells of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and showed the integral role of miRNA-126 in CHF-mediated changes of mononuclear paracrine secretion. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMСs) were isolated from a peripheral blood of fifteen patients with CHF (age, 66,8±9,8 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 44±19%). The concentration of cytokines (IL-10, ICAM-1, VEGF-A, TNF-α and MCP-1) in culture medium and PBMCs was measured by ELISA. The level of miRNA-126 expression in PBMCs was performed by real-time PCR. Results Dramatic increase of ICAM-1 level in activated PBMCs of CHF patients, as well as an increase of the IL-10, ICAM-1 and TNF-α levels in the culture medium was observed. It was accompanied by CHF-related miRNA-126 overexpression in PBMCs. HDPE treatment distinguished by a tendency to reduction in miRNA-126 expression by CHF PBMCs and correlated with upregulation of IL-10, ICAM-1, TNF-α and MCP-1 with normalization of cytokines secretion. Conclusions The altered paracrine secretion of cytokines by CHF PBMCs and miRNA-126 overexpression in vitro was found. HDPE treatment modulated production and secretion of most of studied cytokines by CHF PBMCs in vitro. The experimental application of exosomes for the modulation of paracrine secretion and PBMCs cellular functions may be promising for CVD therapy, including endothelial dysfunction and CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Natrus
- Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Labudzynskyi
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Yuliia Klys
- Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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20
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Lara-Barba E, Araya MJ, Hill CN, Bustamante-Barrientos FA, Ortloff A, García C, Galvez-Jiron F, Pradenas C, Luque-Campos N, Maita G, Elizondo-Vega R, Djouad F, Vega-Letter AM, Luz-Crawford P. Role of microRNA Shuttled in Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Osteoarticular Disease Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768771. [PMID: 34790203 PMCID: PMC8591173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarticular diseases (OD), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are chronic autoimmune/inflammatory and age-related diseases that affect the joints and other organs for which the current therapies are not effective. Cell therapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is an alternative treatment due to their immunomodulatory and tissue differentiation capacity. Several experimental studies in numerous diseases have demonstrated the MSCs’ therapeutic effects. However, MSCs have shown heterogeneity, instability of stemness and differentiation capacities, limited homing ability, and various adverse responses such as abnormal differentiation and tumor formation. Recently, acellular therapy based on MSC secreted factors has raised the attention of several studies. It has been shown that molecules embedded in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs, particularly those from the small fraction enriched in exosomes (sEVs), effectively mimic their impact in target cells. The biological effects of sEVs critically depend on their cargo, where sEVs-embedded microRNAs (miRNAs) are particularly relevant due to their crucial role in gene expression regulation. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the effect of sEVs derived from MSCs and their miRNA cargo on target cells associated with the pathology of RA and OA and their potential therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Lara-Barba
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Jesús Araya
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Charlotte Nicole Hill
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Bustamante-Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Ortloff
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cynthia García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Galvez-Jiron
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Pradenas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noymar Luque-Campos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Maita
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Farida Djouad
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Univ Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
| | - Ana María Vega-Letter
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Ng CY, Chai JY, Foo JB, Mohamad Yahaya NH, Yang Y, Ng MH, Law JX. Potential of Exosomes as Cell-Free Therapy in Articular Cartilage Regeneration: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6749-6781. [PMID: 34621125 PMCID: PMC8491788 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s327059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cartilage defects such as osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondral defect (OCD) remains a huge clinical challenge in orthopedics. OA is one of the most common chronic health conditions and is mainly characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage, shown in the limited capacity for intrinsic repair. OCD refers to the focal defects affecting cartilage and the underlying bone. The current OA and OCD management modalities focus on symptom control and on improving joint functionality and the patient’s quality of life. Cell-based therapy has been evaluated for managing OA and OCD, and its chondroprotective efficacy is recognized mainly through paracrine action. Hence, there is growing interest in exploiting extracellular vesicles to induce cartilage regeneration. In this review, we explore the in vivo evidence of exosomes on cartilage regeneration. A total of 29 in vivo studies from the PubMed and Scopus databases were identified and analyzed. The studies reported promising results in terms of in vivo exosome delivery and uptake; improved cartilage morphological, histological, and biochemical outcomes; enhanced subchondral bone regeneration; and improved pain behavior following exosome treatment. In addition, exosome therapy is safe, as the included studies documented no significant complications. Modifying exosomal cargos further increased the cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration capacity of exosomes. We conclude that exosome administration is a potent cell-free therapy for alleviating OA and OCD. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic potential of exosomes and to identify the standard protocol for exosome-based therapy in OA and OCD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiew Yong Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Ying Chai
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hamdan Mohamad Yahaya
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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22
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Betti F, Ladera-Carmona MJ, Weits DA, Ferri G, Iacopino S, Novi G, Svezia B, Kunkowska AB, Santaniello A, Piaggesi A, Loreti E, Perata P. Exogenous miRNAs induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1379-1388. [PMID: 34650259 PMCID: PMC8516643 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants seem to take up exogenous RNA that was artificially designed to target specific genes, followed by activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. It is, however, not known whether plants use RNAs themselves as signalling molecules in plant-to-plant communication, other than evidence that an exchange of small RNAs occurs between parasitic plants and their hosts. Exogenous RNAs from the environment, if taken up by some living organisms, can indeed induce RNAi. This phenomenon has been observed in nematodes and insects, and host Arabidopsis cells secrete exosome-like extracellular vesicles to deliver plant small RNAs into Botrytis cinerea. Here we show that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) produced by plants act as signalling molecules affecting gene expression in other, nearby plants. Exogenous miRNAs, such as miR156 and miR399, trigger RNAi via a mechanism requiring both AGO1 and RDR6. This emphasizes that the production of secondary small interfering RNAs is required. This evidence highlights the existence of a mechanism in which miRNAs represent signalling molecules that enable communication between plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Betti
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Daan A Weits
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giacomo Novi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Svezia
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alicja B Kunkowska
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
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23
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Prigol AN, Rode MP, Silva AH, Cisilotto J, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes in endothelial cells in vitro. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110126. [PMID: 34474113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progression to a castration-resistant prostate cancer can occur after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, resulting in poor prognosis and ineffective therapy response. Hormone dependence transition has been associated with increased tumor vascularization. Considering that exosomes are important components in communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment, we examined the angiogenic potential of exosomes released from Pca cell lines with distinctive profiles of androgen response through exosomes isolation, microscopy and uptake, functional assays follow up by microarray, RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis. HUVEC cells treated with PC-3 exosomes (androgen independent) showed increased invasion and tube formation ability. In order to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) related to the angiogenic response, the characterization of exosomal miRNA profile was performed. As result we suggest that the miR-27a-3p could be involved in the pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Natalie Prigol
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Patrícia Rode
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Adny Henrique Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cisilotto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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24
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MicroRNAs Patterns as Potential Tools for Diagnostic and Prognostic Follow-Up in Cancer Survivorship. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082069. [PMID: 34440837 PMCID: PMC8394126 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in screening methods and pharmacological treatments are increasing the life expectancy of cancer patients. During recent decades, the community of long-term disease-free cancer survivors (LCS) has grown exponentially, raising the issues related to cancer follow-up. Cancer relapse and other cancer-related diseases, as well as lifestyle, influence cancer survival. Recently, the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene expression and their involvement in human diseases, including cancer, has been identified. Extracellular circulating miRNAs (ECmiRNAs) have been found in biological fluids and specific ECmiRNAs have been associated with cancer development and progression or with a therapy response. Here, we focus on the pivotal role of ECmiRNAs as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Then, we discuss the relevance of ECmiRNAs expression in cancer survivors for the identification of specific ECmiRNAs profiles as potential tools to assess cancer outcome and to control LCS follow-up.
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25
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Sork H, Conceicao M, Corso G, Nordin J, Lee YXF, Krjutskov K, Orzechowski Westholm J, Vader P, Pauwels M, Vandenbroucke RE, Wood MJA, EL Andaloussi S, Mäger I. Profiling of Extracellular Small RNAs Highlights a Strong Bias towards Non-Vesicular Secretion. Cells 2021; 10:1543. [PMID: 34207405 PMCID: PMC8235078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular environment consists of a plethora of molecules, including extracellular miRNA that can be secreted in association with extracellular vesicles (EVs) or soluble protein complexes (non-EVs). Yet, interest in therapeutic short RNA carriers lies mainly in EVs, the vehicles conveying the great majority of the biological activity. Here, by overexpressing miRNA and shRNA sequences in parent cells and using size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) to separate the secretome into EV and non-EV fractions, we saw that >98% of overexpressed miRNA was secreted within the non-EV fraction. Furthermore, small RNA sequencing studies of native miRNA transcripts revealed that although the abundance of miRNAs in EVs, non-EVs and parent cells correlated well (R2 = 0.69-0.87), quantitatively an outstanding 96.2-99.9% of total miRNA was secreted in the non-EV fraction. Nevertheless, though EVs contained only a fraction of secreted miRNAs, these molecules were stable at 37 °C in a serum-containing environment, indicating that if sufficient miRNA loading is achieved, EVs can remain delivery-competent for a prolonged period of time. This study suggests that the passive endogenous EV loading strategy might be a relatively wasteful way of loading miRNA to EVs, and active miRNA loading approaches are needed for developing advanced EV miRNA therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sork
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.C.); (J.N.); (S.E.A.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50 411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariana Conceicao
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (M.C.); (Y.X.F.L.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.C.); (J.N.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Joel Nordin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.C.); (J.N.); (S.E.A.)
- Evox Therapeutics, King Charles House, Oxford OX1 1JD, UK
| | - Yi Xin Fiona Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (M.C.); (Y.X.F.L.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Kaarel Krjutskov
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50 411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Jakub Orzechowski Westholm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Stockholm University, Solna, Box 1031, SE-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Pauwels
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.P.); (R.E.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.P.); (R.E.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew JA Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (M.C.); (Y.X.F.L.); (M.J.W.)
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.C.); (J.N.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Imre Mäger
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50 411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (M.C.); (Y.X.F.L.); (M.J.W.)
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26
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Duca RB, Massillo C, Dalton GN, Farré PL, Graña KD, Gardner K, De Siervi A. MiR-19b-3p and miR-101-3p as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2802-2820. [PMID: 34249429 PMCID: PMC8263646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy worldwide. Early diagnosis and metastases detection are crucial features to diminish patient mortality. High fat diet (HFD) and metabolic syndrome increase PCa risk and aggressiveness. Our goal was to identify miRNAs-based biomarkers for PCa diagnosis and prognosis associated with HFD. Mice chronically fed with a HFD or control diet (CD) were subcutaneously inoculated with androgen insensitive PC3 cells. Xenografts from HFD-fed mice showed increased expression of 7 miRNAs that we named "candidates" compared to CD-fed mice. These miRNAs modulate specific metabolic and cancer related pathways. Using bioinformatic tools and human datasets we found that hsa-miR-19b-3p and miR-101-3p showed more than 1,100 validated targets involved in proteoglycans in cancer and fatty acid biosynthesis. These miRNAs were significantly increased in the bloodstream of PCa patients compared to non-PCa volunteers, and in prostate tumors compared to normal adjacent tissues (NAT). Interestingly, both miRNAs were also increased in tumors of metastatic patients compared to tumors of non-metastatic patients. Further receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined that hsa-miR-19b-3p and hsa-miR-101-3p in serum showed poor predictive power to discriminate PCa from non-PCa patients. Hsa-miR-19b-3p showed the best score to discriminate between tumor and NAT, while hsa-miR-101-3p was useful to differentiate between metastatic and non-metastatic PCa patients. Hsa-miR-101-3p was increased in exosomes isolated from blood of PCa patients. Although more detailed functional exploration and validation of the molecular mechanisms are required, we identified hsa-miR-19b-3p and hsa-miR-101-3p with high potential for PCa diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío B Duca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Massillo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo N Dalton
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula L Farré
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen D Graña
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kevin Gardner
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adriana De Siervi
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Longo V, Longo A, Adamo G, Fiannaca A, Picciotto S, La Paglia L, Romancino D, La Rosa M, Urso A, Cibella F, Bongiovanni A, Colombo P. 2,2'4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (PBDE-47) Modulates the Intracellular miRNA Profile, sEV Biogenesis and Their miRNA Cargo Exacerbating the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in THP-1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664534. [PMID: 34025666 PMCID: PMC8138315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2,2’4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) is one of the most prominent PBDE congeners detected in the environment and in animal and human tissues. Animal model experiments suggested the occurrence of PBDE-induced immunotoxicity leading to different outcomes and recently we demonstrated that this substance can impair macrophage and basophil activities. In this manuscript, we decided to further examine the effects induced by PBDE-47 treatment on innate immune response by looking at the intracellular expression profile of miRNAs as well as the biogenesis, cargo content and activity of human M(LPS) macrophage cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Microarray and in silico analysis demonstrated that PBDE-47 can induce some epigenetic effects in M(LPS) THP-1 cells modulating the expression of a set of intracellular miRNAs involved in biological pathways regulating the expression of estrogen-mediated signaling and immune responses with particular reference to M1/M2 differentiation. In addition to the cell-intrinsic modulation of intracellular miRNAs, we demonstrated that PBDE-47 could also interfere with the biogenesis of sEVs increasing their number and selecting a de novo population of sEVs. Moreover, PBDE-47 induced the overload of specific immune related miRNAs in PBDE-47 derived sEVs. Finally, culture experiments with naïve M(LPS) macrophages demonstrated that purified PBDE-47 derived sEVs can modulate macrophage immune response exacerbating the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response inducing the overexpression of the IL-6 and the MMP9 genes. Data from this study demonstrated that PBDE-47 can perturb the innate immune response at different levels modulating the intracellular expression of miRNAs but also interfering with the biogenesis, cargo content and functional activity of M(LPS) macrophage cell-derived sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Adamo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiannaca
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picciotto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura La Paglia
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Romancino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo La Rosa
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Urso
- High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Bongiovanni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Palermo, Italy
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28
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: from Immune Suppression to Immunotherapy. AAPS J 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 33586060 PMCID: PMC7882565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have evolved and adapted to evade the immune response. The study of the immune system's modulations in favor of rogue tumor cells led to the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs). In clinical settings, the response to ICP therapy has been inconsistent and is difficult to predict. Quantitating the targeted ICPs through immunohistochemistry is one approach, but is not pragmatic in a clinical setting and is often not sensitive. Examining the molecules present in bodily fluids to determine ICP treatment response, "liquid biopsy" is a convenient alternative. The term "liquid biopsy" refers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), non-coding (nc) RNA, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), etc. EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes. Herein, we focus on exosomes isolated from bodily fluids and their use in liquid biopsy. Due to their unique ability to transfer bioactive molecules and perturb the physiology of recipient cells, exosomes have garnered attention for their immune modulation role and as a resource to identify molecules associated with liquid biopsy-based diagnostic methods. In this review, we examine the putative role of exosomes and their cargo in influencing the immune system. We discuss the immune and tumor cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the exosomes derived from these cells to understand how they participate in creating the immune-suppressive TME. Additionally, use of exosomes in liquid biopsy-based methods to measure the treatment response elicited by immunotherapy is discussed. Finally, we describe how exosomes have been used to develop immune therapies, especially cell-free vaccines, for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
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29
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Forte D, Barone M, Morsiani C, Simonetti G, Fabbri F, Bruno S, Bandini E, Sollazzo D, Collura S, Deregibus MC, Auteri G, Ottaviani E, Vianelli N, Camussi G, Franceschi C, Capri M, Palandri F, Cavo M, Catani L. Distinct profile of CD34 + cells and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from triple-negative patients with Myelofibrosis reveals potential markers of aggressive disease. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:49. [PMID: 33522952 PMCID: PMC7849077 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal disorder of hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high prevalence in elderly patients and mutations in three driver genes (JAK2, MPL, or CALR). Around 10–15% of patients are triple-negative (TN) for the three driver mutations and display significantly worse survival. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular signaling and are increased in inflammation and cancer. To identify a biomolecular signature of TN patients, we comparatively evaluated the circulating HSPCs and their functional interplay with the microenvironment focusing on EV analysis. Methods Peripheral blood was collected from MF patients (n = 29; JAK2V617F mutation, n = 23; TN, n = 6) and healthy donors (HD, n = 10). Immunomagnetically isolated CD34+ cells were characterized by gene expression profiling analysis (GEP), survival, migration, and clonogenic ability. EVs were purified from platelet-poor plasma by ultracentrifugation, quantified using the Nanosight technology and phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry together with microRNA expression. Migration and survival of CD34+ cells from patients were also analyzed after in vitro treatments with selected inflammatory factors, i.e. (Interleukin (IL)-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, IL6) or after co-culture with EVs from MF patients/HD. Results The absolute numbers of circulating CD34+ cells were massively increased in TN patients. We found that TN CD34+ cells show in vitro defective functions and are unresponsive to the inflammatory microenvironment. Of note, the plasma levels of crucial inflammatory cytokines are mostly within the normal range in TN patients. Compared to JAK2V617F-mutated patients, the GEP of TN CD34+ cells revealed distinct signatures in key pathways such as survival, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Importantly, we observed the presence of mitochondrial components within plasma EVs and a distinct phenotype in TN-derived EVs compared to the JAK2V617F-mutated MF patients and HD counterparts. Notably, TN EVs promoted the survival of TN CD34+ cells. Along with a specific microRNA signature, the circulating EVs from TN patients are enriched with miR-361-5p. Conclusions Distinct EV-driven signals from the microenvironment are capable to promote the TN malignant hemopoiesis and their further investigation paves the way toward novel therapeutic approaches for rare MF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01776-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Forte
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy. .,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martina Barone
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesco Fabbri
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Samantha Bruno
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Bandini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Daria Sollazzo
- Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Collura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Auteri
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ottaviani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Vianelli
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Palandri
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Catani
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto di Ematologia "Seràgnoli", Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Hensley AP, McAlinden A. The role of microRNAs in bone development. Bone 2021; 143:115760. [PMID: 33220505 PMCID: PMC8019264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is critical for proper bone development. Evidence from a large body of published literature informs us that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic factors that control many aspects of bone development, homeostasis, and repair processes. These small non-coding RNAs function at the post-transcriptional level to suppress expression of specific target genes. Many target genes may be affected by one miRNA resulting in alteration in cellular pathways and networks. Therefore, changes in levels or activity of a specific miRNA (e.g. via genetic mutations, disease scenarios, or by over-expression or inhibition strategies in vitro or in vivo) can lead to substantial changes in cell processes including proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis and differentiation. In this review, Section 1 briefly covers general background information on processes that control bone development as well as the biogenesis and function of miRNAs. In Section 2, we discuss the importance of miRNAs in skeletal development based on findings from in vivo mouse models and human clinical reports. Section 3 focuses on describing more recent data from the last three years related to miRNA regulation of osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Some of these studies also involve utilization of an in vivo rodent model to study the effects of miRNA modulation in scenarios of osteoporosis, bone repair or ectopic bone formation. In Section 4, we provide some recent information from studies analyzing the potential of miRNA-mediated crosstalk in bone and how exosomes containing miRNAs from one bone cell may affect the differentiation or function of another bone cell type. We then conclude by summarizing where the field currently stands with respect to miRNA-mediated regulation of osteogenesis and how information gained from developmental processes can be instructive in identifying potential therapeutic miRNA targets for the treatment of certain bone conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Shriners Hospital for Children - St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States of America.
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31
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Exosomes in Immune Regulation. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010004. [PMID: 33435564 PMCID: PMC7838779 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.
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32
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Molecular Signature of Extracellular Vesicular Small Non-Coding RNAs Derived from Cerebrospinal Fluid of Leptomeningeal Metastasis Patients: Functional Implication of miR-21 and Other Small RNAs in Cancer Malignancy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020209. [PMID: 33430103 PMCID: PMC7828086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a lethal complication in which cancer metastasizes to the meninges. Currently, there are neither definitive treatments nor diagnosis methods for LM patients. In this study, we suggest the examination of small non-coding RNA (smRNA) populations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a potential vehicle for diagnosis and treatment strategies. Systemic and quantitative analysis of smRNA subpopulations from LM CSF EVs showed unique expression patterns between LM patients and healthy donors. In addition, LM CSF EVs smRNAs appeared to be associated with LM pathogenesis suggesting they may be viable targets for novel diagnostic and treatment strategies. Abstract Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a fatal and rare complication of cancer in which the cancer spreads via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). At present, there is no definitive treatment or diagnosis for this deleterious disease. In this study, we systemically and quantitatively investigated biased expression of key small non-coding RNA (smRNA) subpopulations from LM CSF extracellular vesicles (EVs) via a unique smRNA sequencing method. The analyzed subpopulations included microRNA (miRNA), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), Y RNA, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA), vault RNA (vtRNA), novel miRNA, etc. Here, among identified miRNAs, miR-21, which was already known to play an essential oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, was thoroughly investigated via systemic biochemical, miR-21 sensor, and physiological cell-based approaches, with the goal of confirming its functionality and potential as a biomarker for the pathogenesis and diagnosis of LM. We herein uncovered LM CSF extravesicular smRNAs that may be associated with LM-related complications and elucidated plausible pathways that may mechanistically contribute to LM progression. In sum, the analyzed smRNA subpopulations will be useful as targets for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for LM and LM-related complications.
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Paul AM, Cheng-Campbell M, Blaber EA, Anand S, Bhattacharya S, Zwart SR, Crucian BE, Smith SM, Meller R, Grabham P, Beheshti A. Beyond Low-Earth Orbit: Characterizing Immune and microRNA Differentials following Simulated Deep Spaceflight Conditions in Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101747. [PMID: 33376970 PMCID: PMC7756144 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight missions can cause immune system dysfunction in astronauts with little understanding of immune outcomes in deep space. This study assessed immune responses in mice following ground-based, simulated deep spaceflight conditions, compared with data from astronauts on International Space Station missions. For ground studies, we simulated microgravity using the hindlimb unloaded mouse model alone or in combination with acute simulated galactic cosmic rays or solar particle events irradiation. Immune profiling results revealed unique immune diversity following each experimental condition, suggesting each stressor results in distinct circulating immune responses, with clear consequences for deep spaceflight. Circulating plasma microRNA sequence analysis revealed involvement in immune system dysregulation. Furthermore, a large astronaut cohort showed elevated inflammation during low-Earth orbit missions, thereby supporting our simulated ground experiments in mice. Herein, circulating immune biomarkers are defined by distinct deep space irradiation types coupled to simulated microgravity and could be targets for future space health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Paul
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94043, USA
| | - Margareth Cheng-Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Blaber
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94043, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Sulekha Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95112, USA
| | | | - Sara R. Zwart
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Meller
- Department of Neurobiology/Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Peter Grabham
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94043, USA
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Azizi F, Askari S, Javadpour P, Hadjighassem M, Ghasemi R. Potential role of exosome in post-stroke reorganization and/or neurodegeneration. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1590-1606. [PMID: 33408596 PMCID: PMC7783471 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, stroke is a common and devastating condition, which is sometimes associated with permanent cerebral damages. Although in early time after stroke, the related treatments are mainly focused on the restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF), at the same time, some changes are commencing that continue for a long time and need to be specially noticed. Previous studies have proposed several molecular mechanisms in these post-stroke events. Exosomes are a type of vesicle, which are formed and secreted by most cells as a mean to transfer cellular constituents such as proteins, DNA and/or RNA to distant cells. Therefore, they are considered as a novel mechanism of cellular communication. Herein, we reviewed the current knowledge on cascades, which are activated after stroke and consequently lead to the reorganization and/or continuance of tissue damage and development of other disorders such as Neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Thereafter, we summarized the latest proofs about the possible participation of exosomes in transferring some components such as proteins and micro-RNAs (miRs), from the affected areas to other parts of the brain and eventually cause the above-mentioned post-stroke events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Azizi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Javadpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Smith NC, Wajnberg G, Chacko S, Woldemariam NT, Lacroix J, Crapoulet N, Ayre DC, Lewis SM, Rise ML, Andreassen R, Christian SL. Characterization of miRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles Released From Atlantic Salmon Monocyte-Like and Macrophage-Like Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587931. [PMID: 33262769 PMCID: PMC7686242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cell-cell communication via transfer of molecular cargo including genetic material like miRNAs. In mammals, it has previously been established that EV-mediated transfer of miRNAs can alter the development or function of immune cells, such as macrophages. Our previous research revealed that Atlantic salmon head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) change their morphology, phagocytic ability and miRNA profile from primarily “monocyte-like” at Day 1 to primarily “macrophage-like” at Day 5 of culture. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the miRNA cargo packaged in EVs released from these two cell populations. We successfully isolated EVs from Atlantic salmon HKL culture supernatants using the established Vn96 peptide-based pull-down. Isolation was validated using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. RNA-sequencing identified 19 differentially enriched (DE) miRNAs packaged in Day 1 versus Day 5 EVs. Several of the highly abundant miRNAs, including those that were DE (e.g. ssa-miR-146a, ssa-miR-155 and ssa-miR-731), were previously identified as DE in HKLs and are associated with macrophage differentiation and immune response in other species. Interestingly, the abundance relative of the miRNAs in EVs, including the most abundant miRNA (ssa-miR-125b), was different than the miRNA abundance in HKLs, indicating selective packaging of miRNAs in EVs. Further study of the miRNA cargo in EVs derived from fish immune cells will be an important next step in identifying EV biomarkers useful for evaluating immune cell function, fish health, or response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Simi Chacko
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Nardos T Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - D Craig Ayre
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Stephen M Lewis
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Ghaffari-Makhmalbaf P, Sayyad M, Pakravan K, Razmara E, Bitaraf A, Bakhshinejad B, Goudarzi P, Yousefi H, Pournaghshband M, Nemati F, Fahimi H, Rohollah F, Hasanzad M, Hashemi M, Mousavi SH, Babashah S. Docosahexaenoic acid reverses the promoting effects of breast tumor cell-derived exosomes on endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Life Sci 2020; 264:118719. [PMID: 33159957 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM As a natural compound, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exerts anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis functions through exosomes; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Breast cancer (BC) cells were treated with DHA (50 μM) and then tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) were collected and characterized by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and western blot analyses. By the time the cells were treated with DHA, RT-qPCR was used to investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the selected pro- and anti-angiogenic microRNAs (miRNAs). The quantification of secreted VEGF protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of TDEs on endothelial cell angiogenesis were explored by transwell cell migration and in vitro vascular tube formation assays. KEY FINDINGS DHA treatment caused a significant and time-dependent decrease in the expression and secretion of VEGF in/from BC cells. This also increased expression of anti-angiogenic miRNAs (i.e. miR-34a, miR-125b, miR-221, and miR-222) while decreased levels of pro-angiogenic miRNAs (i.e. miR-9, miR-17-5p, miR-19a, miR-126, miR-130a, miR-132, miR-296, and miR-378) in exosomes derived from DHA-treated BC cells, TDE (DHA+). While treatment with exosomes (100 μg/ml) obtained from untreated BC cells, TDE (DHA-), enhanced the expression of VEGF-A in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), incubation with DHA or TDE (DHA+) led to the significant decrease of VEGF-A transcript level in these cells. We indicated that the incubation with TDE (DHA+) could significantly decrease endothelial cell proliferation and migration and also the length and number of tubes made by HUVECs in comparison with endothelial cells incubated with exosomes obtained from untreated BC cells. SIGNIFICANCE DHA alters angiogenesis by shifting the up-regulation of exosomal miRNA contents from pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic, resulting in the inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis. These data can help to figure out DHA's anti-cancer function, maybe its use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghaffari-Makhmalbaf
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sayyad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Bitaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parmida Goudarzi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Mahmoud Pournaghshband
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Nemati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rohollah
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Hasanzad
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Romano E, Netti PA, Torino E. Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100319. [PMID: 33086616 PMCID: PMC7603361 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-955-8158
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Zhong L, Jin X, Xu Z, Zeng M, Chen D, He Y, Zhang J, Jiang T, Chen J. Circulating miR-451a levels as a potential biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:263. [PMID: 32989397 PMCID: PMC7517596 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural course of multiple myeloma (MM) varies greatly between patients. The Revised MM International Staging System (R-ISS) identifies high-risk patients, but it is unsuitable for assessing minimal residual disease (MRD). Furthermore, the focal location of myeloma cells and clonal evolution often produce false negative results in flow cytometry. Extracellular microRNA (miRNA/miR) expression levels are stable in bodily fluids, and are retrievable and measurable from fresh or archived serum or plasma samples. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the clinical utility of circulating miRNA levels in patients with MM, particularly miR-451a, which is commonly downregulated in MM, and whether it could predict the prognosis and relapse of patients with MM. In total, 66 patients with MM, stratified using the R-ISS criteria, were recruited, while 10 healthy subjects (transplantation donors) were enrolled as controls. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to evaluate miR-451a expression in bone marrow (BM) and in the circulation. IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA, while western blotting was conducted to analyze the protein expression levels of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). During follow-up, MRD was assessed via multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC). miR-451a was identified to target IL-6R using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Circulating miR-451a levels were low in patients with MM, and was found to be 0.39 times that of the control group (U=4.00; P<0.001). Among the 66 patients with MM, the median level of miR-451a was 0.73 and 0.41 times that of the control group in R-ISS stage I MM (15 patients) and R-ISS stage II stage (17 patients), respectively; patients with R-ISS stage III MM (34 patients) had the lowest level, at 0.24 times the value of the control group. Circulating miR-451a levels had a strong positive correlation with miR-451a levels in BM, but negatively correlated with IL-6 and IL-6R levels. After two courses of consolidation chemotherapy, 19 patients achieved complete remission, 10 of whom presented steady circulating miR-451a levels during follow-up; the other nine patients had an abrupt decrease in circulating miR-451a levels. The turning points in the trend appeared 4–8 weeks before positive results were obtained via MFC, and 4–16 weeks before clinical relapse. Moreover, miR-451a overexpression notably downregulated the expression of the IL-6R mRNA and protein. Collectively, circulating miR-451a levels potentially represent a novel biomarker to monitor MRD and predict relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China.,Department of Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Zhuyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Qionglai Municipal Medical Center Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611530, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Southwest Medical University Clinical Medical School, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Ueno Y, Hira K, Miyamoto N, Kijima C, Inaba T, Hattori N. Pleiotropic Effects of Exosomes as a Therapy for Stroke Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186894. [PMID: 32962207 PMCID: PMC7555640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability, and stroke survivors suffer from long-term sequelae even after receiving recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy and endovascular intracranial thrombectomy. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes, nano-sized extracellular membrane vesicles, enhance neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and axonal outgrowth, all the while suppressing inflammatory reactions, thereby enhancing functional recovery after stroke. A systematic literature review to study the association of stroke recovery with exosome therapy was carried out, analyzing species, stroke model, source of exosomes, behavioral analyses, and outcome data, as well as molecular mechanisms. Thirteen studies were included in the present systematic review. In the majority of studies, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells or stem cells were administered intravenously within 24 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, showing a significant improvement of neurological severity and motor functions. Specific microRNAs and molecules were identified by mechanistic investigations, and their amplification was shown to further enhance therapeutic effects, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. Overall, this review addresses the current advances in exosome therapy for stroke recovery in preclinical studies, which can hopefully be preparatory steps for the future development of clinical trials involving stroke survivors to improve functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ueno
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3813-3111; Fax: +81-3-5800-0547
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Cavallari C, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumour Microenvironment: Eclectic Supervisors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6768. [PMID: 32942702 PMCID: PMC7555174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell survival and growth by providing inhibitory or stimulatory signals. Extracellular vesicles (EV) represent one of the most relevant cell-to-cell communication mechanism among cells within the TME. Moreover, EV contribute to the crosstalk among cancerous, immune, endothelial, and stromal cells to establish TME diversity. EV contain proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs, which can be locally delivered in the TME and/or transferred to remote sites to dictate tumour behaviour. EV in the TME impact on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune-escape, pre-metastatic niche formation and the stimulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, EV can boost or inhibit tumours depending on the TME conditions and their cell of origin. Therefore, to move towards the identification of new targets and the development of a novel generation of EV-based targeting approaches to gain insight into EV mechanism of action in the TME would be of particular relevance. The aim here is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of EV released from different TME cellular components and their role in driving TME diversity. Moreover, recent proposed engineering approaches to targeting cells in the TME via EV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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41
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Myeloid Cell Modulation by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176319. [PMID: 32878277 PMCID: PMC7504548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) can carry proteins, RNA and DNA, thus serving as communication tools between cells. Tumor cells secrete EV, which can be taken up by surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment as well as by cells in distant organs. Tumor-derived EV (TEV) contain factors induced by tumor-associated hypoxia such as heat shock proteins or a variety of microRNA (miRNA). The interaction of TEV with tumor and host cells can promote cancer angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Myeloid cells are widely presented in tissues, comprise the majority of immune cells and play an essential role in immune reactions and tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, the differentiation of myeloid cells and their functions are impaired, resulting in tumor promotion. Such alterations are due to chronic inflammatory conditions associated with cancer and are mediated by the tumor secretome, including TEV. A high capacity of myeloid cells to clear EV from circulation put them in the central position in EV-mediated formation of pre-metastatic niches. The exposure of myeloid cells to TEV could trigger numerous signaling pathways. Progenitors of myeloid cells alter their differentiation upon the contact with TEV, resulting in the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), inhibiting anti-tumor function of T and natural killer (NK) cells and promoting thereby tumor progression. Furthermore, TEV can augment MDSC immunosuppressive capacity. Different subsets of mature myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and granulocytes take up TEV and acquire a protumorigenic phenotype. However, the delivery of tumor antigens to DC by TEV was shown to enhance their immunostimulatory capacity. The present review will discuss a diverse and complex EV-mediated crosstalk between tumor and myeloid cells in the context of the tumor type, TEV-associated cargo molecules and type of recipient cells.
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Sarshar M, Scribano D, Ambrosi C, Palamara AT, Masotti A. Fecal microRNAs as Innovative Biomarkers of Intestinal Diseases and Effective Players in Host-Microbiome Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2174. [PMID: 32764361 PMCID: PMC7463924 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, short non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs), including circulating and fecal miRNAs have emerged as important modulators of various cellular processes by regulating the expression of target genes. Recent studies revealed the role of miRNAs as powerful biomarkers in disease diagnosis and for the development of innovative therapeutic applications in several human conditions, including intestinal diseases. In this review, we explored the literature and summarized the role of identified dysregulated fecal miRNAs in intestinal diseases, with particular focus on colorectal cancer (CRC) and celiac disease (CD). The aim of this review is to highlight one fascinating aspect of fecal miRNA function related to gut microbiota shaping and bacterial metabolism influencing. The role of miRNAs as "messenger" molecules for inter kingdom communications will be analyzed to highlight their role in the complex host-bacteria interactions. Moreover, whether fecal miRNAs could open up new perspectives to develop novel suitable biomarkers for disease detection and innovative therapeutic approaches to restore microbiota balance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
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Kluszczyńska K, Czernek L, Cypryk W, Pęczek Ł, Düchler M. Methods for the Determination of the Purity of Exosomes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4464-4485. [PMID: 31808383 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191206162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes open exciting new opportunities for advanced drug transport and targeted release. Furthermore, exosomes may be used for vaccination, immunosuppression or wound healing. To fully utilize their potential as drug carriers or immune-modulatory agents, the optimal purity of exosome preparations is of crucial importance. METHODS Articles describing the isolation and purification of exosomes were retrieved from the PubMed database. RESULTS Exosomes are often separated from biological fluids containing high concentrations of proteins, lipids and other molecules that keep vesicle purification challenging. A great number of purification protocols have been published, however, their outcome is difficult to compare because the assessment of purity has not been standardized. In this review, we first give an overview of the generation and composition of exosomes, as well as their multifaceted biological functions that stimulated various medical applications. Finally, we describe various methods that have been used to purify small vesicles and to assess the purity of exosome preparations and critically compare the quality of these evaluation protocols. CONCLUSION Combinations of various techniques have to be applied to reach the required purity and quality control of exosome preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kluszczyńska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Liliana Czernek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pęczek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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Genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells: targeted delivery of immunomodulatory agents for tumor eradication. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:854-868. [PMID: 32418986 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy emerged as a novel therapeutic option that employs enhanced or amended native immune system to create a robust response against malignant cells. The systemic therapies with immune-stimulating cytokines have resulted in substantial dose-limiting toxicities. Targeted cytokine immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and tumor cell defense with a remarkable reduction of systemic side effects. Cell-based strategies, such as dendritic cells (DCs), fibroblasts or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seek to minimize the numerous toxic side effects of systemic administration of cytokines for extended periods of time. The usual toxicities comprised of a vascular leak, hypotension, and respiratory insufficiency. Natural and strong tropism of MSCs toward malignant cells made them an ideal systemic delivery vehicle to direct the proposed therapeutic genes to the vicinity of a tumor where their expression could evoke an immune reaction against the tumor. Compared with other methods, the delivery of cytokines via engineered MSCs is safer and renders a more practical, and promising strategy. Large numbers of genes code for cytokines have been utilized to reengineer MSCs as therapeutic cells. This review highlights the recent findings on the cytokine gene therapy for human malignancies by focusing on MSCs application in cancer immunotherapy.
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45
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Labani-Motlagh A, Ashja-Mahdavi M, Loskog A. The Tumor Microenvironment: A Milieu Hindering and Obstructing Antitumor Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:940. [PMID: 32499786 PMCID: PMC7243284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy relies on the knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and the immune evasion mechanisms in which the tumor, stroma, and infiltrating immune cells function in a complex network. The potential barriers that profoundly challenge the overall clinical outcome of promising therapies need to be fully identified and counteracted. Although cancer immunotherapy has increasingly been applied, we are far from understanding how to utilize different strategies in the best way and how to combine therapeutic options to optimize clinical benefit. This review intends to give a contemporary and detailed overview of the different roles of immune cells, exosomes, and molecules acting in the tumor microenvironment and how they relate to immune activation and escape. Further, current and novel immunotherapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tan S, Xia L, Yi P, Han Y, Tang L, Pan Q, Tian Y, Rao S, Oyang L, Liang J, Lin J, Su M, Shi Y, Cao D, Zhou Y, Liao Q. Exosomal miRNAs in tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:67. [PMID: 32299469 PMCID: PMC7164281 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the internal environment in which tumor cells survive, consisting of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as non-cellular components, such as exosomes and cytokines. Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles (40-160nm) containing active substances, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Exosomes carry biologically active miRNAs to shuttle between tumor cells and TME, thereby affecting tumor development. Tumor-derived exosomal miRNAs induce matrix reprogramming in TME, creating a microenvironment that is conducive to tumor growth, metastasis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we updated the role of exosomal miRNAs in the process of TME reshaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yingrui Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 913 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794,, USA
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Sohel MMH. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. Life Sci 2020; 248:117473. [PMID: 32114007 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of tiny molecules of 18-22 nucleotide long noncoding RNA that regulate the post-transcriptional gene expression through translational inhibition and/or mRNA destabilization. Because of their involvement in important developmental processes, it is highly likely that the altered expression of miRNAs could be associated with abnormal conditions like suboptimal growth or diseases. Thus, the expression of miRNAs can be used as biomarkers in pathophysiological conditions. Recently, a handful of miRNAs are detected in cell-free conditions including biofluids and cell culture media and they exhibit specific expression patterns that are associated with altered physiological conditions. Extracellular miRNAs are not only extremely stable outside cells in a variety of biofluids but also they are easy to acquire. These characteristics led to the idea of using extracellular miRNAs as a potential biomarker for the onset and prognosis of cancer. Although miRNAs have been proposed as a potential diagnostic tool for cancer detection, their application in the routine clinical investigation is yet to come. First, this review will provide an insight into the extracellular miRNAs, particularly, their release mechanisms and characteristics, and the potential of extracellular miRNAs as a biomarker in cancer detection. Finally, it will discuss the potential of using extracellular miRNAs in different cancer diagnoses and challenges associated with the clinical application of extracellular miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmodul Hasan Sohel
- Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
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Grunt M, Failla AV, Stevic I, Hillebrand T, Schwarzenbach H. A novel assay for exosomal and cell-free miRNA isolation and quantification. RNA Biol 2020; 17:425-440. [PMID: 31986967 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1721204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of disease-specific signatures of microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes has become promising for clinical applications, either as biomarkers or direct therapeutic targets. However, a new approach for exosome enrichment and quantification of miRNAs is urgently needed for its clinical application, since the commercial techniques have shortcomings in quantity and quality. To overcome these deficiencies, we developed a new method for purification of exosomes with subsequent miRNA extraction, followed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and compared our assays with commercial techniques. For the establishment of these methods, numerous reagents, parameters, and combinations thereof were examined. Our new technique for exosome extraction is based on a mannuronate-guluronate polymer (MGP) which avoids co-precipitating plasma proteins. Quality, concentration and biological activity of the isolated exosomes were examined by Western blot, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and confocal microscopy. A combination of chaotropic and non-chaotropic salts was used to extract miRNAs from plasma, serum, and exosomes, allowing the exclusion of hazardous components, such as phenol/chloroform. The performance of the miRNAs extraction was verified by RT-qPCR. The chemistry and TaqMan probe were also optimized for RT-qPCR. Sensitivity, efficiency, and linearity of RT-qPCR were tested on serial dilutions of synthetic miR-16 and miR-142. Our established procedure covers all steps of miRNA analyses, and measures the levels of either cell-free and exosomal miRNAs in plasma, serum and other body fluids with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grunt
- Research and Development, AJ Innuscreen GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ines Stevic
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Hillebrand
- Research and Development, AJ Innuscreen GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Jurj A, Zanoaga O, Braicu C, Lazar V, Tomuleasa C, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. A Comprehensive Picture of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Contents. Molecular Transfer to Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020298. [PMID: 32012717 PMCID: PMC7072213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical processes such as growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells are sustained via bidirectional cell-to-cell communication in tissue complex environments. Such communication involves the secretion of soluble factors by stromal cells and/or cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Both stromal and cancer cells have been shown to export bilayer nanoparticles: encapsulated regulatory molecules that contribute to cell-to-cell communication. These nanoparticles are known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) being classified into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs carry a vast repertoire of molecules such as oncoproteins and oncopeptides, DNA fragments from parental to target cells, RNA species (mRNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNA), and lipids, initiating phenotypic changes in TME. According to their specific cargo, EVs have crucial roles in several early and late processes associated with tumor development and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs are being investigated for their implication in early cancer detection, monitoring cancer progression and chemotherapeutic response, and more relevant, the development of novel targeted therapeutics. In this study, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical properties and physiological functions of EVs, their implications in TME, and highlight the applicability of EVs for the development of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Worldwide Innovative Network for Personalized Cancer Therapy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynaecological Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (O.Z.); (C.B.); (C.T.)
- MEDFUTURE—Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (I.B.-N.)
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50
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Conti I, Varano G, Simioni C, Laface I, Milani D, Rimondi E, Neri LM. miRNAs as Influencers of Cell-Cell Communication in Tumor Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010220. [PMID: 31952362 PMCID: PMC7016744 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, inducing the degradation of the target mRNA or translational repression. MiRNAs are involved in the control of a multiplicity of biological processes, and their absence or altered expression has been associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Recently, extracellular miRNAs (ECmiRNAs) have been described as mediators of intercellular communication in multiple contexts, including tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells cooperate with stromal cells and elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to establish a comfortable niche to grow, to evade the immune system, and to expand. Within the tumor microenvironment, cells release ECmiRNAs and other factors in order to influence and hijack the physiological processes of surrounding cells, fostering tumor progression. Here, we discuss the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of multicomplex diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, obesity, and cancer, focusing on the contribution of both intracellular miRNAs, and of released ECmiRNAs in the establishment and development of cancer niche. We also review growing evidence suggesting the use of miRNAs as novel targets or potential tools for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Conti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Luca M. Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.C.); (G.V.); (C.S.); (I.L.); (D.M.); (E.R.)
- LTTA—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455940
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