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Cao G, Zuo J, Wu B, Wu Y. Polyphenol supplementation boosts aerobic endurance in athletes: systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1369174. [PMID: 38651044 PMCID: PMC11033476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1369174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing trend has been observed in the consumption of specific polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, derived from green tea, berries, and other similar sources. These compounds are believed to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from exercise, potentially enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review critically examines the role of polyphenol supplementation in improving aerobic endurance among athletes and individuals with regular exercise habits. The review involved a thorough search of major literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Embase, covering re-search up to the year 2023. Out of 491 initially identified articles, 11 met the strict inclusion criteria for this review. These studies specifically focused on the incorporation of polyphenols or polyphenol-containing complexes in their experimental design, assessing their impact on aerobic endurance. The methodology adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool. While this review suggests that polyphenol supplementation might enhance certain aspects of aerobic endurance and promote fat oxidation, it is important to interpret these findings with caution, considering the limited number of studies available. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023453321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gexin Cao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anatomy Laboratory, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Baile Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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Silva de Moura S, de Assis Dias Martins-Júnior F, Cruz de Oliveira E, Coelho DB, Boari D, Lima-Silva AE, Motta-Santos D, Augusto Souza Dos Santos R, Becker LK. Effects of oral HPΒCD-angiotensin-(1-7) supplementation on recreational mountain bike athletes: a crossover study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:65-76. [PMID: 36752064 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2175587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation with Angiotensin-(1-7) [(Ang-1-7)] has received considerable attention due to its possible ergogenic effects on physical performance. The effects of a single dose of Ang-(1-7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) athletes during progressive load tests performed until the onset of voluntary fatigue have previously been demonstrated. This study tested the effects of Ang-(1-7) in two different exercise protocols with different metabolic demands: aerobic (time trial) and anaerobic (repeated sprint). METHODS Twenty one male recreational athletes were given capsules containing an oral formulation of HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) (0.8 mg) and HPβCD-placebo (only HPβCD) over a 7-day interval; a double-blind randomized crossover design was used. Physical performance was examined using two protocols: a 20-km cycling time trial or 4 × 30-s repeated all-out sprints on a leg cycle ergometer. Data were collected before and after physical tests to assess fatigue parameters, and included lactate levels, and muscle activation during the sprint protocol as evaluated by electromyography (EMG); cardiovascular parameters: diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate; and performance parameters, time to complete (time trial), maximum power and mean power (repeated sprint). RESULTS Supplementation with an oral formulation of HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) reduced basal plasma lactate levels and promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose levels after repeated sprints. Supplementation with HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased baseline plasma nitrite levels and reduced resting diastolic blood pressure in a time trial protocol. HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) had no effect on the time trial or repeat sprint performance, or on the EMG recordings of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) did not improve physical performance in time trial or in repeated sprints; however, it promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose and lactate levels after the sprint protocol and at rest, respectively. In addition, HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased resting plasma nitrite levels and reduced diastolic blood pressure in the time trial protocol. TRIAL REGISTRATION RBR-2nbmpbc, registered January 6th, 2023. The study was prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Boari
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- Department of Sports, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, and National Institute Science and Technology-NANOBIOPHAR-CNPQ/MCT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Buzdağlı Y, Eyipınar CD, Kacı FN, Tekin A. Effects of hesperidin on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response in healthy people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1390-1405. [PMID: 35762134 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2093841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin is a prominent flavanone found in citrus fruits that has a broad range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of hesperidin supplementation on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant parameters such as MDA, TAC, GSH, SOD, and CAT; CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 levels respectively, by analyzing human intervention trials. Google Scholar, PubMed, grey literature databases, and the ClinicalTrials website were scanned to identify eligible studies. For the meta-analysis, eighteen studies were chosen. Hesperidin supplementation had significant lowering effect on not only CRP, IL-6, and IL-4 levels but also MDA level (Meta-regression analysis revealed a non-significant direct relationship between hesperidin dosage and chance in CRP, IL-6, and MDA levels. As a result, it can be said that hesperidin supplementation contributes to the inflammatory and antioxidant response, but this contribution is independent of dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Buzdağlı
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cemre Didem Eyipınar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Fatma Necmiye Kacı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Aslıhan Tekin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey
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Wang Y, Tian Z, Li Z, Kim JC. Effects of Flavonoid Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:4547. [PMID: 37960199 PMCID: PMC10647833 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, can prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and influence athletic performance through various physiological and metabolic mechanisms. However, there are conflicting results after summarizing and analyzing the relevant literature. Hence, it is warranted to evaluate the overall impact of flavonoids on athletic performance in healthy adults based on a comprehensive and systematic review and meta-analysis. After searching four databases for literature published since their respective establishments until February 2023 and conducting publication bias and quality assessments, a total of 22 studies were ultimately included. The names and doses of flavonoids, various outcome measurements, as well as types of training, were extracted from included studies. The athletic performance outcomes from the included studies were categorized into 'performance tests' and 'exercise tolerance,' depending on the type of training undertaken. Several statistical results, such as pooled effect size (ES), among others, were implemented by meta-analysis using the random effects model. The results of meta-analysis suggest that there is currently sufficient evidence (ES = -0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): [-0.50, -0.07]; p = 0.01 and ES = 0.23; 95% CI: [0.07, 0.39]; p = 0.005) to support the notion that flavonoid supplementation enhanced athletic performance in performance tests and exercise tolerance. In addition, among the subgroups, nonsignificant results were observed for athletes (p = 0.28) and acute supplementation (p = 0.41) in performance tests, as well as athletes (p = 0.57) and acute supplementation (p = 0.44) in exercise tolerance. Meanwhile, significant results were found for non-athletes (p = 0.04) and long-term supplementation (p = 0.02) in performance tests, as well as non-athletes (p = 0.005) in performance tests and long-term supplementation (p = 0.006) in exercise tolerance. The nonsignificant results were likely due to the limitation in the number of related papers, sample sizes, optimal dosage, duration, type of flavonoids, and other factors. Therefore, future research should focus on further investigating these relationships with larger sample sizes, optimal dosage, duration, and type of flavonoids to provide more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jae Cheol Kim
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; wangying890922-@jbnu.ac.kr (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (Z.L.)
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Carlos-Vivas J, Marín-Pagán C. 8 weeks of 2 S-hesperidin prevents a decrease in pO 2 at submaximal intensity in amateur cyclists in off-season: randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:2750-2767. [PMID: 36857626 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin has been shown to improve performance, to date, the possible mechanisms underlying this effect have not been explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether changes in gasometry may be associated with improved performance after the intake of 2S-hesperidin (500 mg d-1, 8 weeks). Forty amateur cyclists (n = 20 2S-hesperidin, n = 20 placebo) performed a rectangular test, during which capillary blood samples were taken at the baseline, FatMax1, ventilatory threshold 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2), power maximum (PMAX), FatMax2 and excess post-exercise O2 consumption (EPOC) to measure gasometry parameters. Significantly increased CO2 and tCO2 was found at FatMax1, VT1, FatMax2 and EPOC (p = <0.05) after 8 weeks of 2S-hesperidin ingestion. Conversely, the placebo group had a significant decrease in pO2 at VT2 (p = 0.04) during the rectangular test, with no changes in the 2S-hesperidin group. Therefore, chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin prevents decreases in pO2 at submaximal intensities in amateur cyclists in an off-season period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos N° 135, UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos N° 135, UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group (HEME), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n., 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos N° 135, UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
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Nagayama S, Aoki K, Komine S, Arai N, Endo S, Ohmori H. Improvement of low-intensity long-time running performance in rats by intake of glucosyl hesperidin. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15413. [PMID: 36708512 PMCID: PMC9884111 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of ergogenic aids in sports by both athletes and fans has increased. Moreover, the overall demand for new ergogenic aids has increased. Hesperidin is a polyphenol that is useful for improving exercise performance by activating energy generation through β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscles. However, it is difficult to use this compound as an ergogenic aid because of its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Glucosyl hesperidin is formed when one molecule of glucose is transferred to hesperidin via glycosyl-transferase. It is 10,000× more soluble and has 3.7× higher bioavailability than hesperidin. In this study, we assessed whether continuous (14 days) intake of glucosyl hesperidin improves the aerobic exercise capacity of rats during long-term acute exercise. Although glucosyl hesperidin intake did not improve the performance of high-intensity running (30 m/min), we did observe improvement in low-intensity running (15 m/min) (p < 0.05). We demonstrate that in sedentary rats, glucosyl hesperidin intake increased β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Glucosyl hesperidin intake may have created a metabolic state useful for long-term exercise. In conclusion, the continuous intake of glucosyl hesperidin improved the aerobic exercise capacity of rats during long-term acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suminori Nagayama
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kai Aoki
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceKojimachi Business Center BuildingChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shoichi Komine
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Human CareTeikyo Heisei UniversityToshima‐kuTokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Hajime Ohmori
- University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Department of Sports and Health Management, Faculty of Business Information SciencesJobu UniversityIsesakiGunmaJapan
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Ruiz-Iglesias P, Estruel-Amades S, Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Rat Mucosal Immunity following an Intensive Chronic Training and an Exhausting Exercise: Effect of Hesperidin Supplementation. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010133. [PMID: 36615791 PMCID: PMC9824398 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful situations such as a high-intensity exercise or exhausting training programs can act as immune disruptors leading to transitory immunodepression status, which can be accompanied by alterations of the gastrointestinal functions. Hesperidin intake has demonstrated ergogenic activity and is able to influence the intestinal ecosystem and immunity. We aimed to investigate the effect of hesperidin consumption in rats submitted to an intense training and a final exhaustion test, focusing on the functionality of the intestinal immune system and on the cecal microbiota. Rats, supplemented or not with hesperidin, were intensively trained on a treadmill for 5 weeks. Samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session, and immediately and 24 h after a final exhaustion test. Cecal microbiota and composition and function of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) were determined. Results showed that chronic intense exercise followed by an exhausting test induced changes in the intestinal immune compartment such as the distribution and function of MLN lymphocytes. Although the hesperidin supplementation did not prevent these alterations, it was able to enhance IgA synthesis in the intestinal compartment. This could be important in enhancing the immune intestinal barrier in this stressful situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.P.-C.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-934-024-505 (F.J.P.-C. & M.C.)
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.P.-C.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-934-024-505 (F.J.P.-C. & M.C.)
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Imperatrice M, Cuijpers I, Troost FJ, Sthijns MMJPE. Hesperidin Functions as an Ergogenic Aid by Increasing Endothelial Function and Decreasing Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Thereby Contributing to Improved Exercise Performance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142955. [PMID: 35889917 PMCID: PMC9316530 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of blood flow to peripheral muscles is crucial for proper skeletal muscle functioning and exercise performance. During exercise, increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leads to increased electron leakage and consequently induces an increase in ROS formation, contributing to DNA, lipid, and protein damage. Moreover, exercise may increase blood- and intramuscular inflammatory factors leading to a deterioration in endurance performance. The aim of this review is to investigate the potential mechanisms through which the polyphenol hesperidin could lead to enhanced exercise performance, namely improved endothelial function, reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation. We selected in vivo RCTs, animal studies, and in vitro studies in which hesperidin, its aglycone form hesperetin, hesperetin-metabolites, or orange juice are supplemented at any dosage and where the parameters related to endothelial function, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation have been measured. The results collected in this review show that hesperidin improves endothelial function (via increased NO availability), inhibits ROS production, decreases production and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers, and improves anaerobic exercise outcomes (e.g., power, speed, energy). For elite and recreational athletes, hesperidin could be used as an ergogenic aid to enhance muscle recovery between training sessions, optimize oxygen and nutrient supplies to the muscles, and improve anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Imperatrice
- BioActor BV, Gaetano Martinolaan 50, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (I.C.)
| | - Iris Cuijpers
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.J.T.); (M.M.J.P.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (I.C.)
| | - Freddy J. Troost
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.J.T.); (M.M.J.P.E.S.)
| | - Mireille M. J. P. E. Sthijns
- Food Innovation and Health, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.J.T.); (M.M.J.P.E.S.)
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Carlos-Vivas J, Marín-Pagán C. Chronic Supplementation of 2S-Hesperidin Improves Acid-Base Status and Decreases Lactate at FatMax, at Ventilatory Threshold 1 and 2 and after an Incremental Test in Amateur Cyclists. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050736. [PMID: 35625464 PMCID: PMC9138540 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, hesperidin is a molecule found mainly in citrus fruits and is being widely researched in the area of chronic disease, but also in the field of sports nutrition. Some studies have shown its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism modulating effects, including the enhancement of nitric oxide synthesis. However, few human studies have demonstrated a positive effect of hesperidin intake, in particular 2S-hesperidin, on sports performance, particularly in anaerobic and aerobic tests. However, the biochemical mechanisms that may be responsible for this enhanced performance have not yet been described. Therefore, one of the aims of this study was to assess whether an eight-week intake of 2S-hesperidin can improve acid-base status and metabolic status (lactate and glucose) in an incremental test in amateur cyclists. The results showed that amateur cyclists chronically supplemented with 2S-hesperidin improved acid-base status and lactate at FatMax, ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2, and in the acute phase of recovery after maximal effort. Abstract Chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin improves performance; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not yet been explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether changes in acid-base status may be associated with improved performance after 2S-hesperidin supplementation compared to microcellulose (placebo). Forty amateur cyclists (n = 20 per group) underwent a rectangular test where capillary blood samples were taken at baseline, FatMax1, VT1, VT2, PMAX, FatMax2 and EPOC to measure acid-base parameters. After eight weeks of 2S-hesperidin supplementation (500 mg/d) increased HCO3−, SBC, ABE (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased Lac were found at FatMax1, VT1, FatMax2 and EPOC (p ≤ 0.05), while decreased Lac at VT2 was found with a large effect size (ES = 1.15) compared to placebo. Significant group differences in the area under the curve were observed when comparing pre-post-intervention pH changes (p = 0.02) between groups. Chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin improved acid-base status and Lac, both at low-moderate and submaximal intensities, improving recovery after exercise-to-exhaustion in amateur cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-278-566
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group (HEME), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n., 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
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Bekkouch O, Dalli M, Harnafi M, Touiss I, Mokhtari I, Assri SE, Harnafi H, Choukri M, Ko SJ, Kim B, Amrani S. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Juices as Preventive Agents from Chronic Liver Damage Induced by CCl4: A Biochemical and Histological Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020390. [PMID: 35204272 PMCID: PMC8869411 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon L. are well known for their multi-use and for their pharmacological effect in the treatment of many illnesses. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of the ginger and lemon juice extracts and in addition, to evaluate their antioxidant properties and their hepatoprotective effect against the liver damage of Wistar rats induced by the injection of CCl4 to treated animals. The obtained effects were completed by a histological study for better confirmation of the registered pharmacological effects. The ginger juice extract was found to be rich in 4-gingerol, 6-gingediol, and 6-gingerol, while the lemon juice extract chemical composition was highlighted by the presence of eriodyctiol, rutin, hesperidin, and isorhamnetin. Concerning the antioxidant activity, the ginger, lemon juice extracts, and their formulation showed an important antioxidant potential using TAC (total antioxidant capacity), an antiradical activity against the radical DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil), and a ferric reducing power. Finally, the ginger, lemon, and their formulation at different doses were able to prevent CCl4 induced liver damage. Indeed, these different bioactive compounds could be used as alternative agents for the treatment of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Bekkouch
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (M.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Mohammed Dalli
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (M.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Mohamed Harnafi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Ilham Touiss
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Imane Mokhtari
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Soufiane El Assri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Hospital Center Mohammed VI, BP 4806, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (S.E.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Hicham Harnafi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Mohammed Choukri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Hospital Center Mohammed VI, BP 4806, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (S.E.A.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Seok-Jae Ko
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (M.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (M.H.); (I.T.); (I.M.); (H.H.); (S.A.)
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11
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Dorna MS, Barbosa EMS, Callegari MA, Tanni SE, Chiuso-Minicucci F, Felix TF, Seneda AL, Correa CR, Fernandes AAH, Azevedo PS, Polegato BF, Rogero MM, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM, Reis PP, Minicucci MF. Orange Juice Attenuates Circulating miR-150-5p, miR-25-3p, and miR-451a in Healthy Smokers: A Randomized Crossover Study. Front Nutr 2022; 8:775515. [PMID: 35004810 PMCID: PMC8740272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.775515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tobacco smoke is associated with oxidative and inflammatory pathways, increasing the risk of chronic-degenerative diseases. Our goal was to evaluate the effects of acute “Pera” and “Moro” orange juice consumption on inflammatory processes and oxidative stress in microRNA (miRNA) expression in plasma from healthy smokers. Methods: This was a randomized crossover study that included healthy smokers over 18 years old. Blood samples were collected before and 11 h after beverage ingestion. Participants were instructed to drink 400 mL of Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis), Moro orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), or water. Each subject drank the beverages in a 3-way crossover study design. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating miRNA expression profiles were determined. The subjects maintained their usual tobacco exposure during the experiment. Results: We included 18 individuals (12 men and 6 women), with 37.0 ± 12.0 years old. All subjects received the 3 interventions. Increased expression of circulating miRNAs (miR-150-5p, miR-25-3p, and miR-451a) was verified after cigarette smoking, which were attenuated after intake of both types of orange juice. There was no difference regarding serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9, and C-reactive protein. Despite the increased activity of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase after “Pera” or “Moro” orange juice intake, respectively, no changes in lipid hydroperoxide levels were detected. Conclusion: Tobaccos smokers showed increased expression of miR-150-5p, miR-25-3p, and miR-451a was noted, and attenuated by orange juice intake. miRNAs were predicted to regulate 244 target genes with roles in oxidative stress, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling, which are pathways frequently involved in smoking-related cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Dorna
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Elizabete M S Barbosa
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Callegari
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Suzana E Tanni
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Chiuso-Minicucci
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Tainara F Felix
- Experimental Research Unit, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana L Seneda
- Experimental Research Unit, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Camila R Correa
- Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana A H Fernandes
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Paula S Azevedo
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bertha F Polegato
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, USP - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio A R Paiva
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A M Zornoff
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Reis
- Experimental Research Unit, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.,Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Minicucci
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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12
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Ortolano-Ríos R, Dufour S, Marín-Pagán C. Professional cyclists have lower levels of bone markers than amateurs. Is there a risk of osteoporosis in cyclist? Bone 2021; 153:116102. [PMID: 34245935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a greater number of amateurs that practice cycling. However, there is no clear evidence regarding bone health in amateur cyclists compared to professional cyclists, as the latter has shown to have lower bone mineral content and density. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the differences in bone variables between professional (PRO) and amateur (AMA) road cyclists, and to see if these differences were related to differences in cycling performance. A parallel trial was carried out with 15 AMA and 10 PRO cyclists. All cyclists visited the laboratory twice: 1) in a fasted state, body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 2) physiological variables measured using an incremental test until exhaustion. Significantly lower values were found in bone mineral density, bone mineral content and fat free mass in PRO compared to AMA (p < 0.05). In addition, significantly higher power was produced in ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2) and VO2MAX in PRO compared to AMA (p < 0.05). Overall, PRO cyclists had lower values in bone health and muscle mass but better results in performance compared to AMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Ortolano-Ríos
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Stéphane Dufour
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS), UR 3072, France; University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, France.
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Martínez Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Carlos Vivas J, Chung LH, Marín Cascales E, Marín Pagán C. 8 weeks of 2 S-Hesperidin supplementation improves muscle mass and reduces fat in amateur competitive cyclists: randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2021; 12:3872-3882. [PMID: 33977947 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03456h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
2S-Hesperidin is the main flavonoid of orange (Citrus sinensis). Previous researches have pointed its effects in muscle development and fat accumulation reduction, although most of these results have not been assessed in humans. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chronic (8-weeks) intake of 2S-hesperidin on amateur cyclists' body composition. A double-blind, parallel and randomized trial, was carried out with 40 amateur cyclists that were divided in two groups, one taking 2S-hesperidin (500 mg d-1, n = 20) and another taking placebo (500 mg d-1 microcellulose, n = 20) for 8 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometric measurements were used to assess the effect of both treatments on body composition. In addition, the resting metabolic rate was measured. In comparison to placebo, DXA analysis showed a decrease in percentage body fat (%BF) (-10.4%; p = 0.035) and lower limb fat mass (-10.5%; p = 0.029) in favour of 2S-hesperidin. After evaluation of anthropometric data, a decrease in %BF (-3.7%; p = 0.006), total body fat (-3.0%; p = 0.047), ∑ of 8 skinfolds (-6.1%; p = 0.008) was observed in 2S-hesperidin group, but not in placebo. Additionally, there was an increase in muscle mass percentage (1.0%; p = <0.001) and total muscle mass (1.7%; p = 0.011) after ingestion of 2S-hesperidin, with no changes in placebo. Chronic intake of 2S-hesperidin decreased fat mass in amateur cyclists, evaluated through different body composition measurement methodologies (DXA and anthropometry). In addition, 2S-hesperidin supplementation showed a promoting effect on muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport. University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carlos Vivas
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education Research Group (HEME), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n., 10003 (Cáceres), Spain
| | - Linda H Chung
- Research Center for High Performance Sport. University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Marín Cascales
- Research Center for High Performance Sport. University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristian Marín Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport. University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain.
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14
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Tadros FJ, Andrade JM. Impact of hesperidin in 100% orange juice on chronic disease biomarkers: A narrative systematic review and gap analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8335-8354. [PMID: 34014143 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1927976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin in orange juice may affect chronic disease biomarkers. This narrative systematic review aimed to determine appropriate recommendations toward the dose and frequency of hesperidin consumption from 100% orange juice and conduct a gap analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis was conducted to identify articles through September 2020, utilizing four databases: Pub-Med Central, Agricola, Embase, and MEDLINE. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that overall effect sizes from the studies were considerably weak. Although higher frequencies, doses, and concentration of hesperidin in 100% orange juice had an impact on global cognitive function, cardiac, insulin, inflammatory, antioxidant/phenolic, and oxidative stress outcomes compared to lower frequencies, doses, and concentration of hesperidin. A gap analysis demonstrated there was a variability in dose and frequency of OJ and hesperidin, diet, genetics, and evaluation measures, which made the role of hesperidin in 100% OJ on chronic diseases unclear. This review revealed a trend toward improving chronic disease biomarkers following consumption of hesperidin in 100% orange juice. Steps can be taken in future research to improve the consistency of clinical study designs, methodology and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah J Tadros
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeanette Mary Andrade
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Does Flavonoid Consumption Improve Exercise Performance? Is It Related to Changes in the Immune System and Inflammatory Biomarkers? A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies since 2005. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041132. [PMID: 33808153 PMCID: PMC8065858 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are attracting increasing attention due to their antioxidant, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in exercise performance in association with immune function. This systematic review firstly aimed to shed light on the ergogenic potential of flavonoids. A search strategy was run using SCOPUS database. The returned studies were screened by prespecified eligibility criteria, including intervention lasting at least one week and performance objectively quantified, among others. Fifty-one studies (54 articles) met the inclusion criteria, involving 1288 human subjects, either physically untrained or trained. Secondly, we aimed to associate these studies with the immune system status. Seventeen of the selected studies (18 articles) assessed changes in the immune system. The overall percentage of studies reporting an improved exercise performance following flavonoid supplementation was 37%, the proportion being 25% when considering quercetin, 28% for flavanol-enriched extracts, and 54% for anthocyanins-enriched extracts. From the studies reporting an enhanced performance, only two, using anthocyanin supplements, focused on the immune system and found certain anti-inflammatory effects of these flavonoids. These results suggest that flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, may exert beneficial effects for athletes’ performances, although further studies are encouraged to establish the optimal dosage and to clarify their impact on immune status.
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16
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. New Insights into the Metabolism of the Flavanones Eriocitrin and Hesperidin: A Comparative Human Pharmacokinetic Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:435. [PMID: 33799874 PMCID: PMC8000041 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intake of hesperidin-rich sources, mostly found in orange juice, can decrease cardiometabolic risk, potentially linked to the gut microbial phase-II hesperetin derivatives. However, the low hesperidin solubility hampers its bioavailability and microbial metabolism, yielding a high inter-individual variability (high vs. low-producers) that prevents consistent health-related evidence. Contrarily, the human metabolism of (lemon) eriocitrin is hardly known. We hypothesize that the higher solubility of (lemon) eriocitrin vs. (orange) hesperidin might yield more bioavailable metabolites than hesperidin. A randomized-crossover human pharmacokinetic study (n = 16) compared the bioavailability and metabolism of flavanones from lemon and orange extracts and postprandial changes in oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic markers after a high-fat-high-sugars meal. A total of 17 phase-II flavanone-derived metabolites were identified. No significant biomarker changes were observed. Plasma and urinary concentrations of all metabolites, including hesperetin metabolites, were higher after lemon extract intake. Total plasma metabolites showed significantly mean lower Tmax (6.0 ± 0.4 vs. 8.0 ± 0.5 h) and higher Cmax and AUC values after lemon extract intake. We provide new insights on hesperetin-eriodictyol interconversion and naringenin formation from hesperidin in humans. Our results suggest that regular consumption of a soluble and eco-friendly eriocitrin-rich lemon extract could provide a circulating concentration metabolites threshold to exert health benefits, even in the so-called low-producers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department Food Science and Technology, Campus de Espinardo, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.Á.Á.-G.); (J.A.G.-B.); (A.G.-S.)
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17
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8-Week Supplementation of 2S-Hesperidin Modulates Antioxidant and Inflammatory Status after Exercise until Exhaustion in Amateur Cyclists. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030432. [PMID: 33799833 PMCID: PMC8000657 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic ingestion of 2S-hesperidin have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies, but so far, no one has studied this effect of chronic ingestion in humans. The main objective was to evaluate whether an 8-week intake of 2S-hesperidin had the ability to modulate antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory status in amateur cyclists. A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study was carried out with two groups (500 mg/d 2S-hesperidin; n = 20 and 500 mg/d placebo; n = 20). An incremental test was performed to determine the working zones in a rectangular test, which was used to analyze for changes in antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers. After 2S-hesperidin ingestion, we found in the rectangular test: (1) an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) after the exercise phase until exhaustion (p = 0.045) and the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), (2) a decrease in the area under the oxidized glutathione curve (GSSG) (p = 0.016), and (3) a decrease in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) after the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), post-intervention. Chronic 2S-hesperidin supplementation increased endogenous antioxidant capacity (↑SOD) after maximal effort and decreased oxidative stress (↓AUC-GSSG) during the rectangular test, decreasing inflammation (↓MCP1) after the acute recovery phase.
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18
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Ortolano-Ríos R, Dufour SP, Marín-Pagán C. Differences between Professional and Amateur Cyclists in Endogenous Antioxidant System Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020282. [PMID: 33673363 PMCID: PMC7918641 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no studies have examined the differences in endogenous antioxidant enzymes in professional and amateur cyclists and how these can influence sports performance. The aim of this study was to identify differences in endogenous antioxidants enzymes and hemogram between competitive levels of cycling and to see if differences found in these parameters could explain differences in performance. A comparative trial was carried out with 11 professional (PRO) and 15 amateur (AMA) cyclists. All cyclists performed an endogenous antioxidants analysis in the fasted state (visit 1) and an incremental test until exhaustion (visit 2). Higher values in catalase (CAT), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and GSSG/GSH ratio and lower values in superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found in PRO compared to AMA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an inverse correlation was found between power produced at ventilation thresholds 1 and 2 and GSSG/GSH (r = −0.657 and r = −0.635; p < 0.05, respectively) in PRO. Therefore, there is no well-defined endogenous antioxidant enzyme profile between the two competitive levels of cyclists. However, there was a relationship between GSSG/GSH ratio levels and moderate and submaximal exercise performance in the PRO cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (R.O.-R.); (C.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-827-8566
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (R.O.-R.); (C.M.-P.)
| | - Raquel Ortolano-Ríos
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (R.O.-R.); (C.M.-P.)
| | - Stéphane P. Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS) UR 3072, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (R.O.-R.); (C.M.-P.)
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van Iersel LE, Stevens YR, Conchillo JM, Troost FJ. The effect of citrus flavonoid extract supplementation on anaerobic capacity in moderately trained athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:2. [PMID: 33407631 PMCID: PMC7789554 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00399-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional supplementation is commonly used by athletes to improve their exercise performance. Previous studies demonstrated that citrus flavonoid extract (CFE) supplementation may be an effective strategy to improve exercise performance in male athletes. Yet, no conclusive research has been performed to investigate the effect of chronic CFE supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess whether CFE supplementation in daily dosages of 400 and 500 mg for a period of 4 and 8 weeks improves anaerobic exercise capacity. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel clinical study was conducted in 92 moderately trained healthy men and women. Subjects were randomized to receive 400 mg of CFE (n = 30), 500 mg of CFE (n = 31) or placebo (n = 31) daily, for 8 consecutive weeks. The Wingate anaerobic test was used to assess anaerobic exercise capacity and power output at baseline, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks. RESULTS After 4 weeks supplementation, average power output significantly increased in the 400 mg group (Estimated difference [ED] = 38.2 W [18.0, 58.3]; p < 0.001; effect size [ES] = 0.27) and in the 500 mg group (ED = 21.2 W [0.91, 41.4]; p = 0.041; ES = 0.15) compared to placebo. The 5 s peak power output was also increased in the 400 mg group (ED = 53.6 [9.96, 97.2]; p = 0.017; ES = 0.25) after 4 weeks compared to placebo. After 8 weeks of supplementation, average power output was significantly improved in the group receiving 400 mg of CFE (ED = 31.6 [8.33, 54.8]; p = 0.008; ES = 0.22) compared to placebo. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CFE supplementation improved anaerobic capacity and peak power during high intensity exercise in moderately trained individuals. Further research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms that are affected by CFE supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03044444 ). Registered 7 February 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke E van Iersel
- BioActor BV, Gaetano Martinolaan 85, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yala R Stevens
- BioActor BV, Gaetano Martinolaan 85, 6229 GS, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jose M Conchillo
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy J Troost
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Food Innovation and Health, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, 5911 BV, Venlo, The Netherlands
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Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123911. [PMID: 33371483 PMCID: PMC7767530 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2S-Hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving performance in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on non-oxidative/glycolytic and oxidative metabolism markers and performance markers in amateur cyclists. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out between late September and December 2018. Forty amateur cyclists were randomized into two groups: one taking 500 mg/day 2S-hesperidin and the other taking 500 mg/day placebo (microcellulose) for eight weeks. All participants completed the study. An incremental test was used to evaluate performance, and a step test was used to measure oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, efficiency and oxidation of carbohydrates and fat by indirect calorimetry. The anaerobic power (non-oxidative) was determined using Wingate tests (30 s). After eight weeks supplementation, there was an increase in the incremental test in estimated functional threshold power (FTP) (3.2%; p ≤ 0.05) and maximum power (2.7%; p ≤ 0.05) with 2S-hesperdin compared to placebo. In the step test, there was a decrease in VO2 (L/min) (−8.3%; p ≤ 0.01) and VO2R (mL/kg/min) (−8.9%; p ≤ 0.01) at VT2 in placebo. However, there were no differences between groups. In the Wingate test, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in peak and relative power in both groups, but without differences between groups. Supplementation with an orange extract (2S-hesperdin) 500 mg/day improves estimated FTP and maximum power performance in amateur cyclists.
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21
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Influence of Hesperidin on Systemic Immunity of Rats Following an Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051291. [PMID: 32369998 PMCID: PMC7282260 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive training and exhausting exercise can disrupt innate and acquired immunity. The flavanone hesperidin has shown immunomodulatory properties in physiological and some pathological conditions, and positive effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether it also prevents exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of oral hesperidin supplementation on the systemic immune system in rats following an intensive training and exhausting exercise. For this purpose, female Wistar rats were randomized into an intensive training group or a sedentary group. Intensive training was induced by running in a treadmill 5 days per week (including two exhausting tests) for five weeks. Throughout the training period, 200 mg/kg of hesperidin or vehicle was administered by oral gavage three times per week. At the end, blood, thymus, spleen and macrophages were collected before, immediately after and 24 h after an additional final exhaustion test. Hesperidin supplementation enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity and the proportion of phagocytic monocytes, attenuated the secretion of cytokines by stimulated macrophages, prevented the leukocytosis induced by exhaustion and increased the proportion of T helper cells in the thymus, blood and spleen. These results suggest that hesperidin can prevent exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations.
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