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Liang Q, Abraham A, Capra JA, Kostka D. Disease-specific prioritization of non-coding GWAS variants based on chromatin accessibility. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100310. [PMID: 38773771 PMCID: PMC11259938 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-protein-coding genetic variants are a major driver of the genetic risk for human disease; however, identifying which non-coding variants contribute to diseases and their mechanisms remains challenging. In silico variant prioritization methods quantify a variant's severity, but for most methods, the specific phenotype and disease context of the prediction remain poorly defined. For example, many commonly used methods provide a single, organism-wide score for each variant, while other methods summarize a variant's impact in certain tissues and/or cell types. Here, we propose a complementary disease-specific variant prioritization scheme, which is motivated by the observation that variants contributing to disease often operate through specific biological mechanisms. We combine tissue/cell-type-specific variant scores (e.g., GenoSkyline, FitCons2, DNA accessibility) into disease-specific scores with a logistic regression approach and apply it to ∼25,000 non-coding variants spanning 111 diseases. We show that this disease-specific aggregation significantly improves the association of common non-coding genetic variants with disease (average precision: 0.151, baseline = 0.09), compared with organism-wide scores (GenoCanyon, LINSIGHT, GWAVA, Eigen, CADD; average precision: 0.129, baseline = 0.09). Further on, disease similarities based on data-driven aggregation weights highlight meaningful disease groups, and it provides information about tissues and cell types that drive these similarities. We also show that so-learned similarities are complementary to genetic similarities as quantified by genetic correlation. Overall, our approach demonstrates the strengths of disease-specific variant prioritization, leads to improvement in non-coding variant prioritization, and enables interpretable models that link variants to disease via specific tissues and/or cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abin Abraham
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Capra
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Datta N, Hossepian K, Xie I, Gurcan HY, Behr S, Pouliadi M, Miranda C. Anorexia Nervosa Across the Lifespan: A Review of Recent Literature. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2024; 22:269-277. [PMID: 38988469 PMCID: PMC11231474 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20230037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In this review, the authors provide an update on the understanding of anorexia nervosa (AN) across the lifespan. Focusing on key pieces of literature from the past 5 years, this review summarizes recent updates to DSM-5 within the domain of AN, including the addition of a new AN diagnosis: atypical anorexia. Additional sections covered in this review include improvements in the epidemiological understanding of AN across the developmental spectrum, treatment approaches that have been established as gold standard as well as new directions recently explored in treatment, and recent advancements in the biopsychosocial underpinnings of AN. Altogether, although this review captures several advancements in the field's overall conceptualization of AN, several key areas of treatment and diagnostic capacity continue to require additional focus and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Datta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Kristene Hossepian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Isabella Xie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Hazal Yagmur Gurcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Solveig Behr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Marina Pouliadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
| | - Christina Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Datta, Hossepian, Gurcan, Behr, Pouliadi, Miranda); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California (Xie); Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Behr)
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3
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Huo Z, Zhang R, Chen Z, Xu J, Xu T, Feng T. The neural substrates responsible for punishment sensitivity association with procrastination: Left putamen connectivity with left middle temporal gyrus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110982. [PMID: 38387807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination has adverse consequences across cultural contexts. Behavioral research found a positive correlation between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. However, little is known about the neural substrates underlying the association between them. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods to address this issue with two independent samples. In Sample 1, behavioral results found that punishment sensitivity was positively related to procrastination. The VBM analysis showed that punishment sensitivity was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in left putamen. Subsequently, the RSFC results revealed that left putamen - left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) connectivity was positively associated with punishment sensitivity. More crucially, mediation analysis indicated that left putamen - left MTG connectivity mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. The aforementioned results were validated in Sample 2. Altogether, left putamen - left MTG connectivity might be the neural signature of the association between punishment sensitivity and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Army Medical University, China
| | - Junye Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Mitchell JS, Anijärv TE, Levenstein JL, Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J. Excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolites in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105279. [PMID: 37307945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is considered a pathological marker of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), however, no systematic evaluation of the proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) literature has been conducted to date. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review of neurometabolite differences between individuals with AN and healthy controls (HC). A comprehensive database search (until June 2023) identified seven studies meeting inclusion criteria. Samples included adolescents and adults with similar mean age (AN: 22.20 HC: 22.60), and female percentages (AN: 98%; HC: 94%). The review found a considerable need for improving study design and the reporting of MRS sequence parameters and analysis. Reduced glutamate concentrations in the ACC and OCC, and reduced Glx concentrations in the ACC were reported by one and two studies, respectively. Lastly, only one study to date has quantified GABA concentrations, with no significant differences found. In conclusion, there is currently insufficient evidence of excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolites changes in AN. As the 1H-MRS literature in AN increases, the key questions herein proposed must be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules S Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Toomas E Anijärv
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacob L Levenstein
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder associated with serious adverse health outcomes, for which there is currently considerable treatment ineffectiveness. Characterised by restrictive eating behaviours, distorted body image perceptions and excessive physical activity, there is growing recognition anorexia nervosa is associated with underlying dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolite metabolism and signalling. This narrative review critically explores the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolite dysfunction in anorexia nervosa and its associated biomarkers. The existing magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature in anorexia nervosa is reviewed and we outline the brain region-specific neurometabolite changes that have been reported and their connection to anorexia nervosa psychopathology. Considering the proposed role of dysfunctional neurotransmission in anorexia nervosa, the potential utility of zinc supplementation and sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine in normalising this is discussed with reference to previous research in anorexia nervosa and other neuropsychiatric conditions. The rationale for future research to investigate the combined use of low-dose ketamine and zinc supplementation to potentially extend the therapeutic benefits in anorexia nervosa is subsequently explored and promising biological markers for assessing and potentially predicting treatment response are outlined.
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Leenaerts N, Jongen D, Ceccarini J, Van Oudenhove L, Vrieze E. The neurobiological reward system and binge eating: A critical systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1421-1458. [PMID: 35841198 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in reward processing are hypothesized to play a role in the onset and maintenance of binge eating (BE). However, despite an increasing number of studies investigating the neurobiological reward system in individuals who binge eat, no comprehensive systematic review exists on this topic. Therefore, this review has the following objectives: (1) identify structural and functional changes in the brain reward system, either during rest or while performing a task; and (2) formulate directions for future research. METHODS A search was conducted of articles published until March 31, 2022. Neuroimaging studies were eligible if they wanted to study the reward system and included a group of individuals who binge eat together with a comparator group. Their results were summarized in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS A total of 58 articles were included. At rest, individuals who binge eat displayed a lower striatal dopamine release, a change in the volume of the striatum, frontal cortex, and insula, as well as a lower frontostriatal connectivity. While performing a task, there was a higher activity of the brain reward system when anticipating or receiving food, more model-free reinforcement learning, and more habitual behavior. Most studies only included one patient group, used general reward-related measures, and did not evaluate the impact of comorbidities, illness duration, race, or sex. DISCUSSION Confirming previous hypotheses, this review finds structural and functional changes in the neurobiological reward system in BE. Future studies should compare disorders, use measures that are specific to BE, and investigate the impact of confounding factors. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This systematic review finds that individuals who binge eat display structural and functional changes in the brain reward system. These changes could be related to a higher sensitivity to food, relying more on previous experiences when making decisions, and more habitual behavior. Future studies should use a task that is specific to binge eating, look across different patient groups, and investigate the impact of comorbidities, illness duration, race, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leenaerts
- Mind-body Research, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Jongen
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Ceccarini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Elske Vrieze
- Mind-body Research, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Frostad S, Bentz M. Anorexia nervosa: Outpatient treatment and medical management. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:558-579. [PMID: 35582333 PMCID: PMC9048449 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, costly and potentially deadly illness. Treatment failure and relapse are common after completing treatment, and a substantial proportion of patients develop severe and enduring AN. The time from AN debut to the treatment initiation is normally unreasonably long. Over the past 20 years there has been empirical support for the efficacy of several treatments for AN. Moreover, outpatient treatment with family-based therapy or individual psychotherapy is associated with good outcomes for a substantial proportion of patients. Early intervention improves outcomes and should be a priority for all patients. Outpatient treatment is usually the best format for early intervention, and it has been demonstrated that even patients with severe or extreme AN can be treated as outpatients if they are medically stable. Inpatient care is more disruptive, more costly, and usually has a longer waiting list than does outpatient care. The decision as to whether to proceed with outpatient treatment or to transfer the patient for inpatient therapy may be difficult. The core aim of this opinion review is to provide the knowledge base needed for performing safe outpatient treatment of AN. The scientific essentials for outpatient treatment are described, including how to assess and manage the medical risks of AN and how to decide when transition to inpatient care is indicated. The following aspects are discussed: early intervention, outpatient treatment of AN, including outpatient psychotherapy for severe and extreme AN, how to determine when outpatient treatment is safe, and when transfer to inpatient healthcare is indicated. Emerging treatments, ethical issues and outstanding research questions are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Frostad
- Department of Mental Health Research, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
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8
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Mottarlini F, Targa G, Bottan G, Tarenzi B, Fumagalli F, Caffino L. Cortical reorganization of the glutamate synapse in the activity-based anorexia rat model: impact on cognition. J Neurochem 2022; 161:350-365. [PMID: 35257377 PMCID: PMC9313878 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) display altered neural activity, morphological, and functional connectivity in the fronto‐striatal circuit. In addition, hypoglutamatergic transmission and aberrant excitability of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) observed in AN patients might underpin cognitive deficits that fuel the vicious cycle of dieting behavior. To provide a molecular mechanism, we employed the activity‐based anorexia (ABA) rat model, which combines the two hallmarks of AN (i.e., caloric restriction and intense physical exercise), to evaluate structural remodeling together with alterations in the glutamatergic signaling in the mPFC and their impact on temporal memory, as measured by the temporal order object recognition (TOOR) test. Our data indicate that the combination of caloric restriction and intense physical exercise altered the homeostasis of the glutamate synapse and reduced spine density in the mPFC. These events, paralleled by an impairment in recency discrimination in the TOOR test, are associated with the ABA endophenotype. Of note, after a 7‐day recovery period, body weight was recovered and the mPFC structure normalized but ABA rats still exhibited reduced post‐synaptic stability of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors associated with cognitive dysfunction. Taken together, these data suggest that the combination of reduced food intake and hyperactivity affects the homeostasis of the excitatory synapse in the mPFC contributing to maintain the aberrant behaviors observed in AN patients. Our findings, by identifying novel potential targets of AN, may contribute to more effectively direct the therapeutic interventions to ameliorate, at least, the cognitive effects of this psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mottarlini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bottan
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tarenzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caffino
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
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9
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Collantoni E, Alberti F, Meregalli V, Meneguzzo P, Tenconi E, Favaro A. Brain networks in eating disorders: a systematic review of graph theory studies. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:69-83. [PMID: 33754274 PMCID: PMC8860943 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence from neuroimaging research has shown that eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by alterations in interconnected neural systems, whose characteristics can be usefully described by connectomics tools. The present paper aimed to review the neuroimaging literature in EDs employing connectomic tools, and, specifically, graph theory analysis. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies employing graph theory analysis on patients with eating disorders published before the 22nd of June 2020. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the systematic review. Ten of them address anorexia nervosa (AN) (AN = 199; acute AN = 85, weight recovered AN with acute diagnosis = 24; fully recovered AN = 90). The remaining two articles address patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) (BN = 48). Global and regional unbalance in segregation and integration properties were described in both disorders. DISCUSSION The literature concerning the use of connectomics tools in EDs evidenced the presence of alterations in the topological characteristics of brain networks at a global and at a regional level. Changes in local characteristics involve areas that have been demonstrated to be crucial in the neurobiology and pathophysiology of EDs. Regional imbalances in network properties seem to reflect on global patterns. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Collantoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Meregalli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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10
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Brondel L, Quilliot D, Mouillot T, Khan NA, Bastable P, Boggio V, Leloup C, Pénicaud L. Taste of Fat and Obesity: Different Hypotheses and Our Point of View. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030555. [PMID: 35276921 PMCID: PMC8838004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from a temporary or prolonged positive energy balance due to an alteration in the homeostatic feedback of energy balance. Food, with its discriminative and hedonic qualities, is a key element of reward-based energy intake. An alteration in the brain reward system for highly palatable energy-rich foods, comprised of fat and carbohydrates, could be one of the main factors involved in the development of obesity by increasing the attractiveness and consumption of fat-rich foods. This would induce, in turn, a decrease in the taste of fat. A better understanding of the altered reward system in obesity may open the door to a new era for the diagnosis, management and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brondel
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80681677 or +33-6-43213100
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Unité Multidisciplinaire de la Chirurgie de L’obésité, University Hospital Nancy-Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de Nutrition & Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR/UB/AgroSup 1231, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | | | | | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Institut RESTORE, Toulouse University, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301 Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France;
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11
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Seidel M, Pauligk S, Fürtjes S, King JA, Schlief SM, Geisler D, Walter H, Goschke T, Ehrlich S. Intact neural and behavioral correlates of emotion processing and regulation in weight-recovered anorexia nervosa: a combined fMRI and EMA study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:32. [PMID: 35075103 PMCID: PMC8786843 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered emotion processing and regulation mechanisms play a key role in eating disorders. We recently reported increased fMRI responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing (amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in acutely underweight anorexia nervosa (AN) patients while passively viewing negatively valenced images. We also showed that patients' ability to downregulate activity elicited by positively valenced pictures in a brain region involved in reward processing (ventral striatum) was predictive of worse outcomes (increased rumination and negative affect). The current study tries to answer the question of whether these alterations are only state effects associated with undernutrition or whether they constitute a trait characteristic of the disorder that persists after recovery. Forty-one individuals that were weight-recovered from AN (recAN) and 41 age-matched healthy controls (HC) completed an established emotion regulation paradigm using negatively and positively valenced visual stimuli. We assessed behavioral (arousal) and fMRI measures (activity in the amygdala, ventral striatum, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) during emotion processing and regulation. Additionally, measures of disorder-relevant rumination and affect were collected several times daily for 2 weeks after scanning via ecological momentary assessment. In contrast to our previous findings in acute AN patients, recAN showed no significant alterations either on a behavioral or neural level. Further, there were no associations between fMRI responses and post-scan momentary measures of rumination and affect. Together, these results suggest that neural responses to emotionally valenced stimuli as well as relationships with everyday rumination and affect likely reflect state-related alterations in AN that improve following successful weight-recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seidel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pauligk
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophia Fürtjes
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A. King
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie-Maleen Schlief
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, Liese AD, Naguib M, Prentice A, Rochat T, Stephensen CB, Tinago CB, Ward KA, Wrottesley SV, Patton GC. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet 2022; 399:172-184. [PMID: 34856190 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on an individual's health in later life, as well as the health of any potential children. The current generation of adolescents is growing up at a time of unprecedented change in food environments, whereby nutritional problems of micronutrient deficiency and food insecurity persist, and overweight and obesity are burgeoning. In a context of pervasive policy neglect, research on nutrition during adolescence specifically has been underinvested, compared with such research in other age groups, which has inhibited the development of adolescent-responsive nutritional policies. One consequence has been the absence of an integrated perspective on adolescent growth and development, and the role that nutrition plays. Through late childhood and early adolescence, nutrition has a formative role in the timing and pattern of puberty, with consequences for adult height, muscle, and fat mass accrual, as well as risk of non-communicable diseases in later life. Nutritional effects in adolescent development extend beyond musculoskeletal growth, to cardiorespiratory fitness, neurodevelopment, and immunity. High rates of early adolescent pregnancy in many countries continue to jeopardise the growth and nutrition of female adolescents, with consequences that extend to the next generation. Adolescence is a nutrition-sensitive phase for growth, in which the benefits of good nutrition extend to many other physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Norris
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Health Research Institute, School of Health and Human Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Edward A Frongillo
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Maureen M Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Bejing, China
| | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michelle Lampl
- Emory Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela D Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mariam Naguib
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Prentice
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Group, Cambridge, UK; MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamsen Rochat
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephanie V Wrottesley
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Myrvang AD, Vangberg TR, Linnman C, Stedal K, Rø Ø, Endestad T, Rosenvinge JH, Aslaksen PM. Altered functional connectivity in adolescent anorexia nervosa is related to age and cortical thickness. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:490. [PMID: 34615497 PMCID: PMC8496064 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional networks develop throughout adolescence when anorexia nervosa (AN) normally debuts. In AN, cerebral structural alterations are found in most brain regions and may be related to the observed functional brain changes. Few studies have investigated the functional networks of the brain in adolescent AN patients.. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate multiple functional networks in adolescent AN patients compared to healthy age-matched controls (HC) and the relationship with age, eating disorder symptoms and structural alterations. METHODS Included were 29 female inpatients with restrictive AN, and 27 HC. All participants were between the ages of 12 to 18 years. Independent component analysis (ICA) identified 21 functional networks that were analyzed with multivariate and univariate analyses of components and group affiliation (AN vs HC). Age, age × group interaction and AN symptoms were included as covariates. Follow-up correlational analyses of selected components and structural measures (cortical thickness and subcortical volume) were carried out. RESULTS Decreased functional connectivity (FC) in AN patients was found in one cortical network, involving mainly the precuneus, and identified as a default mode network (DMN). Cortical thickness in the precuneus was significantly correlated with functional connectivity in this network. Significant group differences were also found in two subcortical networks involving mainly the hippocampus and the amygdala respectively, and a significant interaction effect of age and group was found in both these networks. There were no significant associations between FC and the clinical measures used in the study. CONCLUSION The findings from the present study may imply that functional alterations are related to structural alterations in selected regions and that the restricted food intake in AN patients disrupt normal age-related development of functional networks involving the amygdala and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Myrvang
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Huginbakken 32, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgil R. Vangberg
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ,grid.412244.50000 0004 4689 5540PET Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Clas Linnman
- grid.416228.b0000 0004 0451 8771Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Kristin Stedal
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Endestad
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,Helgelandssykehuset, Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Jan H. Rosenvinge
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Huginbakken 32, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per M. Aslaksen
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Huginbakken 32, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway ,grid.412244.50000 0004 4689 5540Regional Center for Eating Disorders, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Sternheim LC, Wickham MI, Danner UN, Maddox TW, Filoteo VJ, Shott ME, Frank GKW. Understanding implicit and explicit learning in adolescents with and without anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:77. [PMID: 34187577 PMCID: PMC8243584 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive disturbances such as impairments in learning are thought to play a role in adult Anorexia Nervosa (AN). It is remains unclear to what extent these disturbances result from starvation of the brain, or relate to an abnormal premorbid cognitive profile. This study investigates learning processes in adolescents with AN, hypothesizing that implicit learning is intact, as found previously in explicit learning tasks. Secondly, we hypothesized that anxiety and depression symptoms, inherent to AN, are associated to learning processes in AN. METHODS In total 46 adolescents diagnosed with AN and 44 control participants were administered an implicit category learning task in which they were asked to categorize simple perceptual stimuli (Gabor patches) based on a linear integration (i.e., an implicit task) of orientation and spatial frequency of the stimulus. A subgroup of adolescents (n = 38) also completed a task assessing explicit learning. RESULTS Model-based analyses indicated that adolescents with AN performed significantly more accurately compared to their healthy peers regardless of whether they used the optimal strategy or not. Depression and anxiety did not relate to learning performance in the AN group. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings of augmented implicit and explicit learning in adolescents with AN corroborate recent studies that suggested higher stimulus-response learning during prediction error paradigms. Learning disturbances in adult AN may then be at least partly due to long-term malnourishment, highlighting the importance of early recognition and refeeding in treatments for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lot C Sternheim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 1, 3508, TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- , Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam I Wickham
- Department of Social Health and Organisation Psychology, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 1, 3508, TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Unna N Danner
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 1, 3508, TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Wenshoek 4, 3705, WE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Todd W Maddox
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Vincent J Filoteo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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D’Agata F, Caroppo P, Spalatro A, Lavagnino L, Abbate Daga G, Boghi A, Bergui M, Cicerale A, Vitiello B, Fassino S, Derntl B, Amianto F. Emotional imagination of negative situations: Functional neuroimaging in anorexia and bulimia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0231684. [PMID: 33836002 PMCID: PMC8034744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The present study aims to extend the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion processing in first episode subjects affected by anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). We applied an emotional distress paradigm targeting negative emotions thought to be relevant for interpersonal difficulties and therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Methods The current study applied to 44 female participants with newly diagnosed AN or BN and 20 matched controls a neuroimaging paradigm eliciting affective responses. The measurements also included an extensive assessment comprising clinical scales, neuropsychological tests, measures of emotion processing and empathy. Results AN and BN did not differ from controls in terms of emotional response, emotion matching, self-reported empathy and cognitive performance. However, eating disorder and psychopathological clinical scores, as well as alexithymia levels, were increased in AN and BN. On a neural level, no significant group differences emerged, even when focusing on a region of interest selected a priori: the amygdala. Some interesting findings put in relation the hippocampal activity with the level of Body Dissatisfaction of the participants, the relative importance of the key nodes for the common network in the decoding of different emotions (BN = right amygdala, AN = anterior cingulate area), and the qualitative profile of the deactivations. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that participants with AN or BN display reduced emotional responsiveness. However, peculiar characteristics in emotion processing could be associated to the three different groups. Therefore, relational difficulties in eating disorders, as well as therapeutic resistance, could be not secondary to a simple difficulty in feeling and identifying basic negative emotions in AN and BN participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico D’Agata
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Computational Imaging Group for MR diagnostics & therapy, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Paola Caroppo
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Spalatro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Lavagnino
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Andrea Boghi
- ASL TO2 San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Bergui
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Secondo Fassino
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Antagonism for NPY signaling reverses cognitive behavior defects induced by activity-based anorexia in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105133. [PMID: 33540372 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with AN often express psychological symptoms such as body image distortion, cognitive biases, abnormal facial recognition, and deficits in working memory. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of cognitive behaviors in AN remain unknown. In the present study, we measured cognitive behavior using novel object recognition (NOR) tasks and mRNA expressions in hypothalamic neuropeptides in female C57BL/6J mice with activity-based anorexia (ABA). Additionally, we evaluated the effects of antagonists with intracerebroventricular (icv) administration on the impairment of cognitive behavior in NOR tasks. Our results showed that NOR indices were lowered, subsequently increasing mRNA levels of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and c-Fos- and AgRP- or NPY-positive cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in ABA mice. We also observed that icv administration of anti-NPY antiserum (2 µl), anti-AgRP antibody (0.1 μg), and Y5 receptor antagonist CPG71683 (15 nmol) significantly reversed the decreased NOR indices. Therefore, our results suggest that increased NPY and AgRP signaling in the brain might contribute to the impairment of cognitive behavior in AN.
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17
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Alaaraj N, Soliman A, Hamed N, Alyafei F, De Sanctis V. Understanding the complex role of mTORC as an intracellular critical mediator of whole-body metabolism in anorexia nervosa: A mini review. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021170. [PMID: 33682848 PMCID: PMC7975969 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a kind of malnutrition resulting from chronic self-induced starvation. The reported associated endocrine changes (adaptive and non-adaptive) include hypothalamic amenorrhea, a nutritionally acquired growth hormone resistance with low insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) secretion, relative hypercortisolemia, decreased leptin and insulin concentrations, and increased ghrelin, Peptide YY (PYY) and adiponectin secretion. The combined effect of malnutrition and endocrinopathy may have deleterious effects on multi-organs including bone, gonads, thyroid gland, and brain (neurocognition, anxiety, depression, and other psychopathologies). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. Recent studies suggest an important role of mTOR complex in integration of nutrient and hormone signals to adjust energy homeostasis. In this review, we tried to elucidate the role/s of mTOR as critical mediator of the cellular response in anorexia nervosa. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Alaaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ashraf Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noor Hamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Fawziya Alyafei
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
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18
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Smith KE, Luo S, Mason TB. A systematic review of neural correlates of dysregulated eating associated with obesity risk in youth. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:245-266. [PMID: 33587960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated eating among children and adolescents is associated with a wide range of negative mental and physical health outcomes, including obesity. However, less is known regarding underlying neural mechanisms underlying such behaviors. Therefore, the present manuscript systematically reviewed neuroimaging research examining dysregulated eating behavior linked to excess weight in children and adolescents. A systematic literature search identified 23 eligible studies, the majority of which were cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and excluded participants with psychiatric disorders. Dysregulated eating was captured by measures of eating styles and eating self-regulation, eating disorder behaviors, food addiction, objective measures of non-homeostatic eating and caloric restriction. While preliminary, findings suggested eating dysregulation was related to aberrant functioning within the frontostriatal and frontoparietal regions involved in self-regulatory processes, as well as regions involved in satiety signaling and interoception. This heterogeneous body of research is continually growing and may have potential to inform future prevention and intervention approaches. Results also identified several important limitations to consider and highlight key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Kappou K, Ntougia M, Kourtesi A, Panagouli E, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Michalacos S, Gonidakis F, Mastorakos G, Psaltopoulou T, Tsolia M, Bacopoulou F, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Neuroimaging Findings in Adolescents and Young Adults with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020137. [PMID: 33673193 PMCID: PMC7918703 DOI: 10.3390/children8020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious, multifactorial mental disorder affecting predominantly young females. This systematic review examines neuroimaging findings in adolescents and young adults up to 24 years old, in order to explore alterations associated with disease pathophysiology. Methods: Eligible studies on structural and functional brain neuroimaging were sought systematically in PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE databases up to 5 October 2020. Results: Thirty-three studies were included, investigating a total of 587 patients with a current diagnosis of AN and 663 healthy controls (HC). Global and regional grey matter (GM) volume reduction as well as white matter (WM) microstructure alterations were detected. The mainly affected regions were the prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, insula, thalamus and cerebellum as well as various WM tracts such as corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Regarding functional imaging, alterations were pointed out in large-scale brain networks, such as default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN) and salience network (SN). Most findings appear to reverse after weight restoration. Specific limitations of neuroimaging studies in still developing individuals are also discussed. Conclusions: Structural and functional alterations are present in the early course of the disease, most of them being partially or totally reversible. Nonetheless, neuroimaging findings have been open to many biological interpretations. Thus, more studies are needed to clarify their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Kappou
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Myrto Ntougia
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Aikaterini Kourtesi
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefanos Michalacos
- Department of Endocrinology-Growth and Development, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Fragiskos Gonidakis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 115 28 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Mastorakos
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, “Agia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- MSc “Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health”, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (M.N.); (A.K.); (E.P.); (T.P.); (M.T.); (T.N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-210-771-0824
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Sun JW, Fan R, Wang Q, Wang QQ, Jia XZ, Ma HB. Identify abnormal functional connectivity of resting state networks in Autism spectrum disorder and apply to machine learning-based classification. Brain Res 2021; 1757:147299. [PMID: 33516816 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients are often reported altered patterns of functional connectivity (FC) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) scans. However, the results in similar brain regions were inconsistent. In this study, we first investigated statistical differences in large-scale resting-state networks (RSNs) on 192 healthy controls (HCs) and 103 ASD patients by using independent component analysis (ICA). Second, an image-based meta-analysis (IBMA) was applied to discover the consistency of spatial patterns from different sites. Last, utilizing these patterns as features, we used Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to identify whether a subject was suffering from ASD or not. As a result, six RSNs were obtained with ICA. In each RSN, we identified altered functional connectivity between ASD and HC across the multi-site data. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve plots (AUC) to determine the classification performance. The AUC value of classification reaches 0.988. In conclusion, the present study indicates that intrinsic connectivity patterns produced from rsfMRI data could yield a possible biomarker of ASD and contributed to the neurobiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Sun
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China; Integrated Medical School, Jiamusi University, China
| | - Rui Fan
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China; Integrated Medical School, Jiamusi University, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Wang
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xi-Ze Jia
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hui-Bin Ma
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China; Integrated Medical School, Jiamusi University, China.
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The Emergence of eSports Nutrition: A Review. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2021.1-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Activity-Based Anorexia Dynamically Dysregulates the Glutamatergic Synapse in the Nucleus Accumbens of Female Adolescent Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123661. [PMID: 33260714 PMCID: PMC7760003 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense physical activity and dieting are core symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN). Their combination evolves into compulsivity, leading the patient into an out-of-control spiral. AN patients exhibit an altered activation of nucleus accumbens (NAc), revealing a dysfunctional mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry in AN. Since evidence exists that a dysregulation of the glutamate system in the NAc influences reward and taking advantage of the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rat model, which closely mimics the hallmarks of AN, we investigated the involvement of the glutamatergic signaling in the NAc in this experimental model. We here demonstrate that food restriction causes hyperactive and compulsive behavior in rodents, inducing an escalation of physical activity, which results in dramatic weight loss. Analysis of the glutamate system revealed that, in the acute phase of the pathology, ABA rats increased the membrane expression of GluA1 AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor subunits together with its scaffolding protein SAP97. Recovery of body weight reduced GluN2A/2B balance together with the expression of their specific scaffolding proteins, thus suggesting persistent maladaptive neurotransmission. Taken together, AMPA and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit reorganization may play a role in the motivational mechanisms underlying AN.
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Abstract
Eating and feeding disturbances are prevalent yet understudied health conditions in youth. They are characterized by aberrant eating behaviors, cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, and dysregulated body weight. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition defines several feeding and eating disorders with a common onset in youth; however, data on their clinical validity at young ages are lacking. Further non-normative eating behaviors exist, but their clinical relevance needs elucidation. This Special Issue compiles state-of-the-art reviews and empirical research on the presentation, development, course, and maintenance of diverse eating and feeding disturbances as a prerequisite for delineating evidence-based interventions for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Eating disorders are disabling, deadly, and costly mental disorders that considerably impair physical health and disrupt psychosocial functioning. Disturbed attitudes towards weight, body shape, and eating play a key role in the origin and maintenance of eating disorders. Eating disorders have been increasing over the past 50 years and changes in the food environment have been implicated. All health-care providers should routinely enquire about eating habits as a component of overall health assessment. Six main feeding and eating disorders are now recognised in diagnostic systems: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, pica, and rumination disorder. The presentation form of eating disorders might vary for men versus women, for example. As eating disorders are under-researched, there is a great deal of uncertainty as to their pathophysiology, treatment, and management. Future challenges, emerging treatments, and outstanding research questions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Tiago Antunes Duarte
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Serviço de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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