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Hardiany NS, Dewi PKK, Dewi S, Tejo BA. Exploration of neuroprotective effect from Coriandrum sativum L. ethanolic seeds extracts on brain of obese rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:603. [PMID: 38182767 PMCID: PMC10770154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential neuroprotective ability of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.) ethanolic extract (CSES) as a neuroprotectant agent in the brains of high-fat diet-induced obese rats was analyzed. The study investigated how CSES impacts oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde/MDA, glutathione/GSH and catalase), inflammation marker (i.e., Interleukin-6/IL-6), cellular senescence markers (i.e., senescence-associated β-galactoside/SA-β-Gal activity and p16), brain damage marker (i.e., Neuron-specific Enolase/NSE), and neurogenesis markers (i.e., mature Brain-derived Neurotropic Factor/BDNF, pro-BDNF, and mature/pro-BDNF ratio). Male adult Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet and given CSES once daily, at 100 mg/kg body weight, for 12 weeks. CSES significantly reduced MDA concentration (p = < 0.001), SA-β-Gal activity (p = 0.010), and increased GSH concentration (p = 0.047) in the brain of obese rats; however, the decrease of IL-6, NSE, and p16 as well as the increase of catalase specific activity and BDNF expression were not significant. Moreover, the mature/pro-BDNF ratio was significantly higher in the brains of non-obese rats, both given the control diet and the high-fat diet compared to the control. Our results suggest that obese rats benefited from consuming CSES, showing improved oxidative stress levels, reduced cellular senescence and increased endogenous antioxidants, making CSES a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novi Silvia Hardiany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
| | - Putri Krishna Kumara Dewi
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Medical Biochemistry Division, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali, 81116, Indonesia
| | - Syarifah Dewi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Bimo A Tejo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
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Taniguchi C, Watanabe T, Hirata M, Hatae A, Kubota K, Katsurabayashi S, Iwasaki K. Ninjinyoeito Prevents Onset of Depression-Like Behavior and Reduces Hippocampal iNOS Expression in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:2151004. [PMID: 37593014 PMCID: PMC10432024 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Late-life depression is a globally prevalent disorder. Ninjinyoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, attenuates depressive symptoms in older patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the antidepressive effect of NYT are unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the action of NYT using senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, which exhibit accelerated aging. SAMP8 mice were treated with NYT starting at 12 weeks of age. Twelve-week-old SAMP8 mice did not show prolonged immobility time in the tail suspension test compared with age-matched SAMR1 mice (normal aging control). At 34 weeks of age, vehicle-treated SAMP8 mice displayed prolonged immobility time compared with SAMR1 mice. NYT-treated SAMP8 mice showed a shorter immobility time than that of vehicle-treated SAMP8 mice. Notably, NYT decreased hippocampal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in SAMP8 mice. There was no difference in iNOS expression between SAMR1 and vehicle-treated SAMP8 mice. Subchronic (5 days) administration of an iNOS inhibitor, 1400 W, shortened the immobility time in SAMP8 mice. These results suggest that NYT prevents an increase in immobility time of SAMP8 mice by decreasing iNOS levels in the hippocampus. Therefore, the antidepressive effect of NYT in older patients might be mediated, at least in part, by the downregulation of iNOS in the brain. Our data suggest that NYT is useful to prevent the onset of depression with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Taniguchi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Marika Hirata
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hatae
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Brinza I, Boiangiu RS, Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Dumitru G, Hritcu L, Birsan GC, Todirascu-Ciornea E. Direct Evidence for Using Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum Essential Oil to Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment and Brain Oxidative Stress in the Zebrafish Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1534. [PMID: 37627529 PMCID: PMC10451280 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil from Coriandrum sativum has been demonstrated to provide various pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, anxiolytic-antidepressant, and anti-aging properties. This study investigated the mechanism of Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum essential oil (CSEO, 25, 150, and 300 μL/L) and cognitive impairment and brain oxidative stress in a scopolamine (SCOP, 100 μM) zebrafish model (Danio rerio) of cognitive impairment. Spatial memory, response to novelty, and recognition memory were assessed using the Y-maze test and the novel object recognition test (NOR), while anxiety-like behavior was investigated using the novel tank diving test (NTT). The cholinergic system activity and brain oxidative stress were also evaluated. CSEO was administered to zebrafish once a day for 21 days, while SCOP and galantamine (GAL, 1 mg/L) were delivered 30 min before behavioral testing and euthanasia. Our data revealed that SCOP induced memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, while CSEO improved memory performance, as evidenced by behavioral tasks. Moreover, CSEO attenuated SCOP-induced brain oxidative stress and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results demonstrated the potential use of the CSEO in providing beneficial effects by reducing memory deficits and brain oxidative stress involved in the genesis of a dementia state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Brinza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
| | - Razvan Stefan Boiangiu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
| | - Oana Cioanca
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitru
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
| | - Gheorghe-Ciprian Birsan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
| | - Elena Todirascu-Ciornea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania (R.S.B.)
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Munni YA, Dash R, Mitra S, Dash N, Shima M, Moon IS. Mechanistic study of Coriandrum sativum on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis based on computationally guided in vitro analyses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116165. [PMID: 36641106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acceleration of neurite outgrowth and halting neurodegeneration are the most critical factors that are negatively regulated in various neurodegenerative diseases or injuries in the central nervous system (CNS). Functional foods or nutrients are considered alternative sources of bioactive components to alleviate various CNS injuries by promoting neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis, while their exact molecular mechanism remains unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY Coriandrum sativum L. (CS) is one of the popular herbs in the Apiaceae family, of which CNS modulating action is a well-documented traditionally but detailed study on memory boosting function yet remains unexplored. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the neurogenic and synaptogenic modulation of CS aqueous ethanol (CSAE) extract in the primary hippocampal neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary hippocampal neurons were cultured and allowed to incubate with CSAE or vehicle. To observe the early neuronal differentiation, axonal and dendritic arborization, and synapse formation, neurons were immune-stained against indicated antibodies or stained directly with a lipophilic dye (1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3', 3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate, DiL). Meanwhile, western blot was used to validate the synaptogenesis effect of CSAE compared to vehicle. Additionally, molecular docking and system pharmacology approaches were applied to confirm the possible secondary metabolites and pathways by which CSAE promotes neuritogenesis. RESULTS Results show that CSAE can induce neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis at 30 μg/mL concentration. The treatment impacts early neuronal polarization, axonal and dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity via NMDARs expressions in primary neurons. In silico network pharmacology of CS metabolites show that the CSAE-mediated neurogenic effect is likely dependent on the NTRK2 (TrkB) mediated neurotrophin signaling pathway. Indeed, the observed neurogenic activity of CSAE is markedly reduced upon the co-treatment with a TrkB-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, molecular docking following binding energy calculation shows that one of the CS metabolites, scoparone, has a high affinity to bind in the BDNF mimetic binding site of TrkB, suggesting its role in TrkB activation. Scoparone was found to enhance neuritogenesis, but not to the same extent as CSAE. Moreover, the expression of TrkB signaling-related proteins (BCL2, CASP3, GSK3, and BDNF), which was found to be modulated by scoparone, was significantly affected by the co-treatment of TrkB inhibitor (ANA-12). These results further suggest that the modulation of neuritogenesis by scoparone is TrkB-dependent. CONCLUSIONS This study provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanism of CS in boosting neuronal growth and memory function, which might implicate the prevention of many neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayan Dash
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Mutakabrun Shima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Molecular Pharmacology, East West University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Norouzkhani N, Karimi AG, Badami N, Jalalifar E, Mahmoudvand B, Ansari A, Pakrou Sariyarighan N, Alijanzadeh D, Aghakhani S, Shayestehmehr R, Arzaghi M, Sheikh Z, Salami Y, Marabi MH, Abdi A, Deravi N. From kitchen to clinic: Pharmacotherapeutic potential of common spices in Indian cooking in age-related neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:960037. [PMID: 36438833 PMCID: PMC9685814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.960037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is described as an advanced time-related collection of changes that may negatively affect with the risk of several diseases or death. Aging is a main factor of several age-related neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia), stroke, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, brain tumors, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently available medications for age-related neurological disorders may lead to several side effects, such as headache, diarrhea, nausea, gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, dyskinesia, and hallucinosis. These days, studies on plant efficacy in traditional medicine are being conducted because herbal medicine is affordable, safe, and culturally acceptable and easily accessible. The Indian traditional medicine system called Ayurveda uses several herbs and medicinal plants to treat various disorders including neurological disorders. This review aims to summarize the data on the neuroprotective potential of the following common Indian spices widely used in Ayurveda: cumin (Cuminum cyminum (L.), Apiaceae), black cumin (Nigella sativa (L.), Ranunculaceae), black pepper (Piper nigrum (L.), Piperaceae), curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii (L.), Spreng Rutaceae), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.), Fabaceae), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Apiaceae), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Zingiberaceae), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, Myrtaceae), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum (L.), Apiaceae) in age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Norouzkhani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arian Ghannadi Karimi
- Preclinical, Cardiovascular Imaging Core Facility, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Badami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Jalalifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Dorsa Alijanzadeh
- Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Aghakhani
- Student Research Committee, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Shayestehmehr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sheikh
- Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yasaman Salami
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hesam Marabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Niloofar Deravi, ,
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Sharma N, Tan MA, An SSA. Mechanistic Aspects of Apiaceae Family Spices in Ameliorating Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1571. [PMID: 34679705 PMCID: PMC8533116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. In an effort to search for new strategies for treating AD, natural products have become candidates of choice. Plants are a rich source of bioactive and effective compounds used in treating numerous diseases. Various plant extracts are known to display neuroprotective activities by targeting different pathophysiological pathways in association with the diseases, such as inhibiting enzymes responsible for degrading neurotransmitters, reducing oxidative stress, neuroprotection, inhibiting amyloid plaque formation, and replenishing mitochondrial function. This review presented a comprehensive evaluation of the available scientific literature (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico) on the neuroprotective mechanisms displayed by the extracts/bioactive compounds from spices belonging to the Apiaceae family in ameliorating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam 461-701, Korea;
| | - Mario A. Tan
- College of Science and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam 461-701, Korea;
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Koppula S, Alluri R, Kopalli SR. Coriandrum sativum attenuates microglia mediated neuroinflammation and MPTP-induced behavioral and oxidative changes in Parkinson's disease mouse model. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:835-850. [PMID: 34177406 PMCID: PMC8222636 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum Linn. (family: Umbelliferae; C. sativum), is a potential herb widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. In the present work, the effects of C. sativum fruit extract (CSE), against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in vitro and 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) animal model in vivo was investigated. LPS-stimulated increase in nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001) inhibited by CSE (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) in BV-2 microglial cells. Further, CSE inhibited the LPS-induced nuclear factor of kappa-beta activation and IκB-α phosphorylation in BV-2 microglia. In vivo studies, CSE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) ameliorated the MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced changes in locomotor, cognitive and behavior functions evaluated by rotarod, passive avoidance and open field test significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001). The MPTP-induced changes in brain oxidative enzyme levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation were significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 at 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively) restored with CSE treatment. High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting analysis of CSE exhibited several distinctive peaks with quercetin and kaempferol-3O-glucoside as identifiable compounds. In conclusion, our study indicated that CSE attenuated neuroinflammatory processes in LPS-stimulated microglia in vitro and restored the MPTP-induced behavioral deficits and brain oxidative enzyme status in vivo proving its therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Alluri
- Department of Pharmacy, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Varshney H, Siddique YH. Role of natural plant products against Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:904-941. [PMID: 33881973 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210420135437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorder. Deposition of amyloid fibrils and tau protein are associated with various pathological symptoms. Currently limited medication is available for AD treatment. Most of the drugs are basically cholinesterase inhibitors and associated with various side effects. Natural plant products have shown potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD symptoms. Variety of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols are used to reduce the progression of the disease. Plant products have less or no side effect and are easily available. The present review gives a detailed account of the potential of natural plant products against the AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Varshney
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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