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Qin X. Antibacterial Agents May Have Shifted Impacts on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Along with Decrease in Gut Bacteria. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:1228-1231. [PMID: 38457489 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Lay Summary
This article discussed the likely bell-shaped complicated impacts of antibacterial agents such as food additives like some artificial sweeteners on inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease along with decrease in gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofa Qin
- GI Biopharam Inc, 918 Willow Grove Road, Westfield, NJ 07090, USA
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2
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Jing G, Zuo J, Liu Z, Liu H, Cheng M, Yuan M, Gong H, Wu X, Song X. Mendelian randomization analysis reveals causal associations of serum metabolites with sepsis and 28-day mortality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11551. [PMID: 38773119 PMCID: PMC11109149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorder has been found to be an important factor in the pathogenesis and progression of sepsis. However, the causation of such an association between serum metabolites and sepsis has not been established. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. A genome-wide association study of 486 human serum metabolites was used as the exposure, whereas sepsis and sepsis mortality within 28 days were set as the outcomes. In MR analysis, 6 serum metabolites were identified to be associated with an increased risk of sepsis, and 6 serum metabolites were found to be related to a reduced risk of sepsis. Furthermore, there were 9 metabolites positively associated with sepsis-related mortality, and 8 metabolites were negatively correlated with sepsis mortality. In addition, "glycolysis/gluconeogenesis" (p = 0.001), and "pyruvate metabolism" (p = 0.042) two metabolic pathways were associated with the incidence of sepsis. This MR study suggested that serum metabolites played significant roles in the pathogenesis of sepsis, which may provide helpful biomarkers for early disease diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and prognostic assessments for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Jing
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huifan Liu
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Cheng
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hailong Gong
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuemin Song
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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3
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Zahran SA, Mansour SM, Ali AE, Kamal SM, Römling U, El-Abhar HS, Ali-Tammam M. Sunset Yellow dye effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity, and the induction of inflammasomopathy with pyroptotic signaling in male Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114585. [PMID: 38490351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Although concern persists regarding possible adverse effects of consumption of synthetic azo food dyes, the mechanisms of any such effects remain unclear. We have tested the hypothesis that chronic consumption of the food dye Sunset Yellow (SY) perturbs the composition of the gut microbiota and alters gut integrity. Male rats were administered SY orally for 12 weeks. Analysis of fecal samples before and after dye administration demonstrated SY-induced microbiome dysbiosis. SY treatment reduced the abundance of beneficial taxa such as Treponema 2, Anaerobiospirillum, Helicobacter, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003, while increasing the abundance of the potentially pathogenic microorganisms Prevotella 2 and Oribacterium. Dysbiosis disrupted gut integrity, altering the jejunal adherens junction complex E-cadherin/β-catenin and decreasing Trefoil Factor (TFF)-3. SY administration elevated LPS serum levels, activated the inflammatory inflammasome cascade TLR4/NLRP3/ASC/cleaved-activated caspase-1 to mature IL-1β and IL-18, and activated caspase-11 and gasdermin-N, indicating pyroptosis and increased intestinal permeability. The possibility that consumption of SY by humans could have effects similar to those that we have observed in rats should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed Zahran
- Department of Microbiology& Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Suzan Mohamed Mansour
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, 12311, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amal Emad Ali
- Department of Microbiology& Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hanan Salah El-Abhar
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Ali-Tammam
- Department of Microbiology& Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, 12311, Cairo, Egypt.
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Posta E, Fekete I, Gyarmati E, Stündl L, Zold E, Barta Z. The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Life (Basel) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38276259 PMCID: PMC10817473 DOI: 10.3390/life14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the findings of various studies, long-term AS consumption has effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors in modulating incretin hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine secretion. These effects contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism, ion transport, gut permeability, and inflammation and modulate the gut-brain, and gut-kidney axes. Based on the conflicting findings of several in vitro, in vivo, and randomized and controlled studies, artificial sweeteners may have a role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, functional bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers via the modulation of nutrient-sensing receptors. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms underlying their effects to decide the risk/benefit ratio of sugar intake reduction via AS and LCS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Posta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Istvan Fekete
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Gyarmati
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Zold
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond Str. 22, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Barta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
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5
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Vissers E, Wellens J, Sabino J. Ultra-processed foods as a possible culprit for the rising prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1058373. [PMID: 36419796 PMCID: PMC9676654 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1058373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. It is believed that IBD develops in response to a complex interaction between the microbiota, environmental factors, and the immune system, in genetically predisposed individuals. Identifying these environmental factors will offer more insight in the development of the disease, and reveal new therapeutic targets for IBD patients. One of the environmental factors that has gained more interest over the last years is our diet. The prevalence of IBD has increased significantly and this increase is thought to be associated with a ‘Western diet', characterized by high intake of fats, added sugar, meat, and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). The UPFs now account for almost 50% of the energy intake in Westernized countries and are therefore an important characteristic of this Western diet. UPFs are characterized by higher amounts of salt, fat, sugar and the presence of different food additives. Epidemiological studies have found associations between UPF intake and a range of non-communicable diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that non-nutritive ingredients and additives, present in UPFs, can negatively affect different components of the intestinal barrier, such as the microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium, and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Disruption of this barrier can cause the immune system to encounter an increased bacterial exposure, leading to an aberrant immune response. In this article, the available evidence on the possible role of UPFs and their components in the increasing incidence and prevalence of IBD is reviewed. These findings can be translated to the clinic and may be helpful to consider when giving dietary advice to IBD patients. A better understanding of the role of UPFs may lead to less restrictive diets for patients with IBD, hence increasing the dietary compliance and efficacy of exclusion diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vissers
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Wellens
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Sabino
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: João Sabino
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Suez J, Cohen Y, Valdés-Mas R, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, Federici S, Zmora N, Leshem A, Heinemann M, Linevsky R, Zur M, Ben-Zeev Brik R, Bukimer A, Eliyahu-Miller S, Metz A, Fischbein R, Sharov O, Malitsky S, Itkin M, Stettner N, Harmelin A, Shapiro H, Stein-Thoeringer CK, Segal E, Elinav E. Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance. Cell 2022; 185:3307-3328.e19. [PMID: 35987213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly integrated into human diet and presumed to be inert; however, animal studies suggest that they may impact the microbiome and downstream glycemic responses. We causally assessed NNS impacts in humans and their microbiomes in a randomized-controlled trial encompassing 120 healthy adults, administered saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia sachets for 2 weeks in doses lower than the acceptable daily intake, compared with controls receiving sachet-contained vehicle glucose or no supplement. As groups, each administered NNS distinctly altered stool and oral microbiome and plasma metabolome, whereas saccharin and sucralose significantly impaired glycemic responses. Importantly, gnotobiotic mice conventionalized with microbiomes from multiple top and bottom responders of each of the four NNS-supplemented groups featured glycemic responses largely reflecting those noted in respective human donors, which were preempted by distinct microbial signals, as exemplified by sucralose. Collectively, human NNS consumption may induce person-specific, microbiome-dependent glycemic alterations, necessitating future assessment of clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotham Suez
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Yotam Cohen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rafael Valdés-Mas
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uria Mor
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mally Dori-Bachash
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sara Federici
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Niv Zmora
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Avner Leshem
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Melina Heinemann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Raquel Linevsky
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Zur
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Zeev Brik
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Aurelie Bukimer
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shimrit Eliyahu-Miller
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alona Metz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruthy Fischbein
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Sharov
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Stettner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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Liu C, Zhan S, Tian Z, Li N, Li T, Wu D, Zeng Z, Zhuang X. Food Additives Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friends or Enemies? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153049. [PMID: 35893902 PMCID: PMC9330785 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 21st century, the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally. Despite the pathogenesis of IBD remaining largely unclear, the interactions between environmental exposure, host genetics and immune response contribute to the occurrence and development of this disease. Growing evidence implicates that food additives might be closely related to IBD, but the involved molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Food additives may be categorized as distinct types in accordance with their function and property, including artificial sweeteners, preservatives, food colorant, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and so on. Various kinds of food additives play a role in modifying the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Therefore, this review comprehensively synthesizes the current evidence on the interplay between different food additives and gut microbiome alterations, and further elucidates the potential mechanisms of food additives–associated microbiota changes involved in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Shukai Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhenyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China;
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongxuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhirong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (C.L.); (S.Z.); (N.L.); (T.L.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
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9
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Potential Effects of Sucralose and Saccharin on Gut Microbiota: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081682. [PMID: 35458244 PMCID: PMC9029443 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are additives widely used in our diet. Although there is no consensus, current evidence indicates that sucralose and saccharin could influence the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing scientific evidence on the effects of saccharin and sucralose consumption on gut microbiota in humans. Different databases were used with the following search terms: sweeteners, non-caloric-sweeteners, sucralose, splenda, saccharin, sugartwin, sweet’n low, microbiota, gut microbiota, humans, animal model, mice, rats, and/or in vitro studies. In vitro and animal model studies indicate a dose-dependent relationship between the intake of both sweeteners and gut microbiota affecting both diversity and composition. In humans, long-term study suggests the existence of a positive correlation between sweetener consumption and some bacterial groups; however, most short-term interventions with saccharin and sucralose, in amounts below the ADI, found no significant effect on those groups, but there seems to be a different basal microbiota-dependent response of metabolic markers. Although studies in vitro and in animal models seem to relate saccharin and sucralose consumption to changes in the gut microbiota, more long-term studies are needed in humans considering the basal microbiota of participants and their dietary and lifestyle habits in all population groups. Toxicological and basal gut microbiota effects must be included as relevant factors to evaluate food safety and nutritional consequences of non-calorie sweeteners. In humans, doses, duration of interventions, and number of subjects included in the studies are key factors to interpret the results.
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10
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Hubrecht I, Baenas N, Sina C, Wagner AE. Effects of non‐caloric artificial sweeteners on naïve and dextran sodium sulfate‐exposed
Drosophila melanogaster. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hubrecht
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
| | - Nieves Baenas
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences Justus‐Liebig‐University Giessen Germany
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11
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Zhang X, Gu J, Zhao C, Hu Y, Zhang B, Wang J, Lv H, Ji X, Wang S. Sweeteners Maintain Epithelial Barrier Function Through the miR-15b/RECK/MMP-9 Axis, Remodel Microbial Homeostasis, and Attenuate Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:171-183. [PMID: 34962394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are the most widely used food additives designed to provide sweetness and reduce caloric intake. Studies have confirmed a link between sweeteners and colitis, yet supporting scientific data remain exiguous and controversial. In this study, three common sweeteners (Saccharin sodium, Stevioside, and Sucralose) in acceptable daily intake dosage were added to water in order to determine their effects on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Our results show that the three sweeteners meliorate colitis to varying degrees─Saccharin exerts the most pronounced effect, followed by Stevioside and Sucralose. Intake of sweeteners alleviates colitis symptoms, alters gut microbiota, reshapes the TH17/Treg balance, protects the intestinal barrier, and reduces inflammation. Most significantly, sweeteners can enhance the abundance of Mucispirillum and Alistipes, which are conducive to colitis recovery, and upregulate the expression of E-cadherin through the miR-15b/RECK/MMP-9 axis to improve intestinal barrier integrity. Moreover, by inhibiting the MMP-9/AKT/NF-κB pathway, inflammation is relieved, as reflected in the restoration of the Th17/Treg balance. Our results link the consumption of sweeteners to the remission of colitis, which provides new scientific evidence for the safe use of sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jiaxin Gu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huan Lv
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Heras VL, Melgar S, MacSharry J, Gahan CG. The Influence of the Western Diet on Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Immunity. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2022; 13:489-512. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-011032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diet exerts a major influence upon host immune function and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Although components of the human diet (including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) are essential sources of nutrition for the host, they also influence immune function directly through interaction with innate and cell-mediated immune regulatory mechanisms. Regulation of the microbiota community structure also provides a mechanism by which food components influence host immune regulatory processes. Here, we consider the complex interplay between components of the modern (Western) diet, the microbiota, and host immunity in the context of obesity and metabolic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Las Heras
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G.M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Basson AR, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:746247. [PMID: 34631773 PMCID: PMC8497813 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.746247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners (AS) to the North American market in the 1950s, a growing number of epidemiological and animal studies have suggested that AS may induce changes in gut bacteria and gut wall immune reactivity, which could negatively affect individuals with or susceptible to chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disorder that has been growing exponentially in westernized countries. This review summarizes the history of current FDA-approved AS and their chemical composition, metabolism, and bacterial utilization, and provides a scoping overview of the disease mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of inflammation in IBD. We provide a general outlook on areas that have been both largely and scarcely studied, emerging concepts using silica, and describe the effects of AS on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Raffner Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Mouse Models, Silvio O'Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Mouse Models, Silvio O'Conte Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Unravelling the Phytochemical Composition and the Pharmacological Properties of an Optimized Extract from the Fruit from Prunus mahaleb L.: From Traditional Liqueur Market to the Pharmacy Shelf. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154422. [PMID: 34361576 PMCID: PMC8347645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus mahaleb L. fruit has long been used in the production of traditional liqueurs. The fruit also displayed scavenging and reducing activity, in vitro. The present study focused on unravelling peripheral and central protective effects, antimicrobial but also anti-COVID-19 properties exerted by the water extract of P. mahaleb. Anti-inflammatory effects were studied in isolated mouse colons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Neuroprotection, measured as a blunting effect on hydrogen-peroxide-induced dopamine turnover, was investigated in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. Antimicrobial effects were tested against different Gram+ and Gram- bacterial strains. Whereas anti-COVID-19 activity was studied in lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells, where the gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was measured after extract treatment. The bacteriostatic effects induced on Gram+ and Gram- strains, together with the inhibition of COX-2, TNFα, HIF1α, and VEGFA in the colon, suggest the potential of P. mahaleb water extract in contrasting the clinical symptoms related to ulcerative colitis. The inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide-induced DOPAC/DA ratio indicates promising neuroprotective effects. Finally, the downregulation of the gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in H1299 cells, suggests the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus entry in the human host. Overall, the results support the valorization of the local cultivation of P. mahaleb.
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15
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Serrano J, Smith KR, Crouch AL, Sharma V, Yi F, Vargova V, LaMoia TE, Dupont LM, Serna V, Tang F, Gomes-Dias L, Blakeslee JJ, Hatzakis E, Peterson SN, Anderson M, Pratley RE, Kyriazis GA. High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33431052 PMCID: PMC7802287 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NCAS) are widely used as a substitute for dietary sugars to control body weight or glycemia. Paradoxically, some interventional studies in humans and rodents have shown unfavorable changes in glucose homeostasis in response to NCAS consumption. The causative mechanisms are largely unknown, but adverse changes in gut microbiota have been proposed to mediate these effects. These findings have raised concerns about NCAS safety and called into question their broad use, but further physiological and dietary considerations must be first addressed before these results are generalized. We also reasoned that, since NCAS are bona fide ligands for sweet taste receptors (STRs) expressed in the intestine, some metabolic effects associated with NCAS use could be attributed to a common mechanism involving the host. RESULTS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel arm study exploring the effects of pure saccharin compound on gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in healthy men and women. Participants were randomized to placebo, saccharin, lactisole (STR inhibitor), or saccharin with lactisole administered in capsules twice daily to achieve the maximum acceptable daily intake for 2 weeks. In parallel, we performed a 10-week study administering pure saccharin at a high dose in the drinking water of chow-fed mice with genetic ablation of STRs (T1R2-KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. In humans and mice, none of the interventions affected glucose or hormonal responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or glucose absorption in mice. Similarly, pure saccharin supplementation did not alter microbial diversity or composition at any taxonomic level in humans and mice alike. No treatment effects were also noted in readouts of microbial activity such as fecal metabolites or short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, compared to WT, T1R2-KO mice were protected from age-dependent increases in fecal SCFA and the development of glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Short-term saccharin consumption at maximum acceptable levels is not sufficient to alter gut microbiota or induce glucose intolerance in apparently healthy humans and mice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number NCT03032640 , registered on January 26, 2017. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kathleen R. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Audra L. Crouch
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Veronika Vargova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Traci E. LaMoia
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Lydia M. Dupont
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vanida Serna
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Fenfen Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Laisa Gomes-Dias
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Joshua J. Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Scott N. Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthew Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Richard E. Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - George A. Kyriazis
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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16
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To a Question on the Mechanism of the Antimicrobial Action of Ortho-Benzoic Sulfimide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120461. [PMID: 33322230 PMCID: PMC7763927 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The article summarizes and compares data on the properties and biological activity of o-benzoic sulfimide and sulfanilamide compounds. Attention is given to the biochemical conditions under which o-benzoic sulfimide and sulfanilamides have similar activity groups. The results of the experimental and theoretical studies aimed at understanding the molecular organization and biological activity of folic acid and its homologous complexes are analyzed. A hypothesis about the possible mechanisms of the formation of such complexes with the participation of o-benzoic sulfimide is presented. The perspectives for the use of o-benzoic sulfimide and its homologues in biomedicine are evaluated.
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17
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Qin X. Inhibition of Experimental Colitis by Saccharin in Animals: Should We Dismiss or Raise Concerns Regarding Possible Adverse Effects of Saccharin on Human Gut Microbiota and Health? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:e159-e160. [PMID: 32651958 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofa Qin
- GI Biopharma Inc., Westfield, New Jersey, USA
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