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Wu W, Song L, Wang H, Feng L, Li Z, Li Y, Li L, Peng L. Supercritical CO 2 fluid extract from Stellariae Radix ameliorates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by inhibit M1 macrophages polarization via AMPK activation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3188-3197. [PMID: 38356236 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Yin chai hu (Radix Stellariae) is a root medicine that is frequently used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat fever and malnutrition. In modern medicine, it has been discovered to have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anticancer properties. In a previous study, we were able to extract lipids from Stellariae Radix using supercritical CO2 extraction (SRE), and these sterol lipids accounted for up to 88.29% of the extract. However, the impact of SRE on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) has not yet been investigated. This study investigates the inhibitory effects of SRE on AD development using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mouse model. Treatment with SRE significantly reduced the dermatitis score and histopathological changes compared with the DNCB group. The study found that treatment with SRE resulted in a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, CXC-10, IL-12, and IL-1β in skin lesions. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SRE effectively suppressed M1 macrophage infiltration into the AD lesion. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of SRE was evaluated in LPS + INF-γ induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) M1 polarization, SRE inhibited the production of TNF-α, CXC-10, IL-12, and IL-1β and decreased the expression of NLRP3. Additionally, SRE was found to increase p-AMPKT172, but had no effect on total AMPK expression, after administration of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C, the inhibitory effect of SRE on M1 macrophages was partially reversed. The results indicate that SRE has an inhibitory effect on AD, making it a potential therapeutic agent for this atopic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Le Song
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lu Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhenkai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Le Li
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Silva M, Avni D, Varela J, Barreira L. The Ocean's Pharmacy: Health Discoveries in Marine Algae. Molecules 2024; 29:1900. [PMID: 38675719 PMCID: PMC11055030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a global health challenge, constituting a major cause of mortality and disease burden in the 21st century. Addressing the prevention and management of NCDs is crucial for improving global public health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies, early interventions, and innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate their far-reaching consequences. Marine organisms, mainly algae, produce diverse marine natural products with significant therapeutic potential. Harnessing the largely untapped potential of algae could revolutionize drug development and contribute to combating NCDs, marking a crucial step toward natural and targeted therapeutic approaches. This review examines bioactive extracts, compounds, and commercial products derived from macro- and microalgae, exploring their protective properties against oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic diseases, and cancer across in vitro, cell-based, in vivo, and clinical studies. Most research focuses on macroalgae, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, gut health modulation, metabolic health promotion, and anti-cancer effects. Microalgae products also exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Although studies mainly investigated extracts and fractions, isolated compounds from algae have also been explored. Notably, polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids, and terpenes emerge as prominent compounds, collectively representing 42.4% of the investigated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Silva
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Dorit Avni
- MIGAL Galilee Institute, Kiryat Shmona 1106000, Israel;
| | - João Varela
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.V.)
- Green Colab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barreira
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.V.)
- Green Colab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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3
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Ghallab DS, Ibrahim RS, Mohyeldin MM, Shawky E. Marine algae: A treasure trove of bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116023. [PMID: 38211540 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the diverse classes of pharmacologically active compounds found in marine algae and their promising anti-inflammatory effects. The review covers various classes of anti-inflammatory compounds sourced from marine algae, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, caretenoids, alkaloids, phlorotannins, bromophenols, amino acids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory activities of marine algae-derived compounds have been extensively investigated using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes involved in inflammation. Moreover, marine algae-derived compounds have exhibited immunomodulatory properties, regulating immune cell functions and attenuating inflammatory responses. Specific examples of compounds with notable anti-inflammatory activities are highlighted. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in the field of marine anti-inflammatory pharmacology and emphasizes the need for further research to harness the pharmacological benefits of marine algae-derived compounds for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Ghallab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Reham S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Mohyeldin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Su Y, Han Y, Choi HS, Lee GY, Cho HW, Choi H, Jang YS, Choi JH, Seo JW. Lipid mediators derived from DHA alleviate DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis and improve the gut microbiome in BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110900. [PMID: 37708704 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily results from immune dysregulation. We determined the potential therapeutic benefits of lipid mediators (LM, 17S-monohydroxy DHA, resolvin D5, and protectin DX in a ratio of 3:47:50) produced by soybean lipoxygenase from DHA. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells as well as its effect in an AD mouse model induced by DNCB in BALB/c mice were examined. The results indicated that LM effectively attenuates the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) and chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1) by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. The oral administration of LM at 5 or 10 μg/kg/day significantly reduced skin lesions, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration in AD mice. Furthermore, LM reduced the production of IgE and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the serum, modulated gut microbiota diversity, and restored the microbial composition. Overall, our findings suggest that LM represents a potential therapeutic agent for improving AD symptoms through its ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines and alter the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si 56212, South Korea; Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
| | - Yunjon Han
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si 56212, South Korea.
| | - Hack Sun Choi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea.
| | - Gil-Yong Lee
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, 110 Magokdong-ro, Seoul 07793, South Korea.
| | - Hee Won Cho
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, 110 Magokdong-ro, Seoul 07793, South Korea.
| | - Heonsik Choi
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, 110 Magokdong-ro, Seoul 07793, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si 56212, South Korea.
| | - Jeong-Woo Seo
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si 56212, South Korea.
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Frangiamone M, Lozano M, Cimbalo A, Lazaro A, Font G, Manyes L. The Protective Effect of Pumpkin and Fermented Whey Mixture against AFB1 and OTA Immune Toxicity In Vitro. A Transcriptomic Approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200902. [PMID: 37544930 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of the study is to investigate in Jurkat cells the possible beneficial effect of pumpkin (P) and fermented milk whey (FW) mixture against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) induced alterations in gene expression profile. METHODS AND RESULTS Human T cells are exposed for 7 days to digested bread extracts containing P-FW mixture along with AFB1 and OTA, individually and in combination. The results of RNA sequencing show that AFB1 P-FW exposure resulted in 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) while 3450 DEGs are found in OTA P-FW exposure and 3264 DEGs in AFB1-OTA P-FW treatment. Gene ontology analysis reveals biological processes and molecular functions related to immune system and inflammatory response. Moreover, PathVisio analysis points to eicosanoid signaling via lipoxygenase as the main pathway altered by AFB1 P-FW exposure whereas interferon signaling is the most affected pathway after OTA P-FW and AFB1-OTA P-FW treatments. CONCLUSIONS The mitigation of genes and inherent pathways typically associated with the inflammatory response suggest not only the anti-inflammatory and protective role of P-FW mixture but also their possible application in food industry to counteract AFB1 and OTA toxic effects on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Frangiamone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Manuel Lozano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Alessandra Cimbalo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lazaro
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Guillermina Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
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Ho TL, Lee J, Ahn SY, Lee D, Song W, Kang I, Ko E. Immunostimulatory effects of marine algae extracts on in vitro antigen-presenting cell activation and in vivo immune cell recruitment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6560-6570. [PMID: 37823147 PMCID: PMC10563723 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, from mouse bone marrow cells and treated them with six different marine algae extracts (MAEs). We evaluated cell viability, activation marker expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by APCs after 2 days of MAE treatment. All six MAEs significantly induced cytokine production of APCs, among which Pyropia yezoensis (PY), Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), and Meristotheca papulosa (MP) extracts exhibited the strongest effect. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract moderately upregulated cytokine levels but increased the expression of activation markers on DCs. Moreover, PY, PC, MP, Sargassum pectinifera (SP), and Caulerpa okamurae (CO) pre-treated APCs effectively stimulated T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, the mice injected with MAEs exhibited higher cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) production as well as enhanced innate immune cell recruitment capacities (DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice compared to those of the non-treated mice. Therefore, all MAEs exhibited immunostimulatory potential, with PY, PC, CW, and MP extracts being the most effective in stimulating immune responses and cell activation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the immunomodulatory activities of six MAEs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Len Ho
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Ha Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and NutritionJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
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7
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Kim J, Jung E, Yang W, Kim CK, Durnaoglu S, Oh IR, Kim CW, Sinskey AJ, Mihm MC, Lee JH. A Novel Multi-Component Formulation Reduces Inflammation In Vitro and Clinically Lessens the Symptoms of Chronic Eczematous Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12979. [PMID: 37629159 PMCID: PMC10454735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatments for inflammatory skin diseases like atopic dermatitis or eczema can cause adverse effects. Super Protein Multifunction (SPM) was investigated as a potential treatment for managing skin inflammation by monitoring the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced using LPS and poly(I:C)/TNFα in HaCaT keratinocytes and Hs27 fibroblasts as measured via RT-PCR. SPM solution was also assessed for its effect on cytokine release, measured using ELISA, in a UVB-irradiated 3D human skin model. To evaluate the efficiency of SPM, 20 patients with mild eczematous skin were randomized to receive SPM or vehicle twice a day for three weeks in a double-blind controlled trial. In vitro studies showed SPM inhibited inflammation-induced IL-1β, IL-6, IL-33, IL-1α, TSLP, and TNFα expression or release. In the clinical study, the SPM group showed significant improvements in the IGA, PA, and DLQI scores compared to the vehicle group. Neither group showed significant differences in VAS (pruritus). Histological analysis showed reduced stratum corneum thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results suggest that SPM may reduce inflammation in individuals with chronic eczematous skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoong Jung
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Wonmi Yang
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Chun-Kang Kim
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Serpen Durnaoglu
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - In-Rok Oh
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- Biocoz Global Korea, R & D Center, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea; (E.J.); (W.Y.); (C.-K.K.); (S.D.); (I.-R.O.); (C.-W.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin C. Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Huang CC, Lo YH, Hsu YJ, Cheng YB, Kung CC, Liang CW, Chang DC, Wang KL, Hung CF. Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Activity of Epi-Oxyzoanthamine Isolated from Zoanthid. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:447. [PMID: 37623728 PMCID: PMC10456062 DOI: 10.3390/md21080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin and occurs most frequently in children but also affects adults. However, common clinical treatments provide limited relief and have some side effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective therapies to treat AD. Epi-oxyzoanthamine is a small molecule alkaloid isolated from Formosan zoanthid. Relevant studies have shown that zoanthamine alkaloids have many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-lymphangiogenic functions. However, there are no studies on the use of epi-oxyzoanthamine on the skin. In this paper, epi-oxyzoanthamine has been shown to have potential in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, it was found that epi-oxyzoanthamine inhibited the expression of cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation was induced in a mouse model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in vivo. The results showed that epi-oxyzoanthamine significantly decreased skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, ear thickness, and spleen weight, while also increasing surface skin hydration. These results indicate that epi-oxyzoanthamine from zoanthid has good potential as an alternative medicine for treating atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Chen Huang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Dermatology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsin Lo
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Dermatology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jou Hsu
- PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chi Kung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Cher-Wei Liang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Der-Chen Chang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Kang-Ling Wang
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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9
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Kim MJ, Hwang BS, Hwang Y, Jeong YT, Jeong DW, Oh YT. Anti-Inflammatory and Antiatopic Effects of Rorippa cantoniensis (Lour.) Ohwi in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:5463. [PMID: 37513335 PMCID: PMC10383606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Rorippa cantoniensis (Lour.) ohwi extract (RCE) on factors associated with inflammation-related skin lesions in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT cells. RCE inhibited the levels of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, RCE significantly inhibited the expression of chemokines and cytokines such as MDC/CCL22, TARC/CCL17, RANTES/CCL5, CTSS, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in HaCaT cells costimulated by TNF-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RCE attenuated the TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced release of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines probably by suppressing the activation of MAPK (JNK and p38), NF-κB, and STAT1 signaling. Moreover, RCE significantly increased the expression of skin components such as hyaluronic acid and aquaporin, which play important roles in the physical and chemical barriers of the skin. These results suggest that RCE has significant anti-inflammatory and antiatopic activities, which may be beneficial for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jin Kim
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Buyng Su Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Jeong
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Taek Oh
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
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10
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Min GY, Kim TI, Kim JH, Cho WK, Yang JH, Ma JY. Inhibitory effect of Isatis tinctoria L. water extract on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in BALB/c mice and HaCaT cells. Chin Med 2022; 17:66. [PMID: 35676724 PMCID: PMC9175348 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isatis tinctoria L (PLG) is a medicinal herb from the roots of Isatis indigotica Fort (Family Cruciferae). Previous studies have shown that PLG has anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects against conditions such as acute and chronic hepatitis, various respiratory inflammations, and cancer. The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacological effects of PLG on inflammatory reactions and skin hyperkeratosis, which are the main symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD), in vivo and in vitro. METHODS For the AD in vivo experiment, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induction and oral administration of PLG were performed on male BALB/c mice for four weeks. For in vitro experiments, keratinocytes were activated using TNF-α/IFN-γ in cultured human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. PLG inhibited inflammatory chemokine production and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in activated keratinocytes. RESULTS As a result of oral administration of PLG, dermis and epidermis thickening, as well as eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, were attenuated in AD skin lesions. In addition, the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway were decreased in serum and dorsal skin tissues. Furthermore, PLG inhibited inflammatory chemokine production and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in activated keratinocytes. In addition, epigoitrin and adenosine, the standard compounds of PLG, were identified as candidate AD compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PLG is a potent therapeutic agent for attenuating symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yul Min
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
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11
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Lee CH, Yang H, Yoon Park JH, Kim JE, Lee KW. Orobol from enzyme biotransformation attenuates Dermatophagoides farinae-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:4592-4599. [PMID: 35355022 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orobol, a metabolite of genistein, is rare in natural soybean. Several studies have revealed the immune-controlling effects of orobol on inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, a few studies have demonstrated that orobol decreases pro-inflammatory compounds resulting in the alleviation of allergic reactions. However, the relationship between orobol and atopic dermatitis (AD) in animal models has not been revealed. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of orobol on AD-like symptoms. AD-like symptoms and skin lesions were induced by repeated topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE) on the skin of NC/Nga mice. Topical application of orobol attenuated DFE-induced AD-like symptoms and transepidermal water loss and increased skin hydration. Histopathological analysis revealed that orobol alleviated DFE-induced eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into the skin. These observations occurred concomitantly with the downregulation of inflammatory markers including serum TARC, MDC, and IgE. In addition, orobol alleviated dorsal Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. Pre-treatment of orobol decreased the activity of the MAPKs and NF-κB signalling cascade in the TNFα/IFNγ-induced HaCaT cell line. These results suggest that orobol, a natural dietary isoflavone, has therapeutic efficacy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyung Lee
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, 8 Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Potential of Tamanu ( Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil for Atopic Dermatitis Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:6332867. [PMID: 35069754 PMCID: PMC8782620 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6332867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tamanu oil, derived from the nut of Calophyllum inophyllum L., has been traditionally used to treat various skin-related ailments. In recent years, this oil is increasingly gaining popularity as researchers continue to search for novel natural alternative therapies for various skin diseases. There have been a number of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating various skin-active properties of tamanu oil, and it has been proven to have potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and even wound-healing abilities. These properties make tamanu oil an especially interesting candidate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). This multifaceted disease is marked by the disruption of the skin barrier function, chronic inflammation, and skin microbiome dysbiosis with limited treatment options, which is free from adverse events and inexpensive, making it desperate for a new treatment option. In this review, we examine previous in vitro and in vivo studies on AD-relevant pharmacological properties of tamanu oil in order to evaluate the potential of tamanu oil as a novel treatment option for AD.
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Indigo Pulverata Levis (Chung-Dae, Persicaria tinctoria) Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Inflammatory Responses In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010553. [PMID: 35008979 PMCID: PMC8745452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with a type 2 T helper cell (Th2) immune response. The IndigoPulverata Levis extract (CHD) is used in traditional Southeast Asian medicine; however, its beneficial effects on AD remain uninvestigated. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of CHD in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mice and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- and interferon gamma (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. We evaluated immune cell infiltration, skin thickness, and the serum IgE and TNF-α levels in DNCB-induced AD mice. Moreover, we measured the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the mice dorsal skin. We also studied the effect of CHD on the translocation of NF-κB p65 and inflammatory chemokines in HaCaT cells. Our in vivo results revealed that CHD reduced the dermis and epidermis thicknesses and inhibited immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, it suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine expression and MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylations in the skin tissue and decreased serum IgE and TNF-α levels. In vitro results indicated that CHD downregulated inflammatory chemokines and blocked NF-κB p65 translocation. Thus, we deduced that CHD is a potential drug candidate for AD treatment.
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14
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Januário AP, Félix R, Félix C, Reboleira J, Valentão P, Lemos MFL. Red Seaweed-Derived Compounds as a Potential New Approach for Acne Vulgaris Care. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111930. [PMID: 34834345 PMCID: PMC8623078 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit affecting both adolescents and adults. Its pathophysiology includes processes of inflammation, increased keratinization, sebum production, hormonal dysregulation, and bacterial Cutibacterium acnes proliferation. Common AV has been treated with antibiotics since the 1960s, but strain resistance has emerged and is of paramount concern. Macroalgae are known producers of substances with bioactive properties, including anti-viral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, among several others. In particular, red algae are rich in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, lipids, sterols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, conferring them antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Thus, the exploration of compounds from marine resources can be an appealing approach to discover new treatment options against AV. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the potentialities of red macroalgae in the treatment of AV by reviewing the main therapeutic targets of this disease, and then the existence of compounds or extracts with bioactive properties against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P. Januário
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.); (J.R.)
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.P.J.); (M.F.L.L.)
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.); (J.R.)
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.); (J.R.)
| | - João Reboleira
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.J.); (M.F.L.L.)
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15
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The Role of Andrographolide on Skin Inflammations and Modulation of Skin Barrier Functions in Human Keratinocyte. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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He D, Yan L, Hu Y, Wu Q, Wu M, Choi JI, Tong H. Optimization of Porphyran Extraction from Pyropia yezoensis by Response Surface Methodology and Its Lipid-Lowering Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:53. [PMID: 33498781 PMCID: PMC7911723 DOI: 10.3390/md19020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae polysaccharides are phytochemicals that are beneficial to human health. In this study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction procedure of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP). The optimum extraction parameters were: 100 °C (temperature), 120 min (time), and 29.32 mL/g (liquid-solid ratio), and the maximum yield of PYP was 22.15 ± 0.55%. The physicochemical characteristics of PPYP, purified from PYP, were analyzed, along with its lipid-lowering effect, using HepG2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster larvae. PPYP was a β-type sulfated hetero-rhamno-galactan-pyranose with a molecular weight of 151.6 kDa and a rhamnose-to-galactose molar ratio of 1:5.3. The results demonstrated that PPYP significantly reduced the triglyceride content in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-sucrose-fed D. melanogaster larvae by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, reducing lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation. To summarize, PPYP can lower lipid levels in HepG2 cells and larval fat body (the functional homolog tissue of the human liver), suggesting that PPYP may be administered as a potential marine lipid-lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Liping Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yingxia Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qifang Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jong-il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (D.H.); (L.Y.); (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
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17
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Macroalgae-A Sustainable Source of Chemical Compounds with Biological Activities. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103085. [PMID: 33050561 PMCID: PMC7601163 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, one of the most important research directions that concerns the scientific world is to exploit the earth’s resources in a sustainable way. Considering the increasing interest in finding new sources of bioactive molecules and functional products, many research studies focused their interest on demonstrating the sustainability of exploiting marine macroalgal biomass as feedstock for wastewater treatment and natural fertilizer, conversion into green biofuels, active ingredients in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products, or even for the production of functional ingredients and integration in the human food chain. The objective of the present paper was to provide an overview on the recent progress in the exploitation of different macroalgae species as a source of bioactive compounds, mainly emphasizing the latter published data regarding their potential bioactivities, health benefits, and industrial applications.
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18
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Kang JK, Hyun CG. 4-Hydroxy-7-Methoxycoumarin Inhibits Inflammation in LPS-activated RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Activation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194424. [PMID: 32993156 PMCID: PMC7583757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are natural products with promising pharmacological activities owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial effects. Coumarins are present in many plants and microorganisms and have been widely used as complementary and alternative medicines. To date, the pharmacological efficacy of 4-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (4H-7MTC) has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of 4H-7MTC in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells as well as its mechanisms of action. Cells were treated with various concentrations of 4H-7MTC (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 mM) and 40 μM L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL) were used as controls. LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells showed that 4H-7MTC significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production without cytotoxic effects. In addition, 4H-7MTC strongly decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Furthermore, 4H-7MTC reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. We also found that 4H-7MTC strongly exerted its anti-inflammatory actions by downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation by suppressing inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBα) degradation in macrophages. Moreover, 4H-7MTC decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK), but not that of p38 MAPK. These results suggest that 4H-7MTC may be a good candidate for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases such as dermatitis, psoriasis, and arthritis. Ultimately, this is the first report describing the effective anti-inflammatory activity of 4H-7MTC.
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