13
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Domínguez-López I, Marhuenda-Muñoz M, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Hernáez Á, Moreno JJ, Martínez-González MÁ, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Fitó M, Martínez JA, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Vioque J, Romaguera D, López-Miranda J, Bernal-Lopez MR, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem JL, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Tur JA, Martín-Sánchez V, Pintó X, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Matía-Martín P, Vidal J, Vázquez C, Daimiel L, Serra-Mir M, Vázquez-Ruiz Z, Nishi SK, Sorli JV, Castañer O, Abete I, Luna JV, Carabaño-Moral R, Asencio A, Prohens L, Garcia-Rios A, Casas R, Gomez-Perez AM, Santos-Lozano JM, Razquin C, Martínez MÁ, Saiz C, Robledo-Pastor V, Zulet MA, Salaverria I, Eguaras S, Babio N, Malcampo M, Ros E, Estruch R, López-Sabater MC, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption is Inversely Associated with Plasma Saturated Fatty Acids at Baseline in Predimed Plus Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100363. [PMID: 34273124 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Plasma fatty acids (FAs) are associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study is to assess the relationship between fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption and plasma FAs and their subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma FAs are assessed in a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample of 240 subjects from the PREDIMED-Plus study. Participants are categorized into four groups of fruit, vegetable, and fat intake according to the food frequency questionnaire. Plasma FA analysis is performed using gas chromatography. Associations between FAs and F&V consumption are adjusted for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), total energy intake, and alcohol consumption. Plasma saturated FAs are lower in groups with high F&V consumption (-1.20 mg cL-1 [95% CI: [-2.22, -0.18], p-value = 0.021), especially when fat intake is high (-1.74 mg cL-1 [95% CI: [-3.41, -0.06], p-value = 0.042). Total FAs and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs tend to be lower in high consumers of F&V only in the high-fat intake groups. CONCLUSIONS F&V consumption is associated with lower plasma saturated FAs when fat intake is high. These findings suggest that F&V consumption may have different associations with plasma FAs depending on their subtype and on the extent of fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Domínguez-López
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain
| | - María Marhuenda-Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Hernáez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel M Alonso-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nursing, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - M Rosa Bernal-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga
| | - José Lapetra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Luís Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria & Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, and IDISBA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín-Sánchez
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clotilde Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IISFJD, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Serra-Mir
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stephanie K Nishi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jose V Sorli
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Abete
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Vaquero Luna
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Carabaño-Moral
- Distrito de Atención Primaria Costa del Sol, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Unidad de Gestión Clínica Arroyo de la Miel, Benalmádena, Spain
| | - Alberto Asencio
- Centro Atención Primaria de Mutxamel de FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lara Prohens
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Casas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Gomez-Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga (IBIMA), Regional University Hospital of Malaga
| | - José Manuel Santos-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Razquin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Carmen Saiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Robledo-Pastor
- Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Angeles Zulet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverria
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sonia Eguaras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Primary Care Services, Servicio Navarro de Salud (Osasunbidea), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Mireia Malcampo
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Carmen López-Sabater
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 08921, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Montiel-Rojas D, Nilsson A, Santoro A, Bazzocchi A, de Groot LCPGM, Feskens EJM, Berendsen AAM, Madej D, Kaluza J, Pietruszka B, Jennings A, Fairweather-Tait S, Battista G, Capri M, Franceschi C, Kadi F. Fighting Sarcopenia in Ageing European Adults: The Importance of the Amount and Source of Dietary Proteins. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123601. [PMID: 33255223 PMCID: PMC7760110 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While an adequate protein intake is important for the maintenance of muscle mass during ageing, the amount and source of protein necessary for optimal prevention of sarcopenia remains to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the amount and source of dietary proteins on sarcopenia risk in a cohort of 65–79-year-old European adults within the frame of the NU-AGE study. A total of 986 participants were included in the analysis. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and handgrip strength (HG) were employed to create a continuous sex-specific sarcopenia risk score (SRS). Total amount together with animal- and plant-derived sources of proteins were obtained from a 7-day food record. Differences in SRS were analysed across groups of total protein intake (<0.8 g/body weight (BW); 0.8–<1.0 g/BW; 1.0–<1.2 g/BW; and ≥1.2 g/BW). The association between SRS and the different sources of protein was assessed using isocaloric substitution models adjusted by demographic, medical, and lifestyle factors. A significant linear dose-response relationship was observed, with a lower SRS linked to higher protein intakes. Based on the isocaloric substitution modelling, a reduced SRS was observed when increasing plant protein to the detriment of animal protein, while holding total protein intake constant. Further, this result remained significant after stratifying the analysis by adherence to different levels of protein intake. Our findings suggest that older adults may benefit from increasing protein intakes above current recommendations. Besides total amount, protein source should be considered when promoting health dietary habits in older adults for the prevention of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montiel-Rojas
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (D.M.-R.); (F.K.)
| | - Andreas Nilsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (D.M.-R.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-19-303553
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.)
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bazzocchi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.C.P.G.M.d.G.); (E.J.M.F.); (A.A.M.B.)
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.C.P.G.M.d.G.); (E.J.M.F.); (A.A.M.B.)
| | - Agnes A. M. Berendsen
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.C.P.G.M.d.G.); (E.J.M.F.); (A.A.M.B.)
| | - Dawid Madej
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.); (J.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Joanna Kaluza
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.); (J.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Pietruszka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.); (J.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Amy Jennings
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.J.); (S.F.-T.)
| | - Susan Fairweather-Tait
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (A.J.); (S.F.-T.)
| | - Giuseppe Battista
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.)
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University (UNN), 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; (D.M.-R.); (F.K.)
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