Protective Effect of Vitis labrusca Leaves Extract on Cardiovascular Dysfunction through HMGB1-TLR4-NFκB Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Effects of scutellarin on the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases: a review

Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant worldwide problem, jeopardizing individuals' physical and mental wellbeing as well as their quality of life as a result of their widespread incidence and fatality. With the aging society, the occurrence of Cardiovascular diseases is progressively rising each year. However, although drugs developed for treating Cardiovascular diseases have clear targets and proven efficacy, they still carry certain toxic and side effect risks. Therefore, finding safe, effective, and practical treatment options is crucial. Scutellarin is the primary constituent of Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. This article aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the creation and use of secure, productive, and logical medications for Scutellarin in curing heart-related illnesses. Additionally, the examination and analysis of the signal pathway and its associated mechanisms with regard to the employment of SCU in treating heart diseases will impart innovative resolving concepts for the treatment and prevention of Cardiovascular diseases.

High mobility group box 1 knockdown inhibits EV71 replication and attenuates cell pyroptosis through TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Nowadays, there are still no effective antiviral drugs for EV71 infection. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is reported to be highly expressed in HFMD patients. However, the role and underlying mechanism of HMGB1 in EV71-associated HFMD are still unclear. HMGB1 expression was detected using RT-qPCR and western blot assays. Loss- and gain-function experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of HMGB1 on EV71-infected cells. The virus titer was examined by TCID50. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were applied to detect the cell viability and cell cycle. Oxidative stress was determined by relative commercial kits. HMGB1 level was elevated in the serum of EV71-infected patients with HFMD and EV71-induced RD cells. EV71 infection induced the transfer of HMGB1 from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. HMGB1 knockdown inhibited virus replication, viral protein (VP1) expression and promoted antiviral factor expression. In addition, the inhibition of HMGB1 improved cell viability, protected against S phase arrest, and inhibited EV71-induced cell injury and oxidative stress, whereas HMGB1 overexpression showed the opposite effects. In terms of mechanism, HMGB1 overexpression activated the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and promoted cell pyroptosis. The inhibition of TLR4 and NF-κB reversed the effects of HMGB1 overexpression on virus replication, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis. In conclusion, HMGB1 knockdown inhibits EV71 replication and attenuates pyroptosis through TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis.

Supplementation with Vitis vinifera Jingzaojing Leaf and Shoot Extract Improves Exercise Endurance in Mice

Switching myofibers from the fast-glycolytic type to the slow-oxidative type is associated with an alleviation of the symptoms associated with various cardiometabolic diseases. This study investigates the effect of Vitis vinifera Jingzaojing leaf and shoot extract (JLSE), which is rich in phenolic compounds, on the regulation of skeletal muscle fiber-type switching, as well as the associated underlying mechanism. Male C57BL/6N mice were supplemented orally with vehicle or JLSE (300 mg/kg) and subjected to treadmill exercise training. After four weeks, mice in the JLSE-supplemented group showed significantly improved exercise endurance and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. JLSE supplementation increased the expression of sirtuin 6 and decreased Sox6 expression, thereby elevating the number of mitochondria and encouraging fast-to-slow myofiber switching. The results of our experiments suggest that JLSE supplementation reprograms myofiber composition to favor the slow oxidative type, ultimately enhancing exercise endurance.

Medicinal herbs in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A review

Cancer development entangles with mutation and selection for cells that progressively increase capacity for proliferation and metastasis at the cellular level. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the standard treatments to manage several types of cancer. Chemotherapy is toxic for both normal and cancer cells and can induce unfavorable conditions, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), that reduce patients' quality of life. Emesis after chemotherapy is categorized into two classes acute and delayed. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been used in various cultures to manage stomachache, vomiting, and nausea. In this manuscript, the antiemetic mechanisms of several herbal medicines and their preparations such as Zingiber officinale (5-HT, NK-1 receptor and muscarinic antagonist activity), Mentha spicata (5-HT antagonist activity), Scutellaria baicalensis (antioxidant activity), Persumac (useful in delayed phase through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-contractile properties) and Rikkunshito (supportive in acute and delayed phase through 5-HT receptor antagonist activity) have been reviewed to show their potential effects on decreasing CINV and attract scientists attention to formulate more herbal medicine to alleviate CINV in cancer patients. However, it is crucial to say that additional high-quality investigations are required to firmly verify the clinical effectiveness and safety of each plant/compound.

Influence of oral administration of kukoamine A on blood pressure in a rat hypertension model

The benefits of lowering blood pressure (BP) are well established for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. While there are a number of pharmaceuticals available for lowering BP, there is considerable interest in using dietary modifications, lifestyle and behaviour changes as alternative strategies. Kukoamines, caffeic acid derivatives of polyamines present in solanaceous plants, have been reported to reduce BP. We investigated the effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on BP in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) laboratory animal model of hypertension. Prior to the hypertension study, we determined the safety of the synthetic kukoamine A in a single oral dose (5 or 10 mg kg^-1 bodyweight) 14-day observational study in mice. No negative effects of the oral administration of kukoamine A were observed. We subsequently investigated the effect of daily oral doses of kukoamine A (0, 5, 10 mg kg^-1 bodyweight) for 35 days using the SHR rat model of hypertension. The normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain was used to provide a baseline for normal BP in rats. We observed no effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on arterial hypertension in this laboratory animal model of hypertension.

In vivo and in vitro studies of Danzhi Jiangtang capsules against diabetic cardiomyopathy via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

Objectives

Danzhi Jiangtang capsule (DJC) is widely used for preventing and treating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities are unclear.

Methods

In the in vivo diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model, cardiac function was measured through echocardiography, histological changes in the myocardium were visualized using HE staining, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using TUNEL. The serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA. Finally, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA expressions were analyzed using RT-qPCR. In the in vitro experiments, the apoptosis rate of the H9c2 cells was detected using FCM; moreover, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB mRNA expressions were measured using RT-qPCR and related protein levels were investigated using Western blotting.

Results

In vivo, DJC effectively improved cardiac function, alleviated the pathological changes, and reduced the apoptosis rate. Moreover, DJC reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 activities, with significant inhibition of the TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 mRNA expression. Moreover, in vitro, DJC effectively inhibited high-glucose-induced H9c2 apoptosis-an effect similar to that for TAK242. Finally, both the DJC and TAK242 considerably reduced TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase-3 protein expression but increased that of BCL-2.

Conclusions

DJC prevented the overactivation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and regulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis against DCM.

Antiviral Activity of Vitis vinifera Leaf Extract against SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1

Vitis vinifera represents an important and renowned source of compounds with significant biological activity. Wines and winery bioproducts, such as grape pomace, skins, and seeds, are rich in bioactive compounds against a wide range of human pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. However, little is known about the biological properties of vine leaves. The aim of this study was the evaluation of phenolic composition and antiviral activity of Vitis vinifera leaf extract against two human viruses: the Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the pandemic and currently widespread severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). About 40 phenolic compounds were identified in the extract by HPLC-MS/MS analysis: most of them were quercetin derivatives, others included derivatives of luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, chrysoeriol, biochanin, isookanin, and scutellarein. Leaf extract was able to inhibit both HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stages of infection by directly blocking the proteins enriched on the viral surface, at a very low concentration of 10 μg/mL. These results are very promising and highlight how natural extracts could be used in the design of antiviral drugs and the development of future vaccines.

Vascular Stress Signaling in Hypertension

Cells respond to stress by activating a variety of defense signaling pathways, including cell survival and cell death pathways. Although cell survival signaling helps the cell to recover from acute insults, cell death or senescence pathways induced by chronic insults can lead to unresolved pathologies. Arterial hypertension results from chronic physiological maladaptation against various stressors represented by abnormal circulating or local neurohormonal factors, mechanical stress, intracellular accumulation of toxic molecules, and dysfunctional organelles. Hypertension and aging share common mechanisms that mediate or prolong chronic cell stress, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and accumulation of protein aggregates, oxidative stress, metabolic mitochondrial stress, DNA damage, stress-induced senescence, and proinflammatory processes. This review discusses common adaptive signaling mechanisms against these stresses including unfolded protein responses, antioxidant response element signaling, autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial fission/fusion, STING (signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes)-mediated responses, and activation of pattern recognition receptors. The main molecular mechanisms by which the vasculature copes with hypertensive and aging stressors are presented and recent advancements in stress-adaptive signaling mechanisms as well as potential therapeutic targets are discussed.