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Larrosa M, Gil-Izquierdo A, González-Rodríguez LG, Alférez MJM, San Juan AF, Sánchez-Gómez Á, Calvo-Ayuso N, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Fernández-Lázaro D, Lopez-Grueso R, López-León I, Moreno-Lara J, Domínguez-Balmaseda D, Illescas-Quiroga R, Cuenca E, López T, Montoya JJ, Rodrigues-de-Souza DP, Carrillo-Alvarez E, Casado A, Rodriguez-Doñate B, Porta-Oliva M, Santiago C, Iturriaga T, De Lucas B, Solaesa ÁG, Montero-López MDP, Benítez De Gracia E, Veiga-Herreros P, Muñoz-López A, Orantes-Gonzalez E, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Cabeza-Ruiz R, Carnero-Diaz Á, Sospedra I, Fernández-Galván LM, Martínez-Sanz JM, Martín-Almena FJ, Pérez M, Guerra-Hernández EJ, López-Samanes Á, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Domínguez R. Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Health, Sports Performance, and Recovery for Female Athletes and Other Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae082. [PMID: 38994896 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?" DATA SOURCES The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers. CONCLUSION Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5-6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, β-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Liliana Guadalupe González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Muñoz Alférez
- Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja University Campus), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro F San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Calvo-Ayuso
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Lopez-Grueso
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-León
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Lara
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Román Illescas-Quiroga
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, University of Alcala, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Teba López
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Juan José Montoya
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daiana Priscila Rodrigues-de-Souza
- Departamento de Enfermería, Farmacología y Fisioterapia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Carrillo-Alvarez
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Porta-Oliva
- Faculty of Food Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, INEFC, 0838 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Santiago
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Támara Iturriaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Beatriz De Lucas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | | | | | - Elvira Benítez De Gracia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Orantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Faculty of Sports, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Cabeza-Ruiz
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Carnero-Diaz
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Pérez
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Guerra-Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Główka N, Podgórski T, Odrobny W, Krawczyński M, Botwina R, Bodzicz S, Nowaczyk PM. Bovine colostrum supplementation as a new perspective in depression and substance use disorder treatment: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1366942. [PMID: 38957737 PMCID: PMC11217880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study aimed to evaluate the effect of 3-month supplementation of bovine colostrum (BOV-COL; 8x400 mg per day) on the outcomes of depression treatment in hospitalized patients with substance use disorder (SUD). The hypothesis is that BOV-COL supplementation as an add-on treatment results in favorable alternations in selected blood inflammatory markers or neurotransmitters, leading to better depression treatment outcomes compared with placebo (PLA). Methods Patients with a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 score ≥60 points were enrolled. Twenty-nine participants (n=18 in the BOV-COL group and n=11 in the PLA group) completed the protocol. Results The mean Beck Depression Inventory-II score was significantly reduced after supplementation in both groups. However, the mean 17-point Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was decreased in the BOV-COL group, but not in the PLA group. In the BOV-COL group, there was a reduction in interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, the IL-6:IL-10 ratio, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while in the PLA group only IL-6 decreased. Favorable alternations in the total count and differentials of white blood cell subsets were more pronounced in the BOV-COL. There were no changes in neurotransmitter concentrations. Conclusions BOV-COL supplementation is a promising add-on therapy in patients with depression and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Odrobny
- Institute of Mental Health Para Familia, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Marcin Krawczyński
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Yalçıntaş YM, Baydemir B, Duman H, Eker F, Bayraktar Biçen A, Ertürk M, Karav S. Exploring the impact of colostrum supplementation on athletes: a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and diverse properties. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395437. [PMID: 38799427 PMCID: PMC11116638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop all-encompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Mert Yalçıntaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | - Furkan Eker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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Cieślicka M, Stankiewicz B, Muszkieta R, Tafil-Klawe M, Klawe J, Skarpańska-Stejnborn A, Ostapiuk-Karolczuk J. Long-Term Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Football Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:4779. [PMID: 38004173 PMCID: PMC10675434 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise, especially of high intensity, is a significant burden on an athlete's body. It should be emphasized that achieving high results in competitive sports requires the use of significant, sometimes extreme, exercise loads during training, which may result in homeostasis disorders, adversely affecting the fitness of athletes. This study aims to investigate the effects of 6 months of bovine colostrum supplementation on indicators of immune system functioning, selected parameters related to iron management, and anabolic/catabolic balance in young football players. Twenty-eight male football players completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol (24 weeks of colostrum/placebo). A standardized exercise test was executed at the beginning of the trial and after 3 and 6 months of supplementation. Blood samples were taken before and after the exercise test and after 3 h of recovery. Markers of iron homeostasis, pro- and anti-inflammatory balance, and hormonal responses were determined. A significant increase in immunoglobulin G concentration was observed, accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory markers in supplemented athletes. Bovine colostrum supplementation had no significant effect on athletes' performance or on iron management and hormonal response. The use of bovine colostrum, which is characterized by a high content of immunologically active compounds, can be an element of a relatively mild and safe intervention for reducing inflammation induced by intense physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Cieślicka
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.C.); (M.T.-K.)
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Department of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Muszkieta
- Department of Physical Culture, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.C.); (M.T.-K.)
| | - Jacek Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland;
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Escribano-Ott I, Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:638. [PMID: 35276997 PMCID: PMC8839588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players' level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg-1, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60-75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Escribano-Ott
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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Kaplan M, Arslan A, Duman H, Karyelioğlu M, Baydemir B, Günar BB, Alkan M, Bayraktar A, Tosun Hİ, Ertürk M, Eskici G, Duar RM, Henrick BM, Frese SA, Karav S. Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796824. [PMID: 35046820 PMCID: PMC8762312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains all essential nutrients for the neonate during the first days of life, with impacts that continue far beyond these first days. Bovine colostrum has been used for human consumption due to the high concentrations of bioactive proteins, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, as well as free and conjugated oligosaccharides. Processes involved in the preparation of bovine colostrum for human consumption play a pivotal role in preserving and maintaining the activity of the bioactive molecules. As bovine colostrum is a multifunctional food that offers a myriad of benefits for human health, assessing the main processes used in preparing it with both advantages and disadvantages is a crucial point to discuss. We discuss major processes effects for colostrum production on the nutritional value, some advanced technologies to preserve processed bovine colostrum and the end-product forms consumed by humans whether as dairy products or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Melda Karyelioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Bilgetekin Burak Günar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Alkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bayraktar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | | | - Günay Eskici
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc., Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steven A. Frese
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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