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Cheng PN, Chen WJ, Hou CJY, Lin CL, Chang ML, Wang CC, Chang WT, Wang CY, Lin CY, Hung CL, Peng CY, Yu ML, Chao TH, Huang JF, Huang YH, Chen CY, Chiang CE, Lin HC, Li YH, Lin TH, Kao JH, Wang TD, Liu PY, Wu YW, Liu CJ. Taiwan Association for the Study of the Liver-Taiwan Society of Cardiology Taiwan position statement for the management of metabolic dysfunction- associated fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024; 30:16-36. [PMID: 37793641 PMCID: PMC10776290 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasingly common liver disease worldwide. MAFLD is diagnosed based on the presence of steatosis on images, histological findings, or serum marker levels as well as the presence of at least one of the three metabolic features: overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic risk factors. MAFLD is not only a liver disease but also a factor contributing to or related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which is the major etiology responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with MAFLD. Hence, understanding the association between MAFLD and CVD, surveillance and risk stratification of MAFLD in patients with CVD, and assessment of the current status of MAFLD management are urgent requirements for both hepatologists and cardiologists. This Taiwan position statement reviews the literature and provides suggestions regarding the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, risk stratification, nonpharmacological interventions, and potential drug treatments of MAFLD, focusing on its association with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan; Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yung Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lieh Hung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Center for Digestive Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsing Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chern-En Chiang
- General Clinical Research Center, and Cardiovascular Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Quesada-Vázquez S, Castells-Nobau A, Latorre J, Oliveras-Cañellas N, Puig-Parnau I, Tejera N, Tobajas Y, Baudin J, Hildebrand F, Beraza N, Burcelin R, Martinez-Gili L, Chilloux J, Dumas ME, Federici M, Hoyles L, Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Escoté X, Fernández-Real JM, Mayneris-Perxachs J. Potential therapeutic implications of histidine catabolism by the gut microbiota in NAFLD patients with morbid obesity. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101341. [PMID: 38118419 PMCID: PMC10772641 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Histidine is a key energy source for the microbiota, scavenging it from the host. Its role in NAFLD is poorly known. Plasma metabolomics, liver transcriptomics, and fecal metagenomics were performed in three human cohorts coupled with hepatocyte, rodent, and Drosophila models. Machine learning analyses identified plasma histidine as being strongly inversely associated with steatosis and linked to a hepatic transcriptomic signature involved in insulin signaling, inflammation, and trace amine-associated receptor 1. Circulating histidine was inversely associated with Proteobacteria and positively with bacteria lacking the histidine utilization (Hut) system. Histidine supplementation improved NAFLD in different animal models (diet-induced NAFLD in mouse and flies, ob/ob mouse, and ovariectomized rats) and reduced de novo lipogenesis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from low-histidine donors and mono-colonization of germ-free flies with Enterobacter cloacae increased triglyceride accumulation and reduced histidine content. The interplay among microbiota, histidine catabolism, and NAFLD opens therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain; Nutrition, Eumetabolism, and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jèssica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain; Nutrition, Eumetabolism, and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Puig-Parnau
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain; Nutrition, Eumetabolism, and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Institute Strategic Program, Microbes and Gut Health, Institute Strategic Program - Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yaiza Tobajas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Julio Baudin
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Institute Strategic Program, Microbes and Gut Health, Institute Strategic Program - Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Digital Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Institute Strategic Program, Microbes and Gut Health, Institute Strategic Program - Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Toulouse, France; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Heart Failure', F-31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Laura Martinez-Gili
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julien Chilloux
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Section of Genomic and Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, CNRS UMR 8199, INSERM UMR 1283, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, 59045 Lille, France; McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain.
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain; Nutrition, Eumetabolism, and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain; Nutrition, Eumetabolism, and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Oliveira MOA, Leonço ÁR, Pavani VB, Barbosa IR, Campos MM. Omega-3 Effects on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Inflammation 2023; 46:388-403. [PMID: 36171491 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Both periodontal disease (PD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) represent disorders of concern worldwide. Current evidence indicates that PD and MS might negatively influence each other, increasing the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), via mutual inflammatory pathways. A failure of the inflammation resolution mechanisms is crucial for these comorbidities. Fish oil-derived omega-3 has been linked with resolution-driven responses in different pathological conditions during the last years. This study evaluated the impacts of omega-3 supplementation in a rat model combining ligature-induced PD and 10% fructose intake-elicited MS. Our main findings show that 10% fructose ingestion led to an elevation of Lee index and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, along with hepatic alterations, accompanied by an increase of leptin, and a decrement of adiponectin serum amounts, regardless of PD induction. Noteworthy, the co-induction of PD and MS resulted in higher levels of glycemia and triglycerides, being this latter effect lessened by omega-3 supplementation. In this case, the beneficial effects of omega-3 might be associated with its ability to recover the decline of serum adiponectin levels in rats with PD plus MS. As expected, PD induction led to alveolar bone loss, independent of MS induction. However, the supplementation with omega-3 restored alveolar bone in PD control animals, but not in the rats with PD combined with MS. Our study extends the knowledge about PD and MS as comorbidities, showing novel effects of omega-3 supplementation in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa O A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Álvaro R Leonço
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Graduação em Medicina, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícius B Pavani
- Curso de Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Isadora R Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Curso de Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
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Li Q, Spalding KL. The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1003219. [PMID: 36483678 PMCID: PMC9723158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes can increase in volume up to a thousand-fold, storing excess calories as triacylglycerol in large lipid droplets. The dramatic morphological changes required of adipocytes demands extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including lipid droplet and plasma membrane expansion. Cell growth-related signalling pathways are activated, stimulating the production of sufficient amino acids, functional lipids and nucleotides to meet the increasing cellular needs of lipid storage, metabolic activity and adipokine secretion. Continued expansion gives rise to enlarged (hypertrophic) adipocytes. This can result in a failure to maintain growth-related homeostasis and an inability to cope with excess nutrition or respond to stimuli efficiently, ultimately leading to metabolic dysfunction. We summarize recent studies which investigate the functional and cellular structure remodeling of hypertrophic adipocytes. How adipocytes adapt to an enlarged cell size and how this relates to cellular dysfunction are discussed. Understanding the healthy and pathological processes involved in adipocyte hypertrophy may shed light on new strategies for promoting healthy adipose tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kirsty L. Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dovale-Rosabal G, Espinosa A, Rodríguez A, Barriga A, Palomino-Calderón A, Romero N, Troncoso RH, Aubourg SP. Effect of Structured Phenolic Lipids with EPA/DHA and Gallic Acid against Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227702. [PMID: 36431812 PMCID: PMC9696657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the leading risk factor for developing metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The food industry has an essential role in searching for new strategies to improve primary food sources to revert some of the metabolic alterations induced by obesity. There is consistent evidence that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) belonging to the n-3 series, i.e., eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) acids, could revert some alterations associated with obesity-induced metabolic diseases. A relevant tool is the synthesis of structured acylglycerols (sAG), which include EPA or DHA at the sn-2 position. On the other hand, it has been reported that a crucial role of antioxidants is the reversion of MAFLD. In this work, we studied the effects of new molecules incorporating gallic acid (GA) into EPA/DHA-rich structured lipids. Mice were fed with a high-fat diet (60%) for three months and were then divided into five groups for supplementation with sAG and sAG structured with gallic acid (structured phenolic acylglycerols, sPAG). sPAG synthesis was optimized using a 2²-screening factorial design based on the response surface methodology (RSM). Our results show that treatment of sPAG was effective in decreasing visceral fat, fasting glycemia, fasting insulin, suggesting that this new molecule has a potential use in the reversal of MAFLD-associated alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Dovale-Rosabal
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (S.P.A.)
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Centre of Studies for the Development of Chemistry (CEPEDEQ), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Alan Palomino-Calderón
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Nalda Romero
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Hernán Troncoso
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Physical Activity (LABINAF), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Santiago Pedro Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (S.P.A.)
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Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Treatment and the Efficiency of Its Conversion to Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Obesity and Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144471. [PMID: 35889342 PMCID: PMC9317994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is present in high amounts in oils such as flaxseed, soy, hemp, rapeseed, chia, and perilla, while stearidonic acid is abundant in echium oil. ALA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by desaturases and elongases in humans. The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, and these long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly provided from dietary sources (fish and seafood). This review provides an overview of studies that explored the effects of dietary supplementation with ALA in obesity and related diseases. The obesity-associated changes of desaturase and elongase activities are summarized, as they could influence the metabolic conversion of ALA. Generally, supplementation with ALA or ALA-rich oils leads to an increase in EPA levels and has no effect on DHA or omega-3 index. According to the literature data, stearidonic acid could enhance conversion of ALA to long-chain n−3 PUFA in obesity. Recent studies confirm that EPA and DHA intake should be considered as a primary dietary treatment strategy for improving the omega-3 index in obesity and related diseases.
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Valorization of Side Stream Products from Sea Cage Fattened Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus): Production and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Enriched ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050309. [PMID: 35621959 PMCID: PMC9147267 DOI: 10.3390/md20050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of side streams from fishery and aquaculture value-chains is a valuable solution to address one of the challenges of the circular economy: turning wastes into profit. Side streams produced after filleting of sea cage fattened bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid profile to evaluate the possibility of producing tuna oil (TO) as a valuable source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and testing its bioactivity in vitro. Ethyl esters of total fatty acids (TFA), obtained from TO, were pre-enriched by urea complexation (PUFA-Ue) and then enriched by short path distillation (SPD) up to almost 85% of the PUFA fraction (PUFA-SPe). The bioactivity of TFA, PUFA-SPe, and ethyl esters of depleted PUFA (PUFA-SPd) were tested in vitro, through analysis of lipid metabolism genes, in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fibroblast cell line (SAF-1) exposed to oils. TFA and PUFA-SPd upregulated transcription factors (pparβ and pparγ) and lipid metabolism-related genes (D6D, fas, fabp, fatp1, and cd36), indicating the promotion of adipogenesis. PUFA-SPe treated cells were similar to control. PUFA-SPe extracted from farmed bluefin tuna side streams could be utilized in fish feed formulations to prevent excessive fat deposition, contributing to improving both the sustainability of aquaculture and the quality of its products.
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Refaat B, Abdelghany AH, Ahmad J, Abdalla OM, Elshopakey GE, Idris S, El-Boshy M. Vitamin D 3 enhances the effects of omega-3 oils against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in rat. Biofactors 2022; 48:498-513. [PMID: 34767670 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of omega-3 oils (OM) and/or vitamin D3 (VD) against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Forty rats were divided into negative (NC) and positive (PC) controls, OM, VD, and OM + VD groups, and MAFLD was induced by high-fat/high-fructose diet (12 weeks). Oral OM (415 mg/kg/day) and/or intramuscular VD (290 IU/kg/day) were given for 4 weeks (5 times/week). The PC animals were markedly obese and had hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, elevated liver enzymes, abnormal hepatic histology, and increased caspase-3 with apoptosis than the NC group. The expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α; 5.3-fold), insulin induced gene-1 (INSIG1; 7.8-fold), adiponectin receptor-1 (AdipoR1; 4.4-fold), and leptin receptor (LEPR; 6-fold) declined, while PPAR-γ (3.7-fold) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1; 2.4-fold) increased, in the PC than the NC group. Leptin (2.2-fold), malondialdehyde (2.1-fold), protein carbonyl groups (17.3-fold), IL-1β (4.4-fold), IL-6 (2.1-fold), TNF-α (1.8-fold) also increased, whereas adiponectin (2.8-fold) glutathione (2.1-fold), glutathione peroxidase-1 (2.4-fold), glutathione reductase (2.2-fold), catalase (1.4-fold), and IL-10 (2.8-fold) decreased, in the PC livers. Both monotherapies attenuated obesity, metabolic profiles, and PPAR-γ/SREBP1/leptin/Caspase-3/apoptosis, while induced PPAR-α/adiponectin/AdipoR1/LEPR/INSIG1. The monotherapies also reduced the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory markers and increased the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules. However, the OM effects were better than VD monotherapy. Alternatively, the co-therapy group showed the greatest ameliorations in liver functions, lipid-regulatory molecules, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In conclusion, while OM monotherapy was superior to VD, the co-therapy protocol displayed the best alleviations against MAFLD, possibly by enhanced modulation of metabolic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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9
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Liu Y, Wang W. Sex-specific contribution of lipid accumulation product and cardiometabolic index in the identification of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Chinese adults. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:8. [PMID: 35027066 PMCID: PMC8759215 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and cardiometabolic index (CMI) are two novel obesity-related indexes associated with enhancing metabolic disease (MD) risk. Current evidences suggest that the differences in sex hormones and regional fat distribution in both sexes are directly correlated with MD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk. Hence, NAFLD incidences reflect sex differences. Herein, we examined the accuracy of LAP and CMI in diagnosing NAFLD in both sexes. Methods Overall, 14,407 subjects, who underwent health check-up in the northeastern China, were enrolled in this study, and their corresponding LAP and CMI were calculated. Abdominal ultrasonography was employed for NAFLD diagnosis. Multivariate analyses were analyzed potential correlations between LAP and/or CMI and NAFLD. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses was executed for the exploration of the diagnostic accuracies. Areas under the curves (AUCs) with 95%CIs were calculated. Results NAFLD prevalence increased with elevated quartiles of LAP and CMI in both sexes. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, LAP and CM expressed as continuous variables or quartiles, significantly correlated with NAFLD. The ORs for the top versus bottom quartile of LAP and CMI for NAFLD were 13.183 (95%CI = 8.512–20.417) and 8.662 (95%CI = 6.371–11.778) in women and 7.544 (95%CI = 5.748–9.902) and 5.400 (95%CI = 4.297–6.786) in men. LAP and CMI exhibited larger AUCs, compared to other obesity-related indexes in terms of discriminating NAFLD. The AUCs of LAP and CMI were 0.860 (95%CI = 0.852–0.867) and 0.833 (95%CI = 0.825–0.842) in women and 0.816 (95%CI = 0.806–0.825) and 0.779 (95%CI = 0.769–0.789) in men. Conclusions LAP and CMI are convenient indexes for the screening and quantification of NAFLD within a Chinese adult population. Their associations with NAFLD are substantially greater in women than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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10
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Faradina A, Tseng SH, Tung TH, Huang SY, Lee YC, Skalny AV, Tinkov AA, Chen SH, Chuang YK, Chang JS. High-dose ferric citrate supplementation attenuates omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis via downregulating delta 5 and 6 desaturases in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Food Funct 2021; 12:11819-11828. [PMID: 34787162 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of an iron deficiency; however, a synergistic relationship between iron and lipid homeostasis was also observed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pharmacological doses of iron supplementation on omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal diet or a 50% high-fat diet (HFD) without or with pharmacological doses of ferric citrate (0.25, 1, or 2 g ferric iron per kg diet) for 12 weeks, and erythrocyte profiles of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were quantitated. Ferric citrate supplementation showed dose-related effects on liver inflammation, liver iron accumulation, and increasing circulating levels of iron, erythrocyte degradation biomarkers LVV-hemorphin-7, malondialdehyde (MDA), and insulin. Obese rats supplemented with 2 g ferric iron per kg diet also had decreased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and total n-3 PUFAs compared to rats fed a normal diet or HFD alone. A western blotting analysis revealed that iron-mediated downregulation of n-3 PUFA-converting enzymes (Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases) only occurred at high dosages (≥1 g ferric iron per kg diet). A Spearman correlation analysis showed that total liver iron and serum LVV-hemorphin-7 and MDA were negatively correlated with n-3 PUFAs and their converting enzymes (Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases) (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, obese rats that received high-dose ferric citrate supplementation (>1 g of ferric iron per kg diet) exhibited decreased n-3 PUFA levels via downregulation of expressions of Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Faradina
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Hui Tseng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsuan Tung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Reproductive Medicine & Sciences, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Seu-Hwa Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kun Chuang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chinese Taipei Society for the Study of Obesity, CTSSO, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Quesada-Vázquez S, Colom-Pellicer M, Navarro-Masip È, Aragonès G, Del Bas JM, Caimari A, Escoté X. Supplementation with a Specific Combination of Metabolic Cofactors Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Fibrosis, and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3532. [PMID: 34684533 PMCID: PMC8541294 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have emerged as the leading causes of chronic liver disease in the world. Obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are multifactorial risk factors strongly associated with NAFLD/NASH. Here, a specific combination of metabolic cofactors (a multi-ingredient; MI) containing precursors of glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (betaine, N-acetyl-cysteine, L-carnitine and nicotinamide riboside) was evaluated as effective treatment for the NAFLD/NASH pathophysiology. Six-week-old male mice were randomly divided into control diet animals and animals exposed to a high fat and high fructose/sucrose diet to induce NAFLD. After 16 weeks, diet-induced NAFLD mice were distributed into two groups, treated with the vehicle (HFHFr group) or with a combination of metabolic cofactors (MI group) for 4 additional weeks, and blood and liver were obtained from all animals for biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. The MI treatment reduced liver steatosis, decreasing liver weight and hepatic lipid content, and liver injury, as evidenced by a pronounced decrease in serum levels of liver transaminases. Moreover, animals supplemented with the MI cocktail showed a reduction in the gene expression of some proinflammatory cytokines when compared with their HFHFr counterparts. In addition, MI supplementation was effective in decreasing hepatic fibrosis and improving insulin sensitivity, as observed by histological analysis, as well as a reduction in fibrotic gene expression (Col1α1) and improved Akt activation, respectively. Taken together, supplementation with this specific combination of metabolic cofactors ameliorates several features of NAFLD, highlighting this treatment as a potential efficient therapy against this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Quesada-Vázquez
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Èlia Navarro-Masip
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Josep M. Del Bas
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
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12
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Liang Y, Zhang Z, Tu J, Wang Z, Gao X, Deng K, El-Samahy MA, You P, Fan Y, Wang F. γ-Linolenic Acid Prevents Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Palmitic Acid-Treated Alpha Mouse Liver-12 Cells by Balancing Autophagy and Apoptosis via the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8257-8267. [PMID: 34281337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fat deposition is the main character in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while γ-linolenic acid (GLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that can reduce lipid deposition. This study investigated the effect and regulatory mechanism of GLA (100 μM) on lipid metabolism in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells treated by 400 μM palmitic acid (PA). GLA reduced lipid content and increased fatty acid β oxidation, as indicated by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol contents and increasing mRNA and protein expressions of CPT1α and PPARα. GLA relieved oxidative stress caused by PA, upregulated mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased reactive oxygen species content. GLA reduced apoptosis, as indicated by decreases in the BAX/BCL2 expression level and apoptosis percentage. GLA activated autophagy, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and LKB1-AMPK-mTOR signaling and upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of Beclin-1, autophagy-related 5, and liver kinase B1 (LKB1). These effects of GLA on lipid metabolism disorders of PA-treated hepatocytes were reversed by autophagy inhibitor 3MA and AMPK inhibitor compound C, confirming our conclusions. Overall, GLA can protect AML-12 cells from lipid metabolism disorder caused by PA via balancing autophagy and apoptosis mediated by the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway. Consequently, GLA, as a dietary supplement, can help to prevent and treat NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxu Liang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jiayu Tu
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - M A El-Samahy
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Peihua You
- Portal Agri-Industries Co., Ltd., Xingdian Street, Pikou District, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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13
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da Cunha de Sá RDC, Simão JDJ, da Silva VS, de Farias TM, Cruz MM, Antraco VJ, Armelin-Correa L, Alonso-Vale MI. Fish Oil Enriched in EPA, but Not in DHA, Reverses the Metabolic Syndrome and Adipocyte Dysfunction Induced by a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030754. [PMID: 33652751 PMCID: PMC7996952 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of two commercially available fish oils (FOs) containing different proportions of two omega-3 fatty acids (FA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the metabolic and endocrine dysfunctions of white adipose tissue resulting from obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice, 8 weeks old, received a control or high-fat diet (CO and HF groups, with 9% and 59% energy from fat, respectively) for 8 weeks. The next 8 weeks, the HF group was subdivided into HF, HF+FO/E (HF+5:1 EPA:DHA), and HF+FO/D (HF+5:1 DHA:EPA). Supplementation was performed by gavage, three times a week. All groups that received the HF diet had lower food and caloric intake, but a higher fat intake, body weight (BW) gain, glucose intolerance, and a significant increase in inguinal (ING), retroperitoneal (RP), and epididymal (EPI) adipose tissues when compared to the CO group. Additionally, HF and HF+FO/D groups showed insulin resistance, adipocyte hypertrophy, increased lipolysis and secretion of TNF-α, resistin and IL-10 adipokines by ING and RP adipocytes, and adiponectin only by the HF+FO/D group in ING adipocytes. All of these effects were completely reversed in the HF+FO/E group, which also showed partial reversion in BW gain and glucose intolerance. Both the HF+FO/E and HF+FO/D groups showed a reduction in ING and RP adipose depots when compared to the HF group, but only HF+FO/E in the EPI depot. HF+FO/E, but not HF+FO/D, was able to prevent the changes triggered by obesity in TNF-α, Il-10, and resistin secretion in ING and RP depots. These results strongly suggest that different EPA:DHA ratios have different impacts on the adipose tissue metabolism, FO being rich in EPA, but not in DHA, and effective in reversing the changes induced by obesity.
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