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Zhao C, Penttinen P, Zhang L, Dong L, Zhang F, Zhang S, Li Z, Zhang X. A combination of omics-based analyses to elucidate the effect of NaCl concentrations on the metabolites and microbial dynamics during the ripening fermentation of Pixian-Douban. Food Chem 2024; 448:139052. [PMID: 38531296 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the ripening fermentation of Pixian-Douban, a traditional fermented condiment. The results showed that NaCl affected the dynamics of physicochemical parameters, volatile components, fatty acids, amino metabolites, organic acids, and microbial composition, and their dynamic modes were different. After 253 days fermentation, the 10% NaCl Pixian-Douban had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of total organic acids (20,308.25 mg/kg), amino metabolites (28,144.96 mg/kg), and volatiles (3.36 mg/kg) compared to 15% and 20% NaCl Pixian-Douban. Notably, the possible health risk associated with high concentration of biogenic amines in 10% NaCl Pixian-Douban is of concern. Moreover, correlation analyses indicated that the effect of NaCl on the quality of Pixian-Douban may be mainly related to bacteria. This study deepens the knowledge about the role of NaCl in ripening fermentation of Pixian-Douban and contributes to develop low-NaCl Pixian-Douban product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd, Chengdu 611130, China; Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Petri Penttinen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd, Chengdu 611130, China; Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Finland
| | - Lingzi Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fengju Zhang
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd, Chengdu 611130, China.
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He Q, Du X, Wang L, Fang Y, Zhong J, Hu R. Taste Preference for Salt Predicts Salt Intake in a Chinese Population. Nutrients 2024; 16:2090. [PMID: 38999839 PMCID: PMC11243009 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the association between taste preference for salt and actual salt intake, thus guiding and refining personal and public health campaigns designed to lower salt intake in China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1489 residents aged 18 to 69 years was conducted in 2017 in China. A multistage random sampling strategy was used, and a combination of questionnaires and physical and laboratory measurements were conducted to collect baseline characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) related to salt. A 24 h urine collection was obtained for sodium and potassium excretion analysis. Participants were divided into two groups, light taste preference and salty taste preference, according to their answer to the question "Compared to others, how do you think your taste preference is for salt?". RESULTS The mean age of the 1489 participants was 46.26 years, 48.9% were males, over 1/3 (35.7%) were identified as hypertensive, and 317 (21.3%) self-reported a salty taste preference. The mean of 24 h urinary sodium excretion was 167.32 mmol/24 h, corresponding to 9.79 g salt/d intake, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K) was 4.90. The 24 h urinary sodium excretion of salty taste preference (177.06 mmol/24 h) was significantly higher than that of light taste preference (164.69 mmol/24 h). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the salty taste preference group had significantly higher 24 h urinary sodium (ORa(95%CI) = 1.004(1.002-1.006)), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), proportion of greasy food preference, and drinking levels, but lower potassium excretion, response levels to most KAB questions, and regular physical activity compared to the light taste preference group. CONCLUSION Self-reported taste preference for salt predicted actual salt intake, which was verified by 24 h urinary sodium monitoring. Taste preference for salt could be used as a proxy for intake in terms of targeted salt intake, nutrition, and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaofu Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yujia Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jieming Zhong
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ruying Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
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Zhang Q, Shen Y, Yu M, Yang Z, Huang Z, Ding J, Zhu X. Associations between estimation of salt intake and salt-restriction spoons and hypertension status in patients with poorly controlled hypertension: a community-based study from Huzhou City, Eastern China. Nutr J 2024; 23:9. [PMID: 38225607 PMCID: PMC10789056 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the prevalence of hypertension increases in China, it is advised to use salt-restriction spoons (SRS) as a lifestyle modification. This study aimed to examine the associations between estimated salt consumption, SRS usage, and the hypertension status in individuals with poorly controlled hypertension. METHODS Data was collected in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, in 2021 using convenience sampling. The analysis involved ordinal logistic regression and restricted cubic splines to assess the relevant factors. RESULTS The study found that 73.34% of the 1215 patients had uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). Urinary excretion was assessed through the utilization of the Kawasaki, INTERSALT, and Tanaka formulas. The outcomes of these three methodologies revealed average daily sodium excretion values of 208.70 (65.65), 154.78 (33.91), and 162.61 (40.87) mmol, respectively. The prevalence of utilizing SRS was found to be 37.78% in this study. Despite the acknowledgment among SRS users of the potential hazards associated with excessive salt consumption, there exists a contradictory pattern of attitudes and behaviors concerning salt reduction. Among individuals with different levels of salt intake (quartiles 1-4, Q1 vs Q4), there was a positive association between limiting salt and hypertension status when controlling for other variables (Kawasaki adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43-0.79; INTERSALT adjusted OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41-0.92; Tanaka adjusted OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.45-0.92, p < 0.05). Our research also revealed that using or used SRS was a protective factor for blood BP control (adjusted OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.99, P < 0.05). The restricted cubic spline plots illustrated a monotonic upward relationship between estimated 24-h urinary Na and BP (P-overall association < 0.05; P-non-linear association > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of dietary SRS could result in decrease in daily salt intake for BP control in patients with poorly controlled hypertension. To reduce the impact of high BP in China, additional studies are required to create interventions that can enhance the results for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yimei Shen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Meihua Yu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongrong Yang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingying Ding
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Moreira P, Gonçalves C. Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health 2.0. Nutrients 2023; 15:4965. [PMID: 38068823 PMCID: PMC10708344 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Nutrients, "Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health 2 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal;
- CIAFEL—Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal;
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Association of 24-h urinary sodium excretion with microalbuminuria in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1044. [PMID: 36658312 PMCID: PMC9852561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the relationship of sodium, potassium and the ratio of sodium to potassium (Na/K) with albuminuria, a cross-sectional study was carried out in China in 2017. Sodium, potassium and albumin excretions were examined in a 24-h (h) urine sample collected from 1486 participants. Microalbuminuria was defined as 24-h urinary albumin excretion between 30 and 300 mg/24 h. The participants had an average age of 46.2 ± 14.1 years old, and 48.9% were men. The proportion of patients with microalbuminuria was 9.0%. As illustrated by the adjusted generalized linear mixed model, sodium concentration increased significantly with the increase in 24-h urinary albumin (β = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38-1.93; P = 0.003). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the odds ratio (OR) of microalbuminuria increased with the quartiles of sodium [OR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.26-3.84 (the maximum quartile vs. the minimum quartile), Pfor trend = 0.006]. Potassium and the Na/K ratio did not have any association with outcome indicators. A high amount of sodium intake was potentially correlated with early renal function impairment.
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li S, Li Y, Hu C, Li H. Development of a short-form Chinese health literacy scale for low salt consumption (CHLSalt-22) and its validation among hypertensive patients. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:101. [PMID: 36096877 PMCID: PMC9465139 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the accelerated pace of people’s life and the changing dietary patterns, the number of chronic diseases is increasing and occurring at a younger age in today’s society. The speedily rising hypertensive patients have become one of the main risk factors for chronic diseases. People should focus on health literacy related to salt consumption and reach a better quality of life. Currently, there is a lack of local assessment tools for low salt consumption in mainland China. Objective To develop a short-form version of the Chinese Health Literacy Scale For Low Salt Consumption instrument for use in mainland China. Methods A cross-sectional design was conducted on a sample of 1472 people in Liaoxi, China. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Chinese version of the CHLSalt-22, the measuring change in restriction of salt (sodium) in the diet in hypertensives (MCRSDH-SUST), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), and the Benefit-Finding Scales (BFS) to test the hypothesis. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to examine the underlying factor structure of the CHLSalt-22. One month later, 37 patients who participated in the first test were recruited to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Results The CHLSalt-22 demonstrated adequate internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, satisfactory construct validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity. The CHLSalt-22 count scores were correlated with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), education level, income, occupation, the Measuring Change in Restriction of Salt (sodium) in Diet in Hypertensives (MCRSDH-SUST), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), and the Benefit-Finding Scales (BFS). Conclusion The results indicate that the Chinese Health Literacy Scale For Low Salt Consumption (CHLSalt-22) version has good reliability and validity and can be considered a tool to assess health literacy related to salt consumption in health screenings.
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Du X, Fang L, Xu J, Chen X, Bai Y, Wu J, Wu L, Zhong J. The association of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to salt with 24-h urinary sodium, potassium excretion and hypertensive status. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13901. [PMID: 35974077 PMCID: PMC9381520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the association between sodium and potassium consumption levels, hypertension and knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB) toward salt and the commitment to effective sodium reduction and potassium supplementation to achieve the purpose of suppressing hypertension. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to obtain a representative provincial sample of 7512 residents aged 18-69 years through a cross-sectional survey by the Salt Reduction and Hypertension Prevention Project (SRHPP) in Zhejiang Province of China in 2017-2018. A screening including demographic, anthropometric, salt-related KAB and physical measurements was implemented, and 24-h urine of approximately 1/5 of the participants was collected and tested. The mean age was 44.8 years, 50.1% were women, 44.0% lived in urban areas, and hypertension or prehypertension accounted for approximately 35.0%. The mean 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were 3848.5 (1661.1) mg/d and 1491.1 (710.9) mg/d, respectively. KAB in urban areas was generally more favorable than in rural areas, women were better than men, and the optimal blood pressure group was better than the other two groups (P < 0.05). However, the awareness and correct use rate of salt-restricted spoons, low-sodium salt and nutrition labeling were lower. A multivariable linear regression model indicated that KAB had a smaller effect on sodium (two indicators effective for promoting sodium reduction) and a greater effect on potassium (six indicators effective for promoting potassium supplementation) and mainly focused on knowledge and behavior indicators. A multivariable logistic regression model indicated that mastering more knowledge and taking active measures could effectively reduce the transition to hypertension, even if the individual was already in prehypertension. There is much room for improvement of salt-related KAB in the Chinese population. A clear association indicates that KAB can help to reduce sodium and supplement potassium, especially potassium, and help to suppress the development of hypertension. The role of beliefs in KAB should be fully valued and improved, similar to knowledge and behaviors. This study provides important evidence and insight into China's efforts to meet the targets of salt reduction and hypertension prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Du
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yamin Bai
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Wu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 888 Haitang West Road, JinHua, 321017, China
| | - Jieming Zhong
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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