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Bellamy EL, Hadjiefthyvoulou F, Walsh J, Brown J, Turner J. Understanding the experiences of ketogenic metabolic therapy for people living with varying levels of depressive symptoms: a thematic analysis. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1397546. [PMID: 38903620 PMCID: PMC11188922 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1397546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that a ketogenic diet (KD) may help to alleviate psychiatric symptoms, including depression and anxiety. Positive changes have been reported such as improvements in cognition, concentration, and sleep, a reduction in hunger, and an increase in well-being, energy, confidence, and resilience. This research aims to understand the impact of a non-calorie-restricted KD on depression and aspects of psychological well-being in those with varying degrees of depressive symptoms. Though there are a few studies directly exploring the experiences of those following a KD, this will be the first study to explore the narrative from a mental health and psychological well-being viewpoint. Method A sample of nine participants who had followed a non-calorie restricted KD intervention of 50 g of carbohydrates or less per day for at least 12 weeks were recruited. Participants were split into 'healthy adults' group who had no to low depressive symptoms and 'depressive symptoms' group who had mild to moderate depressive symptoms. A reflexive thematic analysis was considered suitable for this study. Findings Five core themes and 24 subthemes were created. These were, (1) Poor health prior to program; (2) Hunger and cravings-the food and mood connection; (3) Psychological well-being improvements; (4) It becomes a lifestyle; and (5) Implementation difficulties. Participants experienced mental health improvements such as increased self-esteem, confidence, motivation, and achievement. Some experienced more control in life and a greater sense of reward. Those with depressive symptoms who initially reported low self-worth and hopelessness later reported increased self-esteem and renewed meaning and purpose in life. The findings from this study reflect the previous reports that the diet implementation can be difficult initially, but soon becomes easy to follow and turns into a lifestyle. Conclusion In the literature, there are very few qualitative studies that explore the accounts and lived experiences of those following a KD. From the participants' accounts in this study, it appears that the benefits and positive outcomes of this diet outweigh any negative side-effects experienced. This is encouraging for those who are looking for adjunctive therapies to address and improve their depressive symptoms and overall mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Bellamy
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Walsh
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Brown
- School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Turner
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
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Vlahoyiannis A, Andreou E, Bargiotas P, Aphamis G, Sakkas GK, Giannaki CD. The effect of chrono-nutritional manipulation of carbohydrate intake on sleep macrostructure: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:858-868. [PMID: 38367595 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Over the years, there is a rapid increase in the prevalence of inadequate sleep and its detrimental consequences. Yet, the impact of prolonged nutritional interventions on sleep optimization remains unexplored. To examine the effect of carbohydrate manipulation combined with exercise training on sleep macro-structure. METHODS Forty-two healthy, trained male volunteers were recruited for this study. The 4-week intervention consisted of three groups: i) Sleep Low-No Carbohydrates (SL-NCHO): participants consumed all their carbohydrate intake at regular intervals prior to evening training, ii) Sleep High-Low Glycemic Index (SH-LGI) and iii) Sleep High-High Glycemic Index (SH-HGI): Carbohydrate intake was spread throughout the day, both prior (60% of total CHO intake) and after evening training (40% of total CHO intake). The SH-LGI and SH-HGI groups differentiated by consuming either LGI or HGI foods in the evening, respectively. Alongside, participants performed a standardized exercise program combining resistance exercise and high-intensity interval training. Participants' sleep macro-structure was assessed with polysomnography, actigraphy, sleep diary, and sleep-wake questionnaires. RESULTS Objective assessments revealed a substantial time-effect on sleep initiation, duration, and continuity. After the intervention, sleep onset latency decreased (p < 0.001), sleep duration was prolonged (p = 0.006), sleep efficiency increased (p < 0.001), and wake after sleep onset decreased (p = 0.035). Sleep macroarchitecture did not significantly change, while the percentage of REM sleep stage to the total sleep time increased over time (p < 0.01). Consistent with the objective findings, subjects reported improved subjective sleep quality (p = 0.043) and reduced daytime sleepiness (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION The combination of a personalized dietary plan with exercise training enhances sleep initiation, sleep continuity, sleep duration, REM and N1 sleep stages, independently of carbohydrate type or timing. Lifestyle interventions should be investigated further to promote sleep quality and recovery. REGISTRATION The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05464342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Christoforos D Giannaki
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Research Centre for Exercise and Nutrition (RECEN), University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Baidoo VYA, Alexandria SJ, Zee PC, Knutson KL. The association between timing of dietary macronutrient and sodium consumption and sleep duration and quality. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae007. [PMID: 38314117 PMCID: PMC10838122 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Study Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association between the timing of dietary macronutrients and sodium intake and sleep quantity and quality. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included 34 adults between 21 and 50 years of age. The main outcome measures were objective sleep measures assessed from three nights of wrist actigraphy including sleep duration, fragmentation, and wake after sleep onset (WASO), and one night of polysomnography (PSG), including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-REM stage 2 (N2), stage 3 (N3), and WASO. Multiple linear regression models and linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations between sleep measures and dietary measures (carbohydrates, fats, saturated fats, proteins, and sodium). Dietary timing was examined in two ways: (1) the average amount of each nutrient consumed within 3 hours of sleep start, and (2) the interval between the final intake of each nutrient and sleep. Results Average fat intake within 3 hours of sleep was associated with greater WASO from PSG (β = 4.48, p = 0.01). No other associations were found between the macronutrients or sodium intake (p > 0.05) within 3 hours of sleep and the sleep parameters from PSG or actigraphy. Similarly, no associations were found between any of the PSG or actigraphy sleep measures and the interval between final nutrient intakes and sleep with sleep duration. Conclusions The study suggests that greater fat but not carbohydrate, protein, saturated fat, or sodium intake close to sleep may be associated with greater sleep disruption; however, no other associations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velarie Yaa Ansu Baidoo
- Postdoctoral fellow, Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shaina J Alexandria
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ostrowska J, Samborowska E, Jaworski M, Toczyłowska K, Szostak-Węgierek D. The Potential Role of SCFAs in Modulating Cardiometabolic Risk by Interacting with Adiposity Parameters and Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:266. [PMID: 38257159 PMCID: PMC10818948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the influence of lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, sleep) that can affect the concentration of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and SCFAs' potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with biochemical and body composition parameters. The study comprised 77 healthy, non-obese individuals aged 30-45 years who were assessed for the concentration of SCFAs in stool, diet, physical activity level, and sleep duration. Moreover, body composition measurement and patients' biochemical parameters were included in the analysis. We have indicated a significant negative correlation between several SCFAs (especially acetic acid (AA), isobutyric acid (IBA), butyric acid (BA), propionic acid (PA), isovaleric acid (IVA) and valeric acid (VA)) with BMI, VAT/SAT ratio (visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio), and percentage of fat mass in a group of females enrolled in the study as well as with waist circumference (WC) in case of both sexes included in the study. Moreover, the results of our study acknowledged the importance of a diet in shaping the SCFA profile-we noticed significant negative associations between energy and fat intake and some SCFAs in males (IBA, IVA, VA, isocaproic acid (ICA)). Further, we indicated that a high intake of fiber (insoluble and soluble) in both males and females results in an elevated concentration of the vast majority of SCFAs and the amount of SCFAs in total. This effect was particularly noticeable in the case of the soluble fraction of fiber. These correlations reflect the fact that diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota and SCFAs (main microbial metabolites) are synthesized from dietary fiber. In addition, we noticed that in a group of women, the concentration of AA, PA, and ICA as well as the total concentration of SCFAs showed a significant positive association with their sleep duration. We concluded that SCFAs can have a potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with adiposity parameters and diet. In addition, this potential direct link between diet and SCFAs may at least partly contribute to sleep improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ostrowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-360 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Toczyłowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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Akhlaghi M, Kohanmoo A. Sleep deprivation in development of obesity, effects on appetite regulation, energy metabolism, and dietary choices. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37905402 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation, which is a decrease in duration and quality of sleep, is a common problem in today's life. Epidemiological and interventional investigations have suggested a link between sleep deprivation and overweight/obesity. Sleep deprivation affects homeostatic and non-homoeostatic regulation of appetite, with the food reward system playing a dominant role. Factors such as sex and weight status affect this regulation; men and individuals with excess weight seem to be more sensitive to reward-driven and hedonistic regulation of food intake. Sleep deprivation may also affect weight through affecting physical activity and energy expenditure. In addition, sleep deprivation influences food selection and eating behaviours, which are mainly managed by the food reward system. Sleep-deprived individuals mostly crave for palatable energy-dense foods and have low desire for fruit and vegetables. Consumption of meals may not change but energy intake from snacks increases. The individuals have more desire for snacks with high sugar and saturated fat content. The relationship between sleep and the diet is mutual, implying that diet and eating behaviours also affect sleep duration and quality. Consuming healthy diets containing fruit and vegetables and food sources of protein and unsaturated fats and low quantities of saturated fat and sugar may be used as a diet strategy to improve sleep. Since the effects of sleep deficiency differ between animals and humans, only evidence from human subject studies has been included, controversies are discussed and the need for future investigations is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Kohanmoo
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Nguyen HD. Higher intakes of nutrients and regular drinking are associated with habitual sleep duration in pre- and postmenopausal women with comorbidities. Sleep Health 2023; 9:688-697. [PMID: 37246065 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association between nutrient intake, health-related behaviors, and habitual sleep duration in pre- and postmenopausal women. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 2084 pre- and postmenopausal women aged 18-80 years old. MEASUREMENTS Nutrient intake and sleep duration were measured by a 24-hour recall approach and self-reports, respectively. We examined the association and interaction between comorbidities, nutrient intake, and sleep duration groups among 2084 women using data from KNHASES (2016-2018) and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS In premenopausal women, we observed negative associations between very short (<5 hours)/short (5-6 hours)/long (≥9 hours) sleep duration and 12 nutrients (vitamin B1, B3, vitamin C, PUFA, n-6 fatty acid, iron, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, fiber, carbohydrate) and a positive association between retinol and short sleep duration (prevalence ratio (PR), 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). In premenopausal women, interactions were found between comorbidities and PUFA (PR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.56-9.41), n-3 fatty acid (PR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.17-5.05), n-6 fatty acid (PR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.46-8.13), fat (PR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.15-6.64), and retinol (PR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) for very short and short sleep duration, respectively. Interactions between comorbidities, vitamin C (PR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.72), and carbohydrates (PR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.05-2.70) for very short and short sleep duration in postmenopausal women, respectively. Regular drinking was positively associated with a risk of short sleep duration in postmenopausal women (PR, 2.74, 95% CI: 1.11-6.74). CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake and alcohol use were found to be involved in sleep duration, so healthcare staff should encourage women to maintain a healthy diet and reduce alcohol use to improve sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Sunchon, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang H, Ye L, Zhang S, Jin M, Wang J, Tang M, Chen K. The association between nutritional status and sleep quality of Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:1945-1954. [PMID: 37382809 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disorders are a common syndrome and could affect the life quality of the older adults. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the association between nutritional status and sleep quality in the Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A total of 2,878 participants ≥ 65 years old from the Yiwu Elderly Cohort were included in the study. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF). Participants were categorized as subjects with malnutrition, at risk of malnutrition or well-nourished based on their MNA-SF score. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to identify sleep disorders. PSQI score ≥ 6 was categorized as poor sleep quality. RESULTS Among the 2,878 participants (mean age 72.71 ± 5.79 years, 50.3% men), 31.5% (n = 906) were classified as having sleep disorders, and 25.5% were identified as malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition. We found a significantly relationship between nutritional status and sleep quality in older adults, and the results showed well-nourished decreased the risk of sleep disorders (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.75). And well-nourished status was significantly associated with less daytime dysfunction, adequate sleep duration, and good subjective sleep quality (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION There was a close association of nutritional status and sleep quality in older adults. We should pay more attention to the nutritional status of older people with sleep problems, as well as the sleep quality of older adults with malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Department of Public Health, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Simei Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingjuan Jin
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Department of Public Health, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengling Tang
- Department of Public Health, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Complex Association Among Diet Styles, Sleep Patterns, and Obesity in Patients with Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:749-767. [PMID: 36936444 PMCID: PMC10015945 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s390101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health risk factors (HRFs), including the adjustment of disturbed sleep patterns (including disorders and duration) and improvement of dietary intake, have become relatively novel and critical strategies to prevent the development of diabesity and treat diabetic complications. Objective We aimed to explore 1) whether there was an association between diet styles (including healthy and unhealthy diets) and diabesity; 2) whether sleep patterns could moderate this relationship; and 3) whether there was a complex interaction association between sleep patterns, diet styles, and diabesity. Methods The study was based on a national survey conducted by the China National Diabetic Chronic Complications Study Group, this study extracted data from some cities in Anhui Province and obtained basic and lifestyle information using a detailed questionnaire for analysis. The primary exposure was diet styles, and the outcomes were body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), while HbA1c and FBG and sleep patterns were moderators. Data were pooled using logistic regression and moderation analysis. Results The overall response rate was 92.0%. This study ultimately included 1765 participants. The mean age was 57.10 ± 10.0 years. Sociographically, participants with lower educational levels were more likely to have lower levels of WC (χ 2 = 2.73) and BMI (χ 2 = 3.47), were female (t=6.54), were more likely to have lower educational levels (F=13.78) and were older (F=23.75), were more likely to have higher detection rates of sleep disorders and were more likely to have other HRFs (walking, SSBs, HbA1c and TG). Additionally, diet styles were also significantly associated with BMI and WC. In the moderation analysis, SES (socioeconomic status) also affected the correlation between healthy diet style, sleep disorders and WC (β=0.20), neither in BMI nor unhealthy diet style in BMI and WC; the combination effect between diet styles, sleep patterns and HbA1c was associated with WC and BMI. Conclusion Complex associations and interactions were found between diet styles, sleep patterns, HbA1c, and diabesity. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dietary pattern and other HRFS that cause diabesity, so as to strengthen further preventive measures. These results can provide some theoretical basis for the treatment of diabesity in the public health field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengwu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
| | - On behalf of the China National Diabetic Chronic Complications Study Group
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People’s Republic of China
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Farhadnejad H, Sadat S, Jahromi MK, Teymoori F, Tehrani AN, Mokhtari E, Teymouri H, Mirmiran P. The association of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with the risk of insomnia in the adult population. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 36750913 PMCID: PMC9903533 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dietary pattern with a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) can be a precursor to sleep disorders that link to many chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the association of dietary GI and GL with the risk of insomnia in Iranian adults. METHODS A total of 111 newly diagnosed insomnia cases and 333 controls aged 18-60 years were included in this case-control study. The participants' dietary intakes were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The diagnosis of insomnia in subjects was performed by a neurologist using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for the potential confounders, were used to determine the risk of insomnia according to tertiles of dietary glycemic indices. RESULTS The mean (SD) age and BMI of the study population (78.6% female) were 31.8 (10.0) years and 24.70 (3.62) kg/m2, respectively. The median (IQR) of dietary GI and GL in subjects was 62.7 (57.0-68.6) and 213.5(167.4-268.5), respectively. Based on the multivariable-adjusted model, after controlling for age, sex, physical activity, obesity, smoking, socioeconomic score, general health questionnaire (GHQ) score, and dietary energy intake, the odds of insomnia were increased across tertiles of dietary GL[(OR:2.72,95%CI:1.10-6.70),(Ptrend = 0.017)], however, no significant association was observed between high GI diet and insomnia risk [(OR:1.38,95%CI:0.77-2.47),(Ptrend = 0.298)]. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that greater adherence to dietary pattern with high GL could be increased the odds of insomnia in Iranian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Farhadnejad
- grid.411600.2Student Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sadat
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XResearch Committee and Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
- grid.412237.10000 0004 0385 452XEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farshad Teymoori
- grid.411600.2Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Neshatbini Tehrani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mokhtari
- grid.411600.2Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Teymouri
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Deputy for Health Affairs, Psychosocial Unit, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Philippens N, Janssen E, Kremers S, Crutzen R. Determinants of natural adult sleep: An umbrella review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277323. [PMID: 36342936 PMCID: PMC9639822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep has a major impact on health, which makes it a relevant topic for research and health practitioners. Research on sleep determinants, i.e. factors that positively or negatively influence sleep, is fragmented. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this umbrella review is to provide an overview of the current evidence on determinants of natural adult sleep. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed on determinants of sleep. Reviews and meta-analyses on natural adult sleep were included. Six electronic databases (PubMed, WoS, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Cochrane) were used for the search, last accessed September 2021. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool. Results were categorized in four main categories: biological, behavioral, environmental and personal/socio-economical determinants. RESULTS In total 93 reviews and meta-analyses resulted in a total of 30 identified determinants. The impact of each determinant differs per individual and per situation. Each determinant was found to affect different sleep parameters and the relationship with sleep is influenced by both generic and specific moderators. DISCUSSION A comprehensive overview on relevant sleep determinants provides a practical and scientifically based starting point to identify relevant intervention approaches to secure or improve individual sleep quality. The difference in aggregation level of the determinants and in measurement methods are the major limitations of this umbrella review. Extending existing generic sleep hygiene rules with an overview of all types of potential determinants will enhance the awareness of the complexity and can be used to improve the effect of sleep interventions in health promotion. TRIAL REGISTRATION The umbrella review was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID CRD42020149648) https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=CRD42020149648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Philippens
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ester Janssen
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Kremers
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI, Care & Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kose J, Duquenne P, Srour B, Debras C, Léger D, Péneau S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Andreeva VA. Synthèse narrative sur le lien entre les apports en glucides et la santé mentale : focus sur l’anxiété et l’insomnie chez les adultes. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Benton D, Bloxham A, Gaylor C, Brennan A, Young HA. Carbohydrate and sleep: An evaluation of putative mechanisms. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933898. [PMID: 36211524 PMCID: PMC9532617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems are extremely common in industrialized countries and the possibility that diet might be used to improve sleep has been considered. The topic has been reviewed many times, resulting in the frequent suggestion that carbohydrate increases the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, where it is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin, with the suggestion that this improves sleep. An alternative mechanism was proposed based on animal literature that has been largely ignored by those considering diet and sleep. The hypothesis was that, as in the hypothalamus there are glucose-sensing neurons associated with the sleep-wake cycle, we should consider the impact of carbohydrate-induced changes in the level of blood glucose. A meta-analysis found that after consuming a lower amount of carbohydrate, more time was spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and less in rapid-eye-movement sleep. As the credibility of alternative mechanisms has tended not to have been critically evaluated, they were considered by examining their biochemical, nutritional, and pharmacological plausibility. Although high carbohydrate consumption can increase the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, it only occurs with such low levels of protein that the mechanism is not relevant to a normal diet. After entering the brain tryptophan is converted to serotonin, a neurotransmitter known to influence so many different aspects of sleep and wakefulness, that it is not reasonable to expect a uniform improvement in sleep. Some serotonin is converted to melatonin, although the exogenous dose of melatonin needed to influence sleep cannot be credibly provided by the diet. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020223560).
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Ohashi M, Lee SI, Eto T, Uotsu N, Tarumizu C, Matsuoka S, Yasuo S, Higuchi S. Intake of l-serine before bedtime prevents the delay of the circadian phase in real life. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:31. [PMID: 36028887 PMCID: PMC9413878 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown in laboratory experiments using human subjects that ingestion of the non-essential amino acid l-serine before bedtime enhances the advance of circadian phase induced by light exposure the next morning. In the present study, we tested the effect of ingestion of l-serine before bedtime on circadian phase in real life and whether its effect depends on the initial circadian phase. Methods The subjects were 33 healthy male and female university students and they were divided into an l-serine group (n = 16) and a placebo group (n = 17). This study was conducted in a double-blind manner in autumn and winter. After a baseline period for 1 week, the subjects took 3.0 g of l-serine or a placebo 30 min before bedtime for 2 weeks. Saliva was collected twice a week at home every hour under a dim light condition from 20:00 to 1 h after habitual bedtime. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was used as an index of phase of the circadian rhythm. Results DLMO after intervention was significantly delayed compared to the baseline DLMO in the placebo group (p = 0.02) but not in the l-serine group. There was a significant difference in the amount of changes in DLMO between the two groups (p = 0.04). There were no significant changes in sleeping habits after intervention in the two groups. There were significant positive correlations between advance of DLMO and DLMO before intervention in the l-serine group (r = 0.53, p < 0.05) and the placebo group (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the slopes of regression lines between the two groups (p = 0.71), but the intercept in the l-serine group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (p < 0.01). The levels of light exposure were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that intake of l-serine before bedtime for multiple days might attenuate the circadian phase delay in the real world and that this effect does not depend on the initial circadian phase. Trial registration This study is registered with University Hospital Medical Information Network in Japan (UMIN000024435. Registered on October 17, 2016).
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Menezes-Júnior LAAD, Andrade ACDS, Coletro HN, Mendonça RDD, Menezes MCD, Machado-Coelho GLL, Meireles AL. Food consumption according to the level of processing and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:348-356. [PMID: 35623836 PMCID: PMC8942582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Consumption of ultra-processed foods is negatively associated with health outcomes, however, the contribution to sleep quality is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between food intake by frequency and degree of processing and sleep quality in adults during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS Population-based survey of adults from October to December 2020 in the Iron Quadrangle region, Brazil. The exposure variable was a food intake score that considered the frequency of consumption and food processing degree. The total score ranged from 0 (best) to 48 points (worst food quality), categorized into quartiles. Furthermore, we also evaluated whether individuals replaced their lunch and/or dinner based mostly on fresh/minimally processed foods for ultra-processed foods, for five or more days in the week. The outcome variable was sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We constructed a contrasting directed acyclic graph (DAG) model to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of the association between score eating and sleep, by logistic regression. RESULTS Most of the 1762 individuals evaluated had poor sleep quality (52.5%). The minimum and maximum food scores were 0 and 30 points (mean 9.16; 95% CI 8.50, 9.81). The higher values of the score corresponded to lower consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods and higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods. In multivariate analysis, individuals in the third food consumption score had 71% greater odds of poor sleep quality (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.85) and in the fourth quartile 144% greater odds (OR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.44). Besides, replacing the dinner meal with ultra-processed foods five days or more in the week was also associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.14, 3.57). CONCLUSION Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods concomitant with lower consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods is associated with a higher chance of poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antônio Alves de Menezes-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research and Study Group on Nutrition and Public Health (GPENSC), Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| | | | - Hillary Nascimento Coletro
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research and Study Group on Nutrition and Public Health (GPENSC), Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil.
| | - Raquel de Deus Mendonça
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research and Study Group on Nutrition and Public Health (GPENSC), Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Social Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Carvalho de Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research and Study Group on Nutrition and Public Health (GPENSC), Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Social Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Lúcia Meireles
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Research and Study Group on Nutrition and Public Health (GPENSC), Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Social Nutrition, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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