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de Oliveira NG, de Oliveira LF, da Silva RP, Oliveira TN, Möller GB, Murasaki J, Ramires MA, Azevedo RDA, Artioli GG, Roschel H, Gualano B, Saunders B. Trehalose Improved 20-min Cycling Time-Trial Performance After 100-min Cycling in Amateur Cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:199-206. [PMID: 38458180 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercise can improve performance. However, it is unclear whether low glycemic index (GI) CHO leads to differential ergogenic and metabolic effects compared with a standard high GI CHO. This study investigated the ergogenic and metabolic effects of CHO supplementation with distinct GIs, namely, (a) trehalose (30 g/hr), (b) isomaltulose (30 g/hr), (c) maltodextrin (60 g/hr), and (d) placebo (water). In this double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced, placebo-controlled study, 13 male cyclists cycled a total of 100 min at varied exercise intensity (i.e., 10-min stages at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 W/kg; repeated three times plus two 5-min stages at 1.0 W/kg before and after the protocol), followed by a 20-min time trial on four separated occasions. Blood glucose and lactate (every 20 min), heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected throughout, and muscle biopsies were taken before and immediately after exercise. The results showed that trehalose improved time-trial performance compared with placebo (total work done 302 ± 39 vs. 287 ± 48 kJ; p = .01), with no other differences between sessions (all p ≥ .07). Throughout the 100-min protocol, blood glucose was higher with maltodextrin compared with the other supplements at all time points (all p < .05). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, muscle glycogen content, blood glucose, and lactate were not different between conditions when considering the 20-min time trial (all p > .05). Trehalose supplementation throughout endurance exercise improved cycling performance and appears to be an appropriate CHO source for exercise tasks up to 2 hr. No ergogenic superiority between the different types of CHO was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gobbi de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pires da Silva
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires Nunes Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Berwig Möller
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Murasaki
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Antônio Ramires
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Azevedo
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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D’Amico A, Fossati C, Pigozzi F, Borrione P, Peruzzi M, Bartimoccia S, Saba F, Pingitore A, Biondi-Zoccai G, Petramala L, De Grandis F, Vecchio D, D’Ambrosio L, Schiavon S, Sciarra L, Nocella C, Cavarretta E. Natural Activators of Autophagy Reduce Oxidative Stress and Muscle Injury Biomarkers in Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020459. [PMID: 36678330 PMCID: PMC9862446 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired autophagy are directly and indirectly implicated in exercise-mediated muscle injury. Trehalose, spermidine, nicotinamide, and polyphenols possess pro-autophagic and antioxidant properties, and could therefore reduce exercise-induced damage to skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a mixture of these compounds was able to improve muscle injury biomarkers in endurance athletes through the modulation of oxidative stress and autophagic machinery. METHODS AND RESULTS sNOX2-dp; H2O2 production; H2O2 breakdown activity (HBA); ATG5 and p62 levels, both markers of autophagic process; and muscle injury biomarkers were evaluated in five endurance athletes who were allocated in a crossover design study to daily administration of 10.5 g of an experimental mixture or no treatment, with evaluations conducted at baseline and after 30 days of mixture consumption. Compared to baseline, the mixture intake led to a remarkable reduction of oxidative stress and positively modulated autophagy. Finally, after the 30-day supplementation period, a significant decrease in muscle injury biomarkers was found. CONCLUSION Supplementation with this mixture positively affected redox state and autophagy and improved muscle injury biomarkers in athletes, allowing for better muscle recovery. Moreover, it is speculated that this mixture could also benefit patients suffering from muscle injuries, such as cancer or cardiovascular patients, or elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D’Amico
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Bartimoccia
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Annachiara Pingitore
- Department of General and Specialistic Surgery “Paride Stefanini”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Petramala
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Grandis
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Vecchio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luca D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Sonia Schiavon
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-064-9970-102
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
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Hamada N, Wadazumi T, Hirata Y, Watanabe H, Hongu N, Arai N. Effects of Trehalose Solutions at Different Concentrations on High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091776. [PMID: 35565744 PMCID: PMC9101545 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose solution ingested during exercise induces gradual increases in blood glucose levels and the insulin response compared with glucose solution. Trehalose solution aids in the maintenance of performance in the later stages of prolonged exercise. The purpose of this study was to identify the lowest concentration at which the properties of trehalose could be exploited. Groups of 12 healthy men (21.3 ± 1.3 years) and 10 healthy men (21.1 ± 0.7 years) with recreational training were included in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Both experiments followed the same protocol. After fasting for 12 h, the participants performed a 60 min constant-load exercise at 40% V˙O2 peak using a bicycle ergometer and ingested 500 mL of a trial drink (experiment 1: water, 8% glucose, and 6 or 8% trehalose; experiment 2: 4 or 6% trehalose). They performed four sets of the Wingate test combined with a 30 min constant-load exercise at 40% V˙O2 peak. The experiment was conducted using a randomized cross-over design; trial drink experiments were conducted over intervals of 7 to 12 days. The exercise performance was evaluated based on mean power in the Wingate test. Blood was collected from the fingertip at 12 points during each experiment to measure blood glucose levels. During the high-intensity 5 h intermittent exercise, no differences were found between the groups in exercise performance in the later stages with concentrations of 8, 6, and 4% trehalose solution. The results suggest that trehalose could be useful for making a new type of mixed carbohydrate solution. Further studies to determine the trehalose response of individual athletes during endurance exercise are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hamada
- Graduate School of Health and Well-Being, Department of Health and Well-Being, Kansai University, 1-11-1, Kaorigaoka-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai 590-8515, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Applied Food Science, Higashiosaka Junior College, 3-1-1, Nishizutsumigakuen-cho, Higashiosaka 577-8567, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6782-2824
| | - Tsuyoshi Wadazumi
- Graduate School of Health and Well-Being, Department of Health and Well-Being, Kansai University, 1-11-1, Kaorigaoka-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai 590-8515, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Graduate School of Health and Well-Being, Department of Health and Well-Being, Kansai University, 1-11-1, Kaorigaoka-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai 590-8515, Osaka, Japan; (T.W.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Kobe Women’s Junior College, 4-7-2, Nakamachi, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku 558-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Nobuko Hongu
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Department of Food and Human Life Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku 558-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Norie Arai
- Hayashibara, Co., Ltd., 675-1, Fujisaki, Naka-ku 702-8006, Okayama, Japan;
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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse and Spray Improve Prolonged Exercise Performance in Recreationally Trained Male College Students. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040051. [PMID: 35447861 PMCID: PMC9033104 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has emerged as a sports nutrition strategy to increase endurance performance. This study aimed to clarify the effects of two forms of CHO sensing in the mouth (i.e., CHO mouth rinse (CMR) and CHO mouth spray (CMS)) on exercise performance during prolonged exercise, including ultra-high intensity intermittent exercise over time. We conducted the following experimental trials: (1) 6% glucose solution (G), (2) 6% CMR, (3) 6% CMS, and (4) water (WAT). These trials were conducted at least 1 week apart in a randomized crossover design. Eight male college students performed constant-load exercise for 60 min (intensity 40% VO2peak), four sets of the Wingate test (three 30 s Wingate tests with a 4 min recovery between each test), and a constant-load exercise for 30 min (intensity 40% VO2peak). The mean exercise power output (Watt), ratings of perceived exertion, and blood glucose levels were measured. We found that the mean power values of the CMR and CMS in the third and fourth sets was significantly higher than that of WAT (p < 0.05), and that the G trial did not show a significant difference from any other trial. Thus, when compared to G or WAT, CMR and CMS can help improve endurance exercise performance.
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