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Dong S, Wu S, Li L, Hao F, Wu J, Liao Z, Wang J, Zhong R, Wei H, Fang X. Alleviation of lipid metabolic dysfunction through regulation of intestinal bacteriophages and bacteria by green tea polyphenols in Ob/Ob mice. Food Chem 2024; 456:139988. [PMID: 38852447 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTP) have been shown to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders by regulating intestinal bacteria. Given the significant role of intestinal bacteriophages in shaping the gut microbiota, this study investigates GTP's influence on gut bacteriophage-bacteria interactions and lipid metabolism using metagenomics and metabonomics. The research results indicated that GTP significantly reduced body weight, serum triglycerides, leptin, insulin resistance, interleukin-6, and TNF-α levels while increasing adiponectin in ob/ob mice fed high-fat diet, aiding intestinal repair. GTP improved gut health by decreasing Enterobacter, Siphoviridae and Enterobacteria_phage_sfv, increasing Bifidobacterium and intestinal metabolites SCFA and hippuric acid. Correlation analysis showed negative correlations between Enterobacter sp. 50,588,862 and Enterobacteria_phages, Shigella_phages with 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and hippuric acid. Bifidobacterium choerinum and Bifidobacterium sp. AGR2158 were positively correlated with fatty acids and bile acids. In conclusion, GTP reduced fat accumulation and inflammation, enhanced gut barrier function in obese mice, closely associated with changes in the gut bacteriophage community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashuang Dong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, PR China
| | - Sitong Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Lanyin Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Fanyu Hao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Ruimin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, PR China
| | - Hong Wei
- Yu- Yue Pathology Scientific Research Center, Chongqing 401329, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China.
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Sotoudeheian M, Azarbad R, Mirahmadi SMS. Investigating the correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:46-52. [PMID: 38909358 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have potentially beneficial effects on the liver tissue. Noninvasive biomarkers, including imaging techniques and blood-based biomarkers, are important tools for assessing liver fibrosis. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dietary intake of PUFAs and noninvasive biomarkers for liver fibrosis in the general population. METHODS The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 (NHANES 2017-2018) datasets were used. Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), FIB-8, and Fatty Liver Index (FLI) were calculated for each subject. The fibrosis groups were compared based on their intake of PUFA. The correlation between each score and PUFA intake was calculated. Correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 5087 subjects (50.36% female) with a mean age of 49.37 ± 12.14 were evaluated. The mean of median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was 5.92 ± 5.20 kPa (kPa). The mean PUFA intake was reported as 20.2 ± 13.9 gm. Fibrosis (F) grouping revealed that 190 subjects had F3, and 154 F4. HDL had a significant correlation with Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) intake (r = -0.038, p = 0.007). Moreover, AST and ALT had a significant correlation with Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake (r = 0.033 and 0.059, p = 0.019 and < 0.001, respectively). FIB-4 and FIB-8 had no correlation with PUFA intake. FLI had a significant correlation with DPA acid (r = 0.062, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A significant correlation between FLI, and PUFA intake suggests that increasing PUFA consumption could have a positive impact on liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Sotoudeheian
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Azarbad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Mohamad-Sadegh Mirahmadi
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center (FCRDC), Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Feng SS, Wang SJ, Guo L, Ma PP, Ye XL, Pan ML, Hang B, Mao JH, Snijders AM, Lu YB, Ding DF. Serum bile acid and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:898-913. [PMID: 38766436 PMCID: PMC11099371 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of bile acid (BA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) profiles, as well as their dysregulation, remains elusive in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) coexisting with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Investigating these metabolites could offer valuable insights into the pathophy-siology of NAFLD in T2DM. AIM To identify potential metabolite biomarkers capable of distinguishing between NAFLD and T2DM. METHODS A training model was developed involving 399 participants, comprising 113 healthy controls (HCs), 134 individuals with T2DM without NAFLD, and 152 individuals with T2DM and NAFLD. External validation encompassed 172 participants. NAFLD patients were divided based on liver fibrosis scores. The analytical approach employed univariate testing, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and decision curve analysis to pinpoint and assess the diagnostic value of serum biomarkers. RESULTS Compared to HCs, both T2DM and NAFLD groups exhibited diminished levels of specific BAs. In UFAs, particular acids exhibited a positive correlation with NAFLD risk in T2DM, while the ω-6:ω-3 UFA ratio demonstrated a negative correlation. Levels of α-linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid were linked to significant liver fibrosis in NAFLD. The validation cohort substantiated the predictive efficacy of these biomarkers for assessing NAFLD risk in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION This study underscores the connection between altered BA and UFA profiles and the presence of NAFLD in individuals with T2DM, proposing their potential as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Su Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lin Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da-Fa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
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Shreya S, Grosset CF, Jain BP. Unfolded Protein Response Signaling in Liver Disorders: A 2023 Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14066. [PMID: 37762367 PMCID: PMC10531763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for synthesis and folding of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Disturbance in the functioning of ER leads to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, which finally activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. The three branches of UPR-IRE1 (Inositol requiring enzyme 1), PERK (Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase), and ATF6 (Activating transcription factor 6)-modulate the gene expression pattern through increased expression of chaperones and restore ER homeostasis by enhancing ER protein folding capacity. The liver is a central organ which performs a variety of functions which help in maintaining the overall well-being of our body. The liver plays many roles in cellular physiology, blood homeostasis, and detoxification, and is the main site at which protein synthesis occurs. Disturbance in ER homeostasis is triggered by calcium level imbalance, change in redox status, viral infection, and so on. ER dysfunction and subsequent UPR signaling participate in various hepatic disorders like metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, and cholestasis. The exact role of ER stress and UPR signaling in various liver diseases is not fully understood and needs further investigation. Targeting UPR signaling with drugs is the subject of intensive research for therapeutic use in liver diseases. The present review summarizes the role of UPR signaling in liver disorders and describes why UPR regulators are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shreya
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
| | - Christophe F. Grosset
- MIRCADE Team, U1312, Bordeaux Institute in Oncology, BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
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Feng S, Guo L, Wang S, Chen L, Chang H, Hang B, Mao J, Snijders AM, Lu Y, Ding D. Association of Serum Bile Acid and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles with the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2117-2128. [PMID: 37465650 PMCID: PMC10351529 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s411522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to identify the ability of serum bile acids (BAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) profiles to predict the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods We first used univariate and multivariate analysis to compare 15 serum BA and 11 UFA levels in healthy control (HC) group (n = 82), T2DM patients with DR (n = 58) and T2DM patients without DR (n = 60). Forty T2DM patients were considered for validation. Then, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and decision curve analysis were used to assess the diagnostic value and clinical benefit of serum biomarkers alone, clinical variables alone or in combination, and the area under the curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were used to further assess whether the addition of biomarkers significantly improved the predictive ability of the model. Results Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of serum BAs and UFAs separated the three cohorts including HC, T2DM patients with or without DR. The difference in serum BA and UFA profiles of T2DM patients with or without DR was mainly manifested in the three metabolites of taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and arachidonic acid (AA). Together, they had an AUC of 0.785 (0.918 for validation cohort) for predicting DR in T2DM patients. After adjusting for numerous confounding factors, TLCA, TUDCA, and AA were independent predictors that differentiated T2DM with or without DR. The results of AUC, IDI, and NRI demonstrated that adding these three biomarkers to a model with clinical variables statistically increased their predictive value and were replicated in our independent validation cohort. Conclusion These findings highlight the association of three metabolites, TLCA, TUDCA and AA, with DR and may indicate their potential value in the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Chang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Biomaterials, Berkeley-Nanjing Research Center, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Bai XP, Du WJ, Xing HB, Yang GH, Bai R. Influence of ursodeoxycholic acid on blood glucose, insulin and GLP-1 in rats with liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:18. [PMID: 36788623 PMCID: PMC9930340 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes is much higher in people with cirrhosis than that in the general population. However, there are inadequate concrete guidelines for the management of diabetes in these patients, particularly in the early stage. Bile aids (BAs) have been found to exert hormone-like functions in the control of lipid and glucose metabolism. We studied the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on glucose levels in rats with cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). METHODS SD rats were divided into three groups: sham operation (Group A); BDL (Group B), and UDCA plus BDL (Group C). After 4 weeks, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Serum biochemical parameters and the levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) were measured. Histopathology of the liver and islet was observed. The gene expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroylase (CYP7A1), microsomal oxysterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) in the liver, and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor-5 (TGR5) in the intestine was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with Group A, fasting glucose and 1-h and 2-h postprandial glucose levels increased slightly (all P > 0.05), 2-h postprandial insulin levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), 15 min postprandial GLP-1 levels decreased (P < 0.05) in Group B. Compared with Group B, fasting glucose and 1-h postprandial glucose levels decreased (all P < 0.05), 2-h postprandial insulin levels decreased (P < 0.01), and 15 min postprandial GLP-1 levels increased (P < 0.05) in Group C. After UDCA intervention, liver fibrosis induced by BDL was alleviated, and the islet areas were increased (P < 0.05). Compared with Group A, the mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and CYP7B1 in the liver increased, and the mRNA expression of TGR5 in the intestine decreased in Group B (all P < 0.05). Compared with Group B, the mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and CYP7B1 in the liver decreased, and TGR5 in the intestine increased in Group C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS After 4 weeks of BDL, the rats developed liver fibrosis and abnormal glucose metabolism. UDCA administration improved liver fibrosis, increased islet area, decreased glucose levels, inhibited genes in BA synthesis, enhanced TGR5 gene expression in the intestine, and further improved islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Bai
- Endocrinology Division, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Wen-Jin Du
- Endocrinology Division, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua-Bing Xing
- Endocrinology Division, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Guo-Hua Yang
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Bai
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
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Gallucci GM, Alsuwayt B, Auclair AM, Boyer JL, Assis DN, Ghonem NS. Fenofibrate Downregulates NF-κB Signaling to Inhibit Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human THP-1 Macrophages and During Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Inflammation 2022; 45:2570-2581. [PMID: 35838934 PMCID: PMC10853883 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases, e.g., cholestasis, are negatively impacted by inflammation, which further aggravates liver injury. Pharmacotherapy targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), e.g., fenofibrate, has recently become an off-label therapeutic option for patients with refractory cholestasis. Clinical studies show that fibrates can reduce some pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC); however, its anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been established. Numerous cytokines are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear receptor kappa B (NF-κB), and PPARα has been shown to interfere with NF-κB signaling. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory mechanism of fenofibrate by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in human macrophages and clinical outcomes in patients with PBC. For adult patients with PBC and an incomplete biochemical response to ursodiol (13-15 mg/kg/day), the addition of fenofibrate (145-160 mg/day) reduced serum levels of TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 and increased IL-10. In THP-1 cells, pretreatment with fenofibrate (125 μM) reduced LPS-stimulated peak concentrations of IL-1β (- 63%), TNF-α (- 88%), and IL-8 (- 54%), in a PPARα-dependent manner. Treatment with fenofibrate prior to LPS significantly decreased nuclear NF-κB p50 and p65 subunit binding by 49% and 31%, respectively. Additionally, fenofibrate decreased nuclear NF-κB p50 and p65 protein expression by 66% and 55% and increased cytoplasmic levels by 53% and 54% versus LPS alone, respectively. Lastly, fenofibrate increased IκBα levels by 2.7-fold (p < 0.001) vs. LPS. These data demonstrate that fenofibrate reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines section by inhibiting in NF-κB signaling, which likely contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects during chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Gallucci
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Bader Alsuwayt
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam M Auclair
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - James L Boyer
- Yale School of Medicine, Liver Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David N Assis
- Yale School of Medicine, Liver Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nisanne S Ghonem
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Diet Impact on Obesity beyond Calories and Trefoil Factor Family 2 (TFF2) as an Illustration: Metabolic Implications and Potential Applications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1830. [PMID: 34944474 PMCID: PMC8698828 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a health problem with increasing impacts on public health, economy and even social life. In order to reestablish the energy balance, obesity management focuses mainly on two pillars; exercise and diet. Beyond the contribution to the caloric intake, the diet nutrients and composition govern a variety of properties. This includes the energy balance-independent properties and the indirect metabolic effects. Whereas the energy balance-independent properties are close to "pharmacological" effects and include effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, the indirect metabolic effects represent the contribution a diet can have on energy metabolism beyond the caloric contribution itself, which include the food intake control and metabolic changes. As an illustration, we also described the metabolic implication and hypothetical pathways of the high-fat diet-induced gene Trefoil Factor Family 2. The properties the diet has can have a variety of applications mainly in pharmacology and nutrition and further explore the "pharmacologically" active food towards potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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