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You FF, Gao J, Gao YN, Li ZH, Shen D, Zhong WF, Yang J, Wang XM, Song WQ, Yan H, Yan HY, Xie JH, Chen H, Mao C. Association between atherogenic index of plasma and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality: a nationwide population‑based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:276. [PMID: 39068437 PMCID: PMC11283706 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have investigated association between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality in the general population. METHODS This study included data from 14,063 American adults. The exposure variable was the AIP, which was defined as log10 (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The outcome variables included all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Survey-weighted cox regressions were performed to evaluate the relation between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Weighted restricted cubic spline was conducted to examin the non-linear relationship. RESULTS During 10 years of follow-up, we documented 2,077, 262, 854, and 476 cases of all-cause mortality, diabetes mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality when comparing the highest to the lowest quantile of AIP in female (p for trend = 0.001) or participants older than 65 years (p for trend = 0.002). AIP was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality (p > 0.05). Moreover, a non-linear association was observed between AIP and all-cause mortality in a U-shape (p for non-linear = 0.0011), while a linear relationship was observed with diabetes mortality and non-diabetes mortality (p for linear < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, there is a no significant association between high AIP levels and a high risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Besides, a higher AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality, which only found in women older than 65 years. AIP was associated with all-cause mortality in a U-shape. This association could be explained by the finding that higher AIP predicted a higher risk of death from diabetes, and that lower AIP predicted a higher risk of death from non-diabetes causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fei You
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ning Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Qi Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Yu Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Hao Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Marina Arroyo M, Ramírez Gallegos I, López-González ÁA, Vicente-Herrero MT, Vallejos D, Sastre-Alzamora T, Ramírez Manent JI. Usefulness of the ECORE-BF Scale to Determine Atherogenic Risk in 386,924 Spanish Workers. Nutrients 2024; 16:2434. [PMID: 39125315 PMCID: PMC11314428 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Obesity and atherosclerosis are considered risk factors for this pathology. There are multiple methods to evaluate obesity, in the same way as there are different formulas to determine atherogenic risk. Since both pathologies are closely related, the objective of our work was to evaluate whether the ECORE-BF scale is capable of predicting atherogenic risk. METHODS Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study in which 386,924 workers from several autonomous communities in Spain participated. The association between the ECORE-BF scale and five atherogenic risk indices was evaluated. The relationship between variables was assessed using the chi-square test and Student's t test in independent samples. Multivariate analysis was performed with the multinomial logistic regression test, calculating the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals, with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. ROC curves established the cut-off points for moderate and high vascular age and determined the Youden index. RESULTS The mean values of the ECORE-BF scale were higher in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad, as well as in those with elevated values of the three atherogenic indices studied, with p <0.001 in all cases. As atherogenic risk increased across the five evaluated scales, the prevalence of obesity also significantly increased, with p <0.001 in all cases. In the ROC curve analysis, the AUCs for atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad were above 0.75, indicating a good association between these scales and the ECORE-BF. Although the Youden indices were not exceedingly high, they were around 0.5. CONCLUSIONS There is a good association between atherogenic risk scales, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and lipid triad, and the ECORE-BF scale. The ECORE-BF scale can be a useful and quick tool to evaluate atherogenic risk in primary care and occupational medicine consultations without the need for blood tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marina Arroyo
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
| | - Ignacio Ramírez Gallegos
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
| | - Ángel Arturo López-González
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
- Faculty of Dentistry, ADEMA University School, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Health Service of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - María Teófila Vicente-Herrero
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
| | - Daniela Vallejos
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
| | - Tomás Sastre-Alzamora
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
| | - José Ignacio Ramírez Manent
- Research ADEMA SALUD Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; (M.M.A.); (I.R.G.); (M.T.V.-H.); (D.V.); (T.S.-A.); (J.I.R.M.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Health Service of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Qin M, Chen B. Association of atherogenic index of plasma with cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality in the general US adult population: results from NHANES 2005-2018. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:255. [PMID: 39014415 PMCID: PMC11253368 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a critical metric for predicting cardiovascular outcomes. However, its associations with cardiovascular disease mortality (CVM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between baseline AIP levels and CVM and ACM among a broad cohort of US adults. METHODS Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018), we analyzed 18,133 adults aged ≥ 18. Baseline triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured to calculate the AIP. Mortality outcomes were determined through linkage with the National Death Index database, with follow-up through December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models examined the associations between baseline AIP and mortality risks. Additionally, restricted cubic splines were utilized to investigate potential non-linear relationships, with subgroup analyses conducted across strata defined by age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome to assess variability in these associations. RESULTS Over a median 95.0-month follow-up, there were 1870 all-cause deaths and 579 cardiovascular disease-related deaths. Our findings indicate a J-shaped association between the AIP and ACM (threshold = 0.0905); specifically, when baseline AIP exceeded 0.0905, a significant positive association with ACM emerged (hazard ratio, HR (95% confidence interval, CI): 1.61(1.08-2.37)). However, after adjusting for confounders, the relationship between AIP and CVM was not statistically significant (HR 1.31, 95% CI 0.93-1.86). Notably, in the 40-60-year age group, AIP was significantly positively associated with ACM and CVM, with HRs and 95% CIs of 1.51 (1.08v2.10) and 2.63 (1.39-4.98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS A J-shaped relationship was observed between baseline AIP levels and ACM within the general US population, with a threshold of 0.0905. Moreover, AIP could potentially be an effective predictor for future ACM or CVM, particularly among individuals aged 40-60. Further investigation is warranted to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Art and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
- Center for Clinical Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Center for Clinical Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei, Xiangyang Central Hospital, University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
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Abdu FA, Alifu J, Mohammed AQ, Liu L, Zhang W, Yin G, Lv X, Mohammed AA, Mareai RM, Xu Y, Che W. The correlation of atherogenic index of plasma with non-obstructive CAD and unfavorable prognosis among patients diagnosed with MINOCA. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 125:111-119. [PMID: 38538418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is linked to lipid metabolism and has shown considerable prognostic value in cardiovascular disorders. However, its role in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has not been investigated. We assessed the relationship between AIP, the severity of coronary stenosis, and prognosis in MINOCA. METHODS We included consecutive patients who were diagnosed with MINOCA. AIP was calculated using the base 10 logarithm of the ratio between the levels of TG and HDL-C. The patients were divided into four groups based on their AIP quartiles: Q1 (AIP<-0.145), Q2 (AIP≥-0.145and≤0.049), Q3 (AIP>0.049and≤0.253), and Q4 (AIP>0.253). All patients underwent follow-up for MACE. RESULTS The final analysis included 421 patients, with 188 having normal coronaries (0 stenosis) and 233 exhibiting non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (<50 % stenosis). In the multivariate logistic analysis, highest AIP (Q4) group was significantly associated with increased risk of non-obstructive CAD in MINOCA (OR,1.994;95 % CI:1.075-3.698; P = 0.029). During the follow-up period, MACE occurred in 22.8 % of MINOCA patients. Q4 group exhibited a significantly higher rate of MACE (P = 0.021). Furthermore, when both AIP and coronary stenosis status were considered, the results revealed individuals in the Q4 group with non-obstructive CAD had the highest risk of MACE (log-rank P = 0.027). The adjusted Cox analysis indicated that the Q4 group was associated with a 2.052-fold increase in the HR of MACE. CONCLUSION AIP exhibits a notable association with the incidence of MACE in MINOCA patients and serves as a substantial marker for non-obstructive CAD in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad A Abdu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasuer Alifu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdul-Quddus Mohammed
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayman A Mohammed
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Redhwan M Mareai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenliang Che
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Chongming branch, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Tian X, Xu Q, Xia X, Zhang X, Li J, Wu S, Wang A. Elevated atherogenic index of plasma associated with stroke risk in general Chinese. Endocrine 2024; 84:934-942. [PMID: 38197990 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is supposed to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but there is limited evidence on its longitudinal effect. Our study aimed to explore the associations between baseline and long-term AIP with the risk of stroke and its subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 97,959 participants free of stroke at baseline were included in the Kailuan study. The AIP was calculated as the logarithm of the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The updated mean AIP was calculated as the average of the AIP from baseline to the first occurrence of outcome or the end of follow-up. The outcome was the first occurrence of stroke, including ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We used univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to explore the association between AIP and the risk of stroke. During a median follow-up of 12.79 years, a total of 6307 participants developed stroke, including 5482 IS and 1024 ICH. Compared with the 1st quartile of baseline AIP, the multivariate-adjusted HR in the 4th quartile was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.22, p for trend <0.001) for stroke risk. Same results were found in IS, but no significant association was found for ICH. The associations between updated mean AIP and stroke and its subtypes showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of both baseline and long-term updated mean AIP were associated with the risk of stroke and IS but not ICH in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Mirzadeh M, Nikparvar M, Rafati S, Kheirandish M, Azarbad A, Sheybani-Arani M, Khajavi-Mayvan F, Morovatshoar R. Atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of coronary artery disease: a cohort study in south of Iran. Egypt Heart J 2024; 76:65. [PMID: 38806969 PMCID: PMC11133246 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-024-00497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an atherosclerotic disease of an inflammatory nature. Previous studies examining the relationship between triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have highlighted the importance of plasma atherogenic index (AIP) as an important predictor of coronary heart disease. However, due to the lack of adequate information on this topic, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between AIP and coronary heart disease risk. RESULTS This study included 2,226 women and 1,690 men aged 35-70 years who participated in the Bandar Kong Cohort study and met the eligibility criteria. The data was collected using a checklist and questionnaires, which were designed by experienced individuals. After participants completed a registration form and gave informed consent, face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained experts. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been verified by the national cohort team prior to its use. The Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1400.171) approved the study. Data from the initial cohort survey using SPSS software version 25, were analyzed to include several factors, including age, sex, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, socioeconomic status, AIP, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of coronary heart disease was found to be 7.5% higher in people with a BMI of 25 or higher. Also, Individuals with low physical activity had a higher prevalence. Individuals with CAD had significantly higher mean values for the AIP, age, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (0.46, 57.50, 128.43, and 81.10, respectively) compared to those without CAD. Furthermore, patients with CAD had lower years of education (2649.45 and 3.59) than individuals without CAD (P < 0.05). Importantly, our findings showed that AIP increased the odds ratio of coronary heart disease by 1.86 as an independent risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Based on our investigation, the AIP is a valuable and independent predictive risk factor for coronary artery disease. This index can be utilized effectively due to its accessibility and affordability, making it a promising tool for risk assessment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mirzadeh
- Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nikparvar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Shideh Rafati
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kheirandish
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abnoos Azarbad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - MohammadHosein Sheybani-Arani
- Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khajavi-Mayvan
- Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Morovatshoar
- Clinical Research Development Center of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Seidkhani-Nahal A, Heydari H, Tavakolian A, Najafi ML, Miri M. The association of in-utero exposure to air pollution and atherogenic index of plasma in newborns. Environ Health 2024; 23:22. [PMID: 38369478 PMCID: PMC10875836 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and traffic was associated with the programming of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in early life. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between in-utero exposure to PMs and traffic indicators with the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in newborns, which is a precise index reflecting an enhancement of lipid risk factors for CVDs. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 300 mother-newborn pairs were enrolled in Sabzevar, Iran. Spatiotemporal land-use regression models were used to estimate the level of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 at the mother's residential address. The total length of streets in different buffers (100,300 and 500m) and proximity to major roads were calculated as indicators of traffic. The AIP of cord blood samples was calculated using an AIP calculator. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association of PM concentrations as well as traffic indicators with AIP controlled for relevant covariates. RESULTS PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with higher levels of AIP in newborns. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment of PM2.5 concentration at the mothers' residential addresses was associated with a 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0, 10.6%, P = 0.04) increase in the AIP. Associations between PM1, PM10 and traffic indicators with cord blood level of AIP were positive but not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that in utero exposure to PM2.5 may be associated with CVDs programming through the increase of atherogenic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Seidkhani-Nahal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hafez Heydari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ayoub Tavakolian
- Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Zhi YW, Chen RG, Zhao JW, Zhou SX, He ZJ. Association Between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Risk of Incident Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events. Int Heart J 2024; 65:39-46. [PMID: 38296577 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in the general population. A total of 361,644 participants (aged 56.19 ± 8.09 years; 44.79% male) free of a history of MACEs at baseline from the UK Biobank data were included in the analysis. The AIP was calculated using log (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol). Over a mean follow-up of 12.19 ± 1.60 years, 16,683 participants developed MACEs. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, each 1 unit increase in AIP was associated with a 45.3% higher risk of incident MACEs (hazard ratio (HR), 1.453 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.371-1.540], P < 0.001). Results were similar when individuals were categorized by the AIP quartiles (HR, 1.283 [95% CI 1.217-1.351]; comparing extreme quartiles). The subgroup analyses showed that the association between AIP and risk of incident MACEs was more obvious in female participants who are < 60 years old and free of hypertension or diabetes. Sensitivity analysis included participants without any lipid-lowering medication or excluded incident MACEs in the first 2 years of follow-up confirming the robustness of the findings. Elevated AIP is a risk factor of incident MACEs in the general population, independent of traditional risk factors.Dynamic monitoring of the AIP may help select the population at high risk of cardiovascular events and guide primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wei Zhi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Run-Gui Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hospital of Changan Dongguan
| | - Ji-Wei Zhao
- Comprehensive Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | | | - Zhi-Jie He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
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Chun DW, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Lee JW. Longitudinal trajectories of atherogenic index of plasma and risks of cardiovascular diseases: results from the Korean genome and epidemiology study. Thromb J 2023; 21:99. [PMID: 37723571 PMCID: PMC10506251 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) based on a single measurement is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known about whether changes in AIP over time are related to incident CVD. We aimed to determine whether AIP trajectory, which reflects homogenous AIP trends for a particular period, is associated with CVD risk. METHODS Data from 5,843 participants of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) were analyzed. The KoGES had been conducted biennially from the baseline survey (2001-2002) to the eighth follow-up survey (2017-2018). The research design specifies the exposure period from baseline to the third follow-up, designates the latent period at the fourth follow-up, and establishes the event accrual period from the fifth to the eighth follow-up. During the exposure period, we identified two trajectories: a decreasing (n = 3,036) and an increasing group (n = 2,807) using latent variable mixture modeling. Information on CVD was collected initially through the self-reporting, followed by in depth person-to-person interview conducted by a well-trained examiner. During the event accrual period, the cumulative incidence rates of CVD between the two AIP trajectory groups were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. Multiple Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The increasing AIP trajectory group had a significantly higher cumulative incidence rate of CVD than the decreasing AIP trajectory group. Compared to the decreasing AIP trajectory group, the increasing AIP trajectory group had a higher risk of incident CVD (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02-1.69) after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The risk of incident CVD increased when the AIP level showed an increasing trend and remained high over a long period. This suggests that checking and managing the trajectory of the AIP can be a preventive strategy for incident CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Chun
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae-Ji Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computing, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, Seoul, 06237, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Feng X, Yang J, Zhai G, Zhang B, Guo Q, Zhou Y. The relation between atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular outcomes in prediabetic individuals with unstable angina pectoris. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:187. [PMID: 37653411 PMCID: PMC10469417 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a novel biomarker associated with atherosclerosis, and an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, but its relation with cardiovascular prognosis in prediabetic patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) is still uncertain. METHODS This study included 1096 prediabetic patients with UAP who were subjected to follow-up for a maximum of 30 months, with cardiac death, refractory angina, and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) being the primary cardiovascular endpoints. RESULTS A significantly increased AIP was observed for the group with primary cardiovascular endpoints. Kaplan-Meier curves corresponding to these endpoints revealed pronounced differences between these two AIP groups (Log-rank P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses highlighted AIP as being independent related to this primary endpoint (HR 1.308, 95% CI: 1.213-1.412, P < 0.001). AIP addition to the baseline risk model improved the prediction of the primary endpoint (AUC: baseline model, 0.622, vs. baseline model + AIP, 0.739, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AIP could be used to predict cardiovascular events in prediabetic individuals with UAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunxun Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyun Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease, Clinical Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Tian X, Wang P, Xu Q, Xia X, Zhang X, Li J, Liu F, Wu S, Wang A. Association between cumulative atherogenic index of plasma exposure and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:210. [PMID: 37592247 PMCID: PMC10436658 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been confirmed as a novel marker for myocardial infarction (MI), but few evidence on the long-term AIP and MI risk in general populations. We thus aimed to evaluate the relationships of cumulative exposure to AIP and its accumulation time course with the risk of MI. METHODS A total of 54,440 participants were enrolled in the Kailuan study. Time-weighted cumulative AIP was calculated as the weighted sum of the mean AIP value for each time interval, then normalized by total exposure duration, the exposure duration was from 2006 to 2010. Duration of high AIP exposure was defined as the duration with high AIP and ranged from 0 to 6 years. The time course of AIP accumulation was categorized by the combination of time-weighted cumulative AIP < or ≥ median (- 0.12) and AIP slope. RESULTS After 11.05 years of follow-up, 766 incident MI cases were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher risk of MI was observed in participants with the highest time-weighted cumulative AIP quartile (HR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.47-2.43), the longest exposure duration of high AIP (HR, 1.52; 95% CI 1.18-1.95), and those with high time-weighted cumulative AIP and negative slope (HR, 1.42; 95% CI 1.13-1.79). CONCLUSIONS Long-term cumulative exposure to AIP and the time course of AIP accumulation increased the risk of MI. High AIP earlier resulted in a greater risk increase than later in life with the same time-weighted cumulative AIP, emphasizing the importance of controlling atherogenic dyslipidemia early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Penglian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 S 4th Ring W Rd, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Mohan M, Mannan A, Singh TG. Therapeutic implication of Sonic Hedgehog as a potential modulator in ischemic injury. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0. [PMID: 37347388 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) is a homology protein that is involved in the modeling and development of embryonic tissues. As SHh plays both protective and harmful roles in ischemia, any disruption in the transduction and regulation of the SHh signaling pathway causes ischemia to worsen. The SHh signal activation occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Ptc-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), which initiates the downstream signaling cascade. This article will shed light on how pharmacological modifications to the SHh signaling pathway transduction mechanism alter ischemic conditions via canonical and non-canonical pathways by activating certain downstream signaling cascades with respect to protein kinase pathways, angiogenic cytokines, inflammatory mediators, oxidative parameters, and apoptotic pathways. The canonical pathway includes direct activation of interleukins (ILs), angiogenic cytokines like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-), which modulate ischemia. The non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like mTOR, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, RhoA/ROCK, Wnt/-catenin, NOTCH, Forkhead box protein (FOXF), Toll-like receptors (TLR), oxidative parameters such as GSH, SOD, and CAT, and some apoptotic parameters such as Bcl2. This review provides comprehensive insights that contribute to our knowledge of how SHh impacts the progression and outcomes of ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Mohan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Hong SP, Kim CY, Jung HW. The Comparison of the Associations of Lipoprotein(a) and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma With Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients Without High LDL-C: A Comparative Analysis. J Lipid Atheroscler 2023; 12:152-163. [PMID: 37265852 PMCID: PMC10232225 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been reported as predictive markers of coronary artery calcium (CAC). However, previous studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular risk associations with Lp(a) are attenuated in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels ≤135 mg/dL. However, few articles have identified the risk factors of CAC in patients without high LDL-C. Therefore, we performed this study to investigate the association of Lp(a) and AIP with CAC in patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL. Methods This study included 625 lipid-lowering agent naive patients with LDL-C levels ≤135 mg/dL who underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the risk factors for a coronary artery calcium score (CACS) >0, CACS ≥400, and CAC ≥90th percentile. Results The mean age of the patients was 55.0±7.9 years and their mean LDL-C level was 94.7 ±23.3 mg/dL. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, Lp(a), and AIP were independent predictors of CAS>0. Age, male sex, and diabetes were independent predictors of CACS≥400. Diabetes, hypertension, and AIP were independent predictors of CAC ≥90th percentile (all p<0.05). Unlike Lp(a), higher AIP tertiles were associated with significantly higher CAC percentiles and greater proportions of patients with CACS ≥400 and CAC ≥90th percentile. Conclusion In patients without high LDL-C, AIP could be a more reliable predictor of CAC than Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Pyo Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeon Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jung
- Department of Cardiology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Is the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) a Cardiovascular Disease Marker? COR ET VASA 2023. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2022.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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15
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Qazi M, Kumar S, Khatri M. Letter to the Editor: The atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Heart Lung 2023; 57:301. [PMID: 36167745 PMCID: PMC9472793 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maida Qazi
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Bihar Colony, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Satesh Kumar
- Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College Liyari, Parsa citi, Garden East, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mahima Khatri
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Bridgeview Karachi, Pakistan
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Vasavada A, Llerena-Velastegui J, Vaca-Perez P. Comment on "The atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19.". Heart Lung 2023; 57:65. [PMID: 36081180 PMCID: PMC9420705 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hang F, Chen J, Wang Z, Zheng K, Wu Y. Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and major adverse cardiovascular events among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35869550 PMCID: PMC9308240 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Literature on the association between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults is quite limited. Methods A post-hoc analysis of data obtained from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial was performed. The predictive value of AIP on the risk of MACEs among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults was assessed to evaluate whether the benefit of intensive blood pressure (BP) control in preventing MACEs is consistent in different AIP subgroups. Results In this study, 9323 participants with AIP were included, out of which 561 (6.02%) had composite cardiovascular outcomes during a median of 3.22 years of follow-up. Patients in the highest AIP quartile had a significantly increased risk of the primary outcome. In the fully adjusted Model 3, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of the primary outcome for participants in Q2, Q3, and Q4 of AIP were 1.32 (1.02, 1.72), 1.38 (1.05, 1.81), and 1.56 (1.17, 2.08) respectively. Consistently, the trend test for the association between AIP quartiles and the primary outcome showed that a higher AIP quartile was associated with a significantly higher risk of the primary outcome (adjusted HR (95%CI) in model 3:1.14 (1.04, 1.25), P = 0,004). However, within each AIP quartile, absolute event rates were lower in the intensive treatment group. No evidence was found for the interaction between intensive BP control and AIP for the risk of the primary outcome (P for interaction = 0.932). Conclusion This study found that elevated AIP was independently and positively associated with the risk of MACEs among non-diabetic hypertensive older adults. The benefits of intensive BP control in managing cardiovascular events were consistent in different AIP subgroups. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01670-6.
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Kim SH, Cho YK, Kim YJ, Jung CH, Lee WJ, Park JY, Huh JH, Kang JG, Lee SJ, Ihm SH. Association of the atherogenic index of plasma with cardiovascular risk beyond the traditional risk factors: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:81. [PMID: 35599307 PMCID: PMC9124430 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is composed of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and is a novel marker for assessing the risk of atherogenicity and cardiometabolic health. An association between AIP and greater frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular (CV) disease risk has been reported. However, only few studies have examined the correlation between AIP and CV risk in general populations. We thus aimed to evaluate the relationship between AIP and CV diseases using a large-scale population dataset from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS). Methods A total of 514,866 participants were enrolled from the NHIS-HEALS and classified according to the AIP quartiles. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to determine the association between AIP and MACEs, CV events, and CV mortality. Results During follow-up, we documented 12,133, 11,055, and 1942 cases of MACEs, CV events, and CV mortality, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios [HRs; 95% confidence interval (CI)] for MACEs gradually and significantly increased with the AIP quartiles [1.113 (1.054–1.175) in Q2, 1.175 (1.113–1.240) in Q3, and 1.278 (1.209–1.350) in Q4], following an adjustment for the conventional CV risk factors, including age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activities, household income, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. In subgroup analyses, the association of AIP with MACEs and CV events was particularly outstanding in patients with diabetes. Conclusions AIP was significantly associated with CV risks after adjusting for the traditional risk factors. Therefore, it may be used as an effective mass screening method to identify patients at a high risk of CV events. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01522-8.
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Alaminos-Torres A, Martínez-Álvarez JR, López-Ejeda N, Marrodán-Serrano MD. Atherogenic Risk, Anthropometry, Diet and Physical Activity in a Sample of Spanish Commercial Airline Pilots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074128. [PMID: 35409811 PMCID: PMC8998253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular accidents are the most disabling event for pilots, causing complicated situations during flight and the withdrawal of license. The study aims to assess the modifiable risk factors and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) associated with anthropometric, physiometabolic and lifestyle profiles in a sample of Spanish aviation pilots. Data from pilots’ clinical and professional history, anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance assessments of nutritional status, and diet and physical activity questionnaires. The sample comprised 304 men pilots. Up to 53.6% showed excess weight, of which 6.4% were obese, 64.3% presented high relative adiposity and 64.6% showed abdominal obesity. Regarding the physiometabolic profile, 10.0% had hypertension, 42.6% hypercholesterolemia, 9.4% high LDL and 10.6% low HDL, 9.4% hyperglycemia and 8.1% hypertriglyceridemia. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was high in 29.7% and low in 14.7%. Most of the sample showed a good physical activity level. The AIP risk increased with higher obesity indicators and LDL cholesterol levels. There was an inverse relationship between the MedDiet adherence and vigorous physical activity and the risk of atherogenicity. Elevated rates of overweight, abdominal obesity and hypercholesterolemia were found, contributing to the atherogenic risk of plasma (AIP). This parameter was significantly associated with all anthropometric indicators and LDL cholesterol. Prevention plans on reducing excess fat and blood cholesterol levels are recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk in Spanish aviation pilots and ensure flight safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alaminos-Torres
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.A.-T.); (M.D.M.-S.)
| | - Jesús Román Martínez-Álvarez
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Spanish Society of Dietetics and Food Sciences, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28224 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi López-Ejeda
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Dolores Marrodán-Serrano
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Spanish Society of Dietetics and Food Sciences, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28224 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-T.); (M.D.M.-S.)
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Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Its Association with Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease and Nutrient Intake in Korean Adult Men: The 2013–2014 KNHANES. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051071. [PMID: 35268046 PMCID: PMC8912761 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been linked to one of the highest death rates globally. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) may be an important predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, superior to the standard atherosclerotic lipid profile. This study investigated the relationship between AIP and obesity indices, blood glucose, lipid profile, and nutrient intake status in Korean adult men. The study included 1292 males aged ≥19 years old who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014. Participants were divided into four groups according to AIP quartiles, calculated as log (triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)). Body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, TG, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased as AIP levels increased, whereas HDL-C level declined. As the level of AIP increased, intake of saturated fatty acid, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, milk, and dairy product decreased significantly, and the contribution rate of milk and dairy products to fat intake decreased. AIP was linked to obesity indices, blood glucose, and blood lipid profile in Korean men, suggesting that it could predict CAD.
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Zheng Y, Li C, Yang J, Seery S, Qi Y, Wang W, Zhang K, Shao C, Tang YD. Atherogenic index of plasma for non-diabetic, coronary artery disease patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective study of the long-term outcomes in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:29. [PMID: 35193553 PMCID: PMC8864872 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-diabetic coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are thought to encounter metabolic dysfunction and while these changes may be imperceptible to the patient they probably influence outcomes. At present, there is no system to support patients sensing these subtle changes, nor is there an established model for prognoses. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) index has already proven useful for atherosclerosis although further research is needed, especially for those without hyperglycemia. Methods This is a prospective study of 5538 non-diabetic CAD patients who had received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Participants were assigned to one of three groups according to their AIP index. High AIP index cases were then compared to low index patients according to major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was also conducted to investigate interrelations between AIP index levels and hazard ratios (HR) for MACEs. Results Patients with a high AIP index encountered metabolic dysfunction compared to those with a low AIP index i.e., higher Body Mass Index (BMI), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), and uric acid as well as lower HDL-C. Each of the aforementioned interrelations were significant with p values of less than 0.001. There was also a significant increase in the number of MACEs in the high AIP index group compared to the low AIP index group (HR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.04–1.81; p = 0.025). A J-shaped RCS curve highlighted a change in the HR after the 0.18 juncture (HR per SD: 1.20, 95% CI 0.96–1.50). Further subgroup analysis supported the main findings, all with HRs greater than one. Conclusion The AIP index could be used in prognostics for non-diabetic CAD patients 2 years after PCI. The relationship between hazard ratio and the AIP index appears to be J-shaped. Although, further multi-center studies designed for non-diabetic patients with potential metabolic dysfunction should be conducted to determine the value of the AIP index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Seery
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Shao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.
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22
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Jung DH, Park B, Lee YJ. Longitudinal Effects of Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels and Their Ratio on Incident Ischemic Heart Disease among Korean Adults. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010103. [PMID: 35053252 PMCID: PMC8773691 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum calcium and phosphate levels are controlled by a regulatory system, but their individual concentration tendencies and interactions may affect long-term vascular health. This study aimed to assess the effects of serum calcium and phosphate levels on incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a large-scale community-dwelling Korean cohort. We evaluated 15,259 non-diabetic individuals (median age, 45 years; range, 30–85) without previous IHD or ischemic stroke using the Korean National Health Insurance data. The study population was classified based on the calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratios. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IHD over 50 months after baseline enrolment. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of IHD gradually increased with serum calcium and phosphate quartiles and decreased with calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles, with an overall crude rate of 2.1% (315/15,259). After setting the lowest calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles as a reference group, the HRs (95% CIs) of the highest calcium, phosphate, and calcium/phosphate ratio quartiles for IHD were 1.77 (1.15–2.72), 1.73 (1.18–2.55), and 0.58 (0.39–0.87), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were positively associated with IHD incidence, while the serum calcium/phosphate ratio exhibited an inverse relationship. Serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis may merit serious consideration to understand the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis as a risk modifier for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyuk Jung
- Department of Health Check-Up, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin-si 16995, Korea; (D.H.J.); (B.P.)
| | - Byoungjin Park
- Department of Health Check-Up, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin-si 16995, Korea; (D.H.J.); (B.P.)
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-ro, Seoul 06273, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Qi L, Kang N, Chen X, Li Z, Deng C, Chen S. Predictive Value of Plasma Atherogenic Index for Microalbuminuria in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1245-1252. [PMID: 35480850 PMCID: PMC9037712 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s359811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to explore the predictive value of plasma atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for microalbuminuria (MAU) in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This study was a retrospective study, which included 335 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. They were divided into microalbuminuria group (group A, n = 105 cases) and no microalbuminuria group (group B, n = 230 cases) according to whether microalbuminuria occurred. General information and laboratory examination indexes of patients were collected, and AIP was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of microalbuminuria in T2DM patients, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was established to evaluate the predictive value of AIP on MAU of newly diagnosed T2DM patients. RESULTS According to general data analysis, AIP level in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AIP was an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria (P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of AIP was 0.772 (P < 0.05), which had a good predictive value for the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. The waist-hip ratio, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and AIP were used to make a joint model, and the AUC was 0.841 (P < 0.05), which had a better predictive value for the occurrence of MAU. CONCLUSIONS AIP is an independent risk factor and could predict the occurrence of MAU in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. AIP provides clinicians a reliable basis to quickly identify high-risk patients and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licui Qi
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Li
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenqian Deng
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China, Email
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