Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Randomized, Add-on Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE

Statin monotherapy for dyslipidemia is limited by adverse effects and limited effectiveness in certain subgroups like metabolic syndrome. Add-on therapy with an agent with a known safety profile may improve clinical outcomes, and virgin coconut oil (VCO) may be the candidate agent for improving the cardiometabolic profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of add-on VCO with atorvastatin in dyslipidemia in adults.

METHODS

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 150 patients with dyslipidemia who were randomized into control and test groups. The control group received atorvastatin monotherapy, whereas the test group received add-on VCO with atorvastatin for 8 weeks. At baseline, demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed and repeated after 8 weeks of therapy. The main outcome measures were lipid profile, cardiovascular risk indices, 10-year cardiovascular risk, body fat compositions, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).

RESULTS

The increase in HDL in the test group was significantly greater than in the control group (MD: 2.76; 95%CI: 2.43-3.08; p < 0.001). The changes in the atherogenic index (p = 0.003), coronary risk index (p < 0.001), cardiovascular risk index (p = 0.001), and TBARS (p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the test group. The decrease in LDL, total cholesterol and lipoprotein(a), were significantly higher in the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the changes in triglyceride, VLDL, and 10-year cardiovascular risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Add-on VCO (1000 mg/day) with atorvastatin (10 mg/day) can achieve a better clinical outcome in patients with dyslipidemia by increasing HDL and improving oxidative stress cardiovascular risk indices.

The Effect of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy on The Plasma Atherogenic Index in Rheumatic Diseases

Background: The risk of atherosclerosis is increased in individuals with rheumatological disease. The objective of this study is to examine the heightened susceptibility to atherosclerosis in persons afflicted with rheumatological disorders. This study aimed to assess the impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) medication on the plasma atherogenic index (PAI) in persons diagnosed with rheumatological disease. Methods: This study used a retrospective cross-sectional design to investigate a cohort of 136 patients with rheumatological disease who were undergoing anti-TNF therapy (Group 1), as well as a comparison group of 117 patients getting conventional therapy (Group 2). Measurements of PAI were conducted at the initial baseline and again at the sixth month of treatment. Results: Initially, there was no statistically significant disparity observed in PAI values between the two cohorts. After a period of 6 months, a notable reduction in PAI was identified in the group receiving anti-TNF medication (P = 0.01), while no significant alteration was detected in the group receiving conventional treatment. Conclusion: It provides findings showing that anti-TNF therapy can reduce the PAI in individuals with rheumatological disease. This may indicate a potential cardiovascular protective effect of anti-TNF therapy.

Vitamin D was Superior to Omega-3 as a Simvastatin Adjuvant in Improving Blood Lipids and Atherogenic Index in Type-I Dyslipidemic Rats

Objectives

Adjuvant therapy is often used to optimize the antihyperlipidemic effect of simvastatin. Omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation are recommended as adjuvant therapies to low-intensity statins. This study aimed to compare the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 as adjuvant therapy to simvastatin to improve the lipid profiles and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in type-I dyslipidemic rats.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six male rats were randomized and divided into six groups: healthy control, dyslipidemic rats with no treatment, and dyslipidemic rats treated with either low-dose simvastatin only or omega-3 or vitamin D at low and high doses. Dyslipidemia was induced with high-fat diets for four weeks, followed by treatment for the next two weeks. Blood samples were withdrawn before and after simvastatin treatment. In addition, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed to assess liver function.

Results

Administration of a high-fat diet-induced type 1 dyslipidemia and increased ALT levels (p < 0.05). Treatment with low-dose simvastatin did not significantly improve triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) or non-HDLc levels. When combined with a high-dose vitamin D, simvastatin significantly reduced TG and increased HDLc levels (p < 0.05), thereby improving AIP levels. This improvement was not observed in rats treated with omega-3 or vitamin D at a lower dose.

Conclusion

We concluded that high-dose vitamin D as an adjuvant to simvastatin therapy was superior to omega-3 in improving TG, HDL, and AIP levels. High-dose vitamin D also improved ALT levels in type-I dyslipidemic rats. This result may be translated in clinics to reduce the risk of coronary syndrome in patients with type-I dyslipidemia.

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a predictor for the severity of coronary artery disease

Objective

Dyslipidemia is a key risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the severity of CAD.

Methods

2,491 patients were enrolled in this study and analyzed retrospectively, including 665 non-CAD patients as the control group and 1,826 CAD patients. The CAD patients were classified into three subgroups according to tertiles of SYNTAX score (SS). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) was defined as serum total cholesterol (TC) minus serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), atherogenic index (AI) was defined as the ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C; AIP was defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the concentration of triglyceride (TG) to HDL-C; lipoprotein combine index (LCI) was defined as the ratio of TC∗TG∗ low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)to HDL-C; Castelli Risk Index I (CRI I) was defined as the ratio of TC to HDL-C; Castelli Risk Index II (CRI II) was defined as the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C.

Results

The levels of AIP (P < 0.001), AI (P < 0.001), and LCI (P = 0.013) were higher in the CAD group compared with the non-CAD group. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that AIP (r = 0.075, P < 0.001), AI (r = 0.132, P < 0.001), and LCI (r = 0.072, P = 0.001) were positively correlated with SS. The multivariate logistic regression model showed CRI I (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03-1.19, P = 0.005), CRI II (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.39, P < 0.001), AI (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17-1.40, P < 0.001), AIP (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.38-3.07, P < 0.001), and LCI (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01-1.02, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of severity of CAD After adjusting various confounders.

Conclusion

CRI I, CRI II, AIP, AI, and LCI were independent predictors of the severity of CAD, which could be used as a biomarker for the evaluation of the severity of CAD.

How is healthy eating index-2015 related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality and disability among diabetes. The aim of this study is to evaluate how healthy eating index-2015 related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 490 patients with type 2 diabetes in Tehran, Iran. The healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) used as a diet quality indicator. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Four indicators of CVD risk factor [Castelli risk index-1 and 2 (CRI-II), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cholesterol index (CI), and lipid accumulation of plasma (LAP)] were calculated. The anthropometric indices [a body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and body roundness index (BRI)] were computed.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, it is evident that participants in the highest tertile of HEI had a lower odds ratio of BRI (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.95; p-trend = 0.03) and AIP (OR:0.56; 95% CI: 0.34-0.94; p-trend = 0.02). Also, HEI and CRI had a marginally significant negative relation (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-1; p-trend = 0.05) in crude model, after adjusting the signification disappeared.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our finding shows that more adherence to HEI reduces about 50% of the odds of AIP, BRI among diabetic patients. Further, large-scale cohort studies in Iran need to confirm these findings, including diabetic patients of various racial, ethnic backgrounds, body composition and different components of HEI.

Association Between Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Atherogenic Indices of Plasma Among Young Sedentary Males

Background

Males are more likely than females to suffer from cardiovascular disease (CVD). So, sex hormones may modify these variations and affect the lipid profile. We examined the relationship between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and CVD risk factors among young males in this study.

Methods

Using a cross-sectional design, we measured total testosterone, SHBG, lipids, glucose, insulin, antioxidant parameters, and anthropometric factors in 48 young males in the age range of 18 to 40 years. Atherogenic indices of plasma were calculated. In this study, a partial correlation analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between SHBG and other variables after adjustment for confounders.

Results

According to the results of multivariable analyses adjusted for age and energy, SHBG had a negative correlation with total cholesterol (r = -.454, P =.010), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -.496, P =.005), quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index, and positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = .463, P =.009). No significant correlation was observed between SHBG and triglycerides (P >.05). Several atherogenic indices of plasma have a negative correlation with SHBG levels. These include Atherogenic Index of Plasma (r = -.474, P = .006), Castelli Risk Index (CRI)1 (r = -.581, P < .001), CRI2 (r = -.564, P = .001), and Atherogenic Coefficient (r = -.581, P < .001).

Conclusion

Among young men, high plasma SHBG was associated with reduced CVD risk factors, modified lipid profile and atherogenic ratios, and better glycemic markers. Therefore, reduced SHBG concentrations could be a prognostic marker of CVD among young sedentary males.

Efficacy of Siwan Traditional Therapy on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Lipid Profile, and Atherogenic Index as Cardiac Risk Factors Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background and Objectives: The most frequent cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inflammation, dyslipidemia, and decreased physical activity are some of the main risk factors for CVD. Siwan sand therapy is a type of traditional therapy used in Egypt to treat RA. The approach of this therapy depends on the experience of the healers. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of three sessions of Siwan traditional therapy to five sessions on common CVD risk factors and physical function in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (9 male and 21 female) were assigned into two groups of equal size: group (A) received three sessions of Siwan traditional therapy in the form of a sand bath. Group (B) received the same form of therapy for five days. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lipid profile, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and a health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) were measured before and after treatment. Results: There was a significant increase above normal within group (A) for ESR (p = 0.001), triglycerides (TG; p = 0.015), total cholesterol (Tot-Chol; p = 0.0001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL; p = 0.0001). However, there were no considerable differences in high-density lipoprotein (HDL; p = 0.106), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL; p = 0.213), AIP (p = 0.648), and HAQ (p = 0.875). For the second group, there were significant changes within group B only in Tot-Chol (p = 0.0001), HDL (p = 0.0001), VLDL (p = 0.0001), AIP (p = 0.008), and HAQ (p = 0.014). There was a significant difference between both groups regarding HDL (p = 0.027), LDL (p = 0.005), AIP (p = 0.029), ESR (p = 0.016), and HAQ (p = 0.036). Conclusions: For RA patients, five days of Siwan traditional therapy caused significant changes regarding inflammation, Tot-Chol, LDL, HDL, AIP, and functional activity when compared to three days of Siwan hot sand therapy.

Atherogenic index of plasma, lipid accumulation and visceral adiposity in metabolic syndrome patients

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of various clinical and biochemical abnormalities, needs early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. The present study is designed to compare Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Lipid Accumulation Product and Visceral Adiposity Index with metabolic syndrome components in patients with metabolic syndrome. The study comprises of 150 metabolic syndrome patients and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls of both genders in the age group of 20 - 65 years. Atherogenic Index of Plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product index were calculated for all participants. Pearson Correlation was used to compareatherogenic Index of plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product between cases and controls. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of Atherogenic Index of Plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product with metabolic syndrome. The comparisons between the BMI, WC, Atherogenic Index of Plasma ,lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product were significantly higher in metabolic syndrome cases (p<0.001).Although the entire index were independently associated with Mets, AIP showed the highest area under the curve (0.954, 95% CI 0.929 0.978,p value p<0.0001) in identifying metabolic syndrome.

Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Camel Milk Fortified with Red Chenopodium quinoa Flour on Hypercholesterolemia Rats

Quinoa is a nutrient-dense food that lowers chronic disease risk. This study evaluated the physicochemical and sensory qualities of fermented camel milk with 1, 2, 3, and 4% quinoa. The results showed that improvement in camel's milk increased the total solids, protein, ash, fiber, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity more effectively. Fermented camel milk with 3% of quinoa flour exhibited the highest sensory characteristics compared to other treatments. Fermented camel milk enriched with 3% red quinoa flour was studied in obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were separated into five groups: the first group served as a normal control, while groups 2-4 were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HF)-diet and given 2 mL/day of fermented milk and quinoa aqueous extract. Blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea levels decreased dramatically in comparison to the positive control group, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL), albumin, and total protein concentrations increased significantly. Fortified fermented camel milk decreased the number of giant adipocytes while increasing the number of tiny adipocytes in the body. The results showed that the liver and renal functions of hypercholesterolemic rats were enhanced by consuming fermented milk and quinoa. These results demonstrated the ability of quinoa and camel milk to protect rats from oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the metabolic effects of fermented camel milk and quinoa.

Microencapsulated curcumin from Curcuma longa modulates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major causes of cardiovascular ailments. The study has been conducted on the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia can be modulated by microencapsulated curcumin due to its enhanced bioavailability. In this context, curcumin obtained from fresh rhizomes of Curcuma longa by conventional (CSE) and supercritical fluid (SFE) extractions, has been successfully microencapsulated using a mixture of gelatin and maltodextrin. The microencapsulated curcumin _CSE&SFE, has been added as supplemented diet and has been resulted in maximum plasma concentration of curcumin at 100 min as 529.31 ± 8.73 and 405.23 ± 7.12 μg/mL, respectively compared to non-encapsulated turmeric powder used as control. During the bio evaluation trial, turmeric powder (3%), microencapsulated curcumin_CSE (1%) and microencapsulated curcumin_SFE (0.5%) were provided to designate rat groups categorized by normal; N₁, N₂, and N₃ and hypercholesterolemic; H₁, H₂, and H₃ conditions, respectively. The incorporation of microencapsulated curcumin_SFE in the supplemented diet caused a reduction in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides, athrogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk ration (CRR) as 5.42 and 12.81%, 7.25 and 15.42%, 3.17 and 9.38%, 15.38 and 29.28%, and 10.98 19.38% in normo- and hypercholesterolemic rat groups. Additionally, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and anti-atherogenic index (AAI) indicated a significant increase in all treated rat groups. Conclusively, the inclusion of turmeric and curcumin microencapsulates in the dietary module has been proven effective to alleviate hyperlipidemia. Therefore, the present study is proven that curcumin absorption via the gastrointestinal tract and its stability toward metabolization in the body increased via microencapsulation using maltodextrin and gelatin. Microencapsulated curcumin reaches the target site via oral administration because of sufficient gastrointestinal residence period and stability in the digestive tract.

[Relationship between vitamin D level and lipid profile in young adults]

Vitamin D deficiency, like cardiovascular disease, is widespread throughout the world. Researches indicate a number of potential mechanisms for the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors. The results of studying the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in blood serum and lipid profile indicators are contradictory, studies were mainly carried out among the adult and elderly population. The aim of the research was to study the relationship between the level of 25(OH)D and lipid spectrum indicators in young people. Material and methods. The cross-sectional study included 278 young adults (aged from 18 to 24 years), of which 64 (23%) were boys, 214 (77%) were girls. The assessment of lipid spectrum indicators included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, calculation of the atherogenic index; vitamin D status was evaluated by 25(OH)D blood serum level determination. Results. The levels of 25(OH)D below the criterion of insufficiency (30 ng/ml) were found in 81% of participants. A weak positive correlation was found between the level of triglycerides and 25(OH)D concentration (ρ=0.181, p=0.003). Gender differences were found in the association of 25(OH)D level with lipid profile parameters. In young men, a negative correlation was found between 25(OH)D level and indicators of total cholesterol (ρ=-0.316, p=0.014) and LDL cholesterol (ρ=-0.348, p=0.007), as well as significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D in the group with elevated LDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the existence of the relationships between 25(OH)D concentration and various parameters of the lipid spectrum of blood serum. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia, especially in males. The relationship between 25(OH)D level and lipid profile scores may differ depending on gender.

Oilseed Supplementation Improves Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Oilseed supplementation is a strategy to improve milk production and milk composition in dairy cows; however, the response to this approach is inconsistent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oilseed supplementation on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows via a meta-analysis and meta-regression. A comprehensive and structured search was performed using the following electronic databases: Google Scholar, Primo-UAEH and PubMed. The response variables were: milk yield (MY), atherogenic index (AI), Σ omega-3 PUFA, Σ omega-6 PUFA, fat, protein, lactose, linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LNA), oleic acid (OA), vaccenic acid (VA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. The explanatory variables were breed, lactation stage (first, second, and third), oilseed type (linseed, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower), way (whole, extruded, ground, and roasted), dietary inclusion level, difference of the LA, LNA, OA, forage and NDF of supplemented and control rations, washout period and experimental design. A meta-analysis was performed with the “meta” package of the statistical program R. A meta-regression analysis was applied to explore the sources of heretogeneity. The inclusion of oilseeds in dairy cow rations had a positive effect on CLA (+0.27 g 100 g−1 fatty acids (FA); p < 0.0001), VA (+1.03 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), OA (+3.44 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), LNA (+0.28 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001) and UFA (+8.32 g 100 g−1 FA; p < 0.0001), and negative effects on AI (−1.01; p < 0.0001), SFA (−6.51; p < 0.0001), fat milk (−0.11%; p < 0.001) and protein milk (−0.04%; p < 0.007). Fat content was affected by animal breed, lactation stage, type and processing of oilseed and dietary NDF and LA contents. CLA, LA, OA and UFA, desirable FA milk components, were affected by type, processing, and the intake of oilseed; additionally, the concentrations of CLA and VA are affected by washout and design. Oilseed supplementation in dairy cow rations has a positive effect on desirable milk components for human consumption. However, animal response to oilseed supplementation depends on explanatory variables related to experimental design, animal characteristics and the type of oilseed.

Cow's Milk Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Korean Postmenopausal Women

Numerous studies have reported conflicting results associated with cow’s milk intake and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, studies involving postmenopausal women are very limited. This study was therefore undertaken to identify the relationship between cow’s milk intake and CHD risk in postmenopausal women, using data from the 6th period of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013−2015). A total of 1825 postmenopausal women, aged 50−64 years old, were included in the final analysis. The frequency of cow’s milk consumption for each subject was determined using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and was classified into four groups (Q1−Q4): Q1, group that did not drink milk (no milk, n = 666); Q2, 0 < frequency of milk intake per week ≤ 1 (n = 453); Q3, 1 < frequency of milk intake per week ≤ 3 (n = 319); and Q4, frequency of milk intake >3 times per week (n = 387). General characteristics, such as education, living area, household income, and obesity level, were compared between the four groups. Percentages of daily nutrient intake compared to the dietary reference intake for Koreans (KDRIs) were determined, and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), atherogenic index (AI), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were determined as the CHD risk indicators. Except household income, no significant difference was obtained among the four groups with respect to age, education, living area, or obesity. Compared to KDRIs, the intake ratio of calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin were significantly higher in the Q4 group than in the Q1−Q3 groups. Blood HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in Q4 than in Q1. The CHD risk factors FRS (%), AI, and AIP were significantly lower in the Q4 group as compared to the other groups (CHD risk (%): Q1 9.4, Q4 8.5; AI: Q1 3.06, Q4 2.83; API: Q1 0.37, Q2 0.31, Q4 0.32). FRS was determined to be significantly and positively correlated to AI or AIP, and negatively correlated with the cow’s milk intake frequency and calcium intake. In conclusion, compared to women who do not consume cow’s milk, postmenopausal women who consume cow’s milk frequently have a better nutritional status of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin B12, higher HDL levels, and a lower level of CHD risk indicators, such as FRS, AI, and AIP, contributing to decreased CHD risk in a 10-year period. Therefore, to prevent the risk of CHD in postmenopausal women, there needs to be a greater emphasis for cow’s milk consumption four or more times per week.

Differences in cardiovascular risk levels between cleaning staff and hotel housekeepers

Background and objective

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a greater incidence in the most disadvantaged social classes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the level of cardiovascular risk in cleaning workers.

Methods

This was a descriptive, cross‐sectional study in 46.632 cleaning workers (40.169 women and 6.463 men). Thirty‐one different scales related to cardiovascular risk were studied (14 assessing overweight and obesity, 5 determining the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 5 scales of cardiovascular risk, 4 atherogenic indices, and 3 scales of metabolic syndrome, among others). The results obtained were divided between personnel who perform their cleaning tasks in the hotel and catering industry and those in other sectors.

Results

The prevalence of obesity and arterial hypertension in cleaning workers was over 20% in both sexes. A similar amount was observed in moderate or high values on the REGICOR (Registre GIroní del COR) scale. More than 15% presented metabolic syndrome according to the NCEP ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program‐Adult Treatment Program III) criteria, while over 10% of women and 20% of men had a high risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease assessed with the fatty liver index.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular risk is higher, in both sexes, in the group of cleaning workers who work in companies other than hotels.

Relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and stent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Stent thrombosis (ST) is an uncommon but serious complication in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to investigate the effect of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) on ST.

METHODS

Among the 10,258 patients who underwent coronary angiography between January 2018 and December 2020, 239 patients who underwent PCI with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) due to ST were included as the study group (ST group) and 459 patients who underwent percutaneous intervention for ACS and did not have any in-stent lesion as the control group (non-ST group). ST classification was done according to the Academic Research Consortium definition.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 63.3±10.6 years (483 male, 69.2%). The groups were similar in terms of characteristic properties, comorbidities, and the drugs being used (p>0.05 for all). Drug eluting stents were used in 86.5% of the patients. In the ST group, the median time from stent implantation to thrombosis was 285 days. Mean AIP and the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) were statistically significantly higher in the ST group than in the controls (p<0.001 and p=0.018, respectively), and a positive correlation was observed between time from stent implantation to thrombosis and AIP and TG/HDL-C (rS=0.229, p=0.010 and rS=0.222, p=0.010, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that stent length, prior ST elevation myocardial infarction, TG/HDL-C, and AIP were independent predictors of ST.

CONCLUSION

AIP is an easy calculable biomarker, and the performance of AIP to predict ST is better than TG/HDL-C.

Well-Balanced Lunch Reduces Risk of Lifestyle-Related Diseases in Middle-Aged Japanese Working Men

Based on the results of a previous WHO-CARDIAC study, this study was designed to test the effect of the daily consumption of a diet rich in potassium with optimal salt content, rich in fish meat and soy isoflavones, corresponding to the ingredients of a traditional Japanese diet. The test meals were a Balanced Lunch (BL) with chicken as the main dish and a Fortified Lunch (FL) with fish and soy as the main dish, which appeared the same. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 64 relatively obese men (47.2 ± 5.5 years old) who consumed the lunch at their work site for 4 weeks. All participants underwent fasting blood sampling, 24-h urine collection, as well as measurements of height, weight, and blood pressure before and after the intervention. Body mass index, blood pressure, and HbA1c were significantly improved and a 3-g reduction of salt intake was proven by 24-h urine collection in both groups. Moreover, HDL cholesterol and the Atherogenic Index (AI) were significantly improved in the FL group. In conclusion, the risks of lifestyle-related diseases in working men were reduced by one meal per day intervention of optimally-salted traditional Japanese diets containing soy and fish nutrients with high vegetable ingredients.

Clinacanthus nutans attenuates atherosclerosis progression in rats with type 2 diabetes by reducing vascular oxidative stress and inflammation

CONTEXT

Atherosclerosis predisposes individuals to adverse cardiovascular events. Clinacanthus nutans L. (Acanthaceae) is a traditional remedy used for diabetes and inflammatory conditions.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the anti-atherosclerotic activity of a C. nutans leaf methanol extract (CNME) in a type 2 diabetic (T2D) rat model induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: non-diabetic fed a standard diet (C), C + CNME (500 mg/kg, orally), diabetic fed an HFD (DM), DM + CNME (500 mg/kg), and DM + Metformin (DM + Met; 300 mg/kg). Treatment with oral CNME and metformin was administered for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipid profile, atherogenic index (AI), aortic tissue superoxide dismutase levels (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. The rats' aortas were stained for histological analysis and intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis.

RESULTS

The CNME-treated diabetic rats had reduced serum total cholesterol (43.74%; p = 0.0031), triglycerides (80.91%; p = 0.0003), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (56.64%; p = 0.0008), AI (51.32%; p < 0.0001), MDA (60.74%; p = 0.0026), TNF-α (61.78%; p = 0.0002), and IMT (39.35%; p < 0.0001) compared to untreated diabetic rats. SOD level, however, increased (53.36%; p = 0.0326). These CNME effects were comparable to those in the metformin-treated diabetic rats.

CONCLUSIONS

C. nutans possesses anti-atherosclerotic properties, which may be due to reductions in vascular tissue oxidative stress, inflammation, and serum AI. Continued studies on atherosclerotic animal models are suggested.

Physicochemical, Functional, Fatty Acids Profile, Health Lipid Indices, Microstructure and Sensory Characteristics of Walnut-Processed Cheeses

In the present study, processed cheeses fortified with walnut paste (a high source of omega-3 fatty acids) were developed and characterized. In order to identify the best cheese formulation, the effects of different proportions of walnut paste (0, 5, 10, and 15%) on cheese physicochemical, functional, fatty acids profile, health lipid indices (atherogenic and thrombogenic), microstructure, and sensorial characteristics were studied. Results showed that walnut-added samples had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of acidity, protein, fat, and ash contents with lower meltability and oil separation index compared to the control. Processed cheeses with walnuts contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher percentages of MUFAs, and ω-3 PUFAs (mainly α-linolenic acid) and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower amounts of SFAs (mainly myristic, palmitic and stearic acids) and ω₆/ω₃ ratio. Scanning Electron Micrograph of processed cheese containing walnut paste showed uniform distribution of walnut in the protein matrix. Processed cheeses made with 5 or 10% walnut paste presented the most acceptable sensory properties. These results indicated that walnut paste supplementation can be used as a nutritional strategy to increase concentrations of human health-promoting fatty acids in processed cheeses while maintaining good sensory and technological properties.

Variations in fatty acid and amino acid profiles of doi and rasomalai made from buffalo milk

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated and compared the chemical composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid (FA), and amino acid (AA) profiles of doi and rasomalai made from buffalo milk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh was the source of raw buffalo milk. Then, doi and rasomalai were produced and analyzed. Prior to the production of doi and rasomalai, the gross composition and AAs of milk were evaluated. Milk and dairy products were evaluated for gross composition using an automated milk analyzer and the Association of Agricultural Chemists techniques, respectively. At the Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, the cholesterol, FA, and AA levels of doi and rasomalai were determined. Additionally, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were determined using established equations.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the majority of the proximate components were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in rasomalai than in doi. Rasomalai had 3.64 mg more cholesterol (p > 0.05) than doi. The FA profile was identical across doi and rasomalai with the exception of oleic acid (C18:1cis-9), which was 1.50% greater (p < 0.05) in rasomalai. The atherogenicity index was found to be statistically higher in doi than in rasomalai (p > 0.05). Similarly, the thrombogenic index was found to be significantly higher (p > 0.05) in doi (1.98) when compared to the rasomalai (1.92). The concentrations of all AAs were found to be quantitatively higher in doi than in rasomalai (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The conclusion is that buffalo milk rasomalai appears to have a higher nutritional density than buffalo milk doi.

Atherogenic indices in non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy

AIM

To evaluate the atherogenic indices and the relationship with visual acuity and bilateral sequential involvement in patients with non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).

METHODS

A total of 65 patients with NAION and 48 age-sex matched healthy individuals were included in this retrospective study. The demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of the patients and control subjects were obtained from the electronic medical records. The atherogenic indices were calculated using the lipid parameters. The association between visual acuity, bilateral sequential involvement, and atherogenic indices was investigated.

RESULTS

The mean age was 63.8±12.5y in the NAION group and 64.7±10.1y in control group (P=0.707). Although there were no significant differences in terms of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) between two groups (P=0.089, 0.091), all the non-traditional serum lipid ratios were significantly higher in NAION group (P<0.05). In the NAION subgroup analysis, with visual acuity≤20/200 had higher TC/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c, and non-HDL-c/HDL-c values than the patients in the NAION group with visual acuity >20/200 (P=0.032, 0.025, 0.032, respectively). The values for the atherogenic indices were higher in NAION patients with bilateral sequential involvement in comparison to those with unilateral involvement (P=0.271, 0.127, 0.197, 0.128, 0.127, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The study reveals a relationship between NAION and the non-traditional lipid ratios. Atherogenic indices may predict the visual loss severity and second eye involvement in patients with NAION.

Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Healthy goat meat is an essential aspect in increasing consumer acceptance for this livestock product. The research aimed to examine the effect of goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on the performance and blood lipid status of white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty 2-month-old male white rats (R. norvegicus) weighing 195-230 g were randomly divided into three groups, with each group consisting of 10 rats. Group I was treated with a control feed (T0; BR I concentrate). Group II (T1) was treated with a mixed feed containing 50% control feed and 50% goat meat. Group III (T2) was treated with a mixed feed comprising 50% control feed and 50% goat meat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids. Each treatment was given ad libitum for 30 days. The variables measured were dry matter and organic matter consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and atherogenic index (AI). The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design.

RESULTS

The total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels at T0, T1, and T2 were as follows: 99.97, 35.97, and 50.43 mg/dL (total cholesterol); 108.35, 33.92, and 58.17 mg/dL (HDL cholesterol); and 101.43, 38.09, and 48.65 mg/dL (LDL cholesterol). The highest HDL and the lowest LDL cholesterol levels (p<0.05) were observed in the T2 treatment group, which had the lowest AI (1.69 vs. 1.77 and 2.19).

CONCLUSION

The consumption of goat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids reduces the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, raises the HDL cholesterol levels, and decreases the AI.

Prevalence and associated factors of dyslipidaemia among university workers in Southeast Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The job one does for a living may increase ones propensity to cardiovascular diseases due to many associated risk factors. University staff may be at high risk of dyslipidaemia, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. This study assessed prevalence of dyslipidaemia and its associated factors among the staff of University of Nigeria, Nsukka campus, Nigeria.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 386 workers selected through a 4-stage sampling technique was conducted. Data were obtained through questionnaire and lipid profile determination. Bivariate analysis using Cochran and Mantel-Haenszel test was used to determine associations between dyslipidaemia and selected variables. Odds ratios and significance at p < 0.05 were reported.

RESULTS

Respondents who were 46 years and above accounted for 51.3 % while 95.3 % had tertiary education. Administrative/technical staff were 76.4 % while academic staff were only 23.6 %; 73.8 % were senior staff and 26.2 % were junior staff. More than half (60.4 %) consumed alcohol above recommendation. Lipid biomarkers of the workers were not sex dependent (p > 0.05). Few (23.4 and 6.5 %) of the respondents had borderline high and high total cholesterol values, respectively. Whereas none (0.0 %) had low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), borderline low values were observed among 1.3 %. High low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) affected 1.3 %. Triglyceride was high among 3.9 %; 20.8 % had high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and 2.6 % had impaired fasting blood glucose (IFBG). Dyslipidaemia had a prevalence of 54.5 % with female dominance. Hypercholesterolemia with high LDL-c was the commonest combined dyslipidaemia observed (7.8 %). Dyslipidaemia was dependent on hypercholesterolemia (OR = 0.352, 95 % C.I.=0.245-0.505), high LDL-c (OR = 0.462, 95 % C.I.=0.355-0.600) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.462, 95 % C.I.=0.355-0.600). Alcohol intake above normal was associated with almost 6 times higher risk of dyslipidaemia (OR = 5.625, 95 % C.I.=1.062-29.799).

CONCLUSIONS

Dyslipidaemia is a problem among the workers with hypercholesterolemia in combination with high LDL-c and hypertriglyceridemia compounding the problem. Nutrition education and physical activity are advocated to prevent cardiovascular events among the university staff.

Atherogenic Indices Can Predict Atherosclerosis in Patients with Sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND

Sarcoidosis, a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology, is characterized by non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of atherogenic indices and ultrasonographic evaluation of carotid artery on predicting atherosclerosis in patients with sarcoidosis.

METHODS

The study included 44 subjects followed with diagnosis of sarcoidosis and 53 age and gender matched healthy subjects as controls. Laboratory findings, pulmonary function tests and carotid artery ultrasonography of all participants were evaluated.

RESULTS

Of the participants with sarcoidosis 70.5% was female and the mean age was 35.36±7.18 years, while 64.2% of the control group were female and the mean age was 33.58±8.13 years (P=0.511 and P=0.191, respectively). High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level in the sarcoidosis group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P=0.017), while other cholesterol levels were higher than those of the controls (P<0.05). Intima-media thickness (IMT) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) of carotid artery were higher in patients with sarcoidosis (P<0.001 and P=0.009, respectively). Atherogenic indices (Atherogenic Index (AI), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Cardiogenic Risk Ratio (CRR)) were higher in sarcoidosis group compared to the controls (P<0.001, for all parameters). IMT was positively correlated with PSV, AI, AC, and CRR. A positive correlation between PSV and atherogenic indices was also detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Sarcoidosis may be a predisposing factor for atherosclerosis. Atherogenic indices, IMT of carotid artery and PSV might be considered predictors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in asymptomatic sarcoidosis patients.

Fatty acids profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices in freshwater fish common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from market chain

OBJECTIVE

The study examined the fatty acids composition and main nutrients composition in two freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic during one year.

METHODS

Samples of common carp and rainbow trout were taken from a market chain during a year. All samples were homogenized and analyzed for lipid, protein, water, and ash contents. Energy value (E), sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were then calculated.

RESULTS

The freshwater fish on the Czech market chain have beneficial average value content of unsaturated fatty acids, Σ MUFA+PUFA in carp is 69.46% of all fatty acids, similar average value of Σ MUFA+PUFA - 70.83% is in rainbow trout. The calculated average value of AI in carp is 0.52 (SD = 0.06), AI in rainbow trout is 0.63 (SD = 0.07), the average TI in carp is 0.63 (SD = 0.09), TI in rainbow trout is 0.49 (SD = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Freshwater fish in the Czech market chain have beneficial value of PUFA, so AI and TI indices are low in both species of analysed fish. Regular consumption of fish meat is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

The correlation between atherogenic indexes and erectile dysfunction

Aside from the ordinary plasma lipid level measurements, the ratios based on individual plasma lipid levels such as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's risk index 1/2 (CRI-1/2), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) are the novel parameters to evaluate the patients with a high risk of CVD. In this study, we aim to evaluate the relationship between AIP, AC, and CRI-1/2 with increased risk of ED. Between April 2018 and February 2019, 253 patients, who were diagnosed as a vasculogenic ED in our clinic, were enrolled in the study. While the first group (n = 134) consisted of patients with moderate and mild ED (IIEF-EF: 17-30), the second group (n = 119) consisted of patients with severe ED. In addition to the mean values of lipid parameters; CRI-1 (total cholesterol/HDL), CRI-2 (LDL/HDL) AIP (log10(triglycerides/HDL), and AC (non-HDL/HDL) were calculated. The mean age was 44.02 ± 10.41 (24-70), and the mean BMI was 27.80 ± 4.12 (18.52 ± 41.97). However, CRI-1 and AIP values were found to be higher in the severe ED group compared to the mild ED group (CRI-1: 4.50 ± 1.47, 4.88 ± 1.30; p = .039; AIP: 0.489 ± 0.315, 0.617 ± 0.283; p = .007). Our results demonstrated that CR-1 and AIP have a positive correlation with the severity of ED. Moreover, we can suggest that patients with higher CR-1 and AIP values are likely to have more severe ED in the future.

Relationship between atherogenic indices and acquired premature ejaculation

The aim of this study is to evaluate blood lipid parameters and level of atherogenic indices in acquired premature ejaculation (PE) patients. Between 2020 January and June 2020, 96 patients diagnosed with PE in our clinic and 84 control patients who applied to the urology outpatient clinic for other urological reasons were included in the study. Detailed medical and sexual histories of the patients were taken, and physical examination findings were recorded. In addition, 5-question premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) was applied to patients and estimated intravaginal ejaculation latency times (IELT) were recorded. The mean values of lipid parameters; Risk Index of Castelli-1 (CRI-1 (Total cholesterol/ HDL)), CRI-2 (LDL/ HDL), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP (log10 (triglyceride/ HDL)) and Atherogenic Coefficient (AC (HDL/ non-HDL)) were calculated. The average PEDT score was 7.68 + 5.05 (2-22), and the IELT arithmetic mean was 150.39 + 121.53 (5-900) seconds. In the APE group, triglyceride and AIP values were found to be higher than the control group (triglyceride: 188.75 + 76.39 versus 157.20 + 87.45; p = .049; AIP: 0.46 + 0.33 versus 0.35 + 0.35; p = .040). A fair positive correlation was found between PEDT scores and AIP values (r = .355, p < .001). AIP was found to be related to APE, and it was also found to be related to symptom severity.

The ameliorative effect of atorvastatin on serum testosterone and testicular oxidant/antioxidant system of HFD-fed male albino rats

Background: There is a mutual effect between central obesity and low total serum testosterone. Moreover, oxidative stress acts as a bridge between obesity and its complications. Taken together, we aimed to evaluate whether atorvastatin (AS), a cholesterol-lowering drug, has protective potential against high fat diet (HFD)-induced low fertility, which was exemplified in serum testosterone determination. Moreover, we aimed to deduce a putative mechanism of action through evaluation of the testicular oxidant/antioxidant system. Methods: Adult male albino Wistar rats ( Rattus norvegicus albinus) were divided into three groups: 1) normal control group, rats were fed a normal diet for four weeks; 2) HFD group, rats were fed an HFD for four weeks; and 3) AS group, rats were fed an HFD and 5 mg/kg/day atorvastatin for the last two weeks of the experiment. Serum atherogenic index, testosterone, and thyroid stimulating hormone were estimated. Moreover, testicular reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde contents, as well as glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities were also determined. The statistical differences were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: AS ameliorated the increased level of serum atherogenic index induced by an HFD, as well as testicular malonaldehyde and reduced glutathione levels. On the other hand, AS increased the depleted level and activity of serum testosterone and testicular glutathione reductase, respectively, induced by HFD. Conclusion: The ameliorative effect of AS on the deteriorated level of total serum testosterone induced by HFD might partially be due to oxidant/antioxidant disturbance. Further studies should be carried out to evaluate mTOR pathway contribution, which could enable researchers to deduce drugs targeting members of the oxidant/antioxidant system and/or mTOR pathway to ameliorate putative HFD-induced low fertility.

The triglyceride-glucose index predicts peripheral artery disease complexity

Background/aim

High levels of triglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) values increase atherosclerosis risk. This study evaluates the relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) severity and complexity, as assessed by TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus-II (TASC-II) classification and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index.

Materials and methods

A total of 71 consecutive patients with PAD (males 93%, mean age 63.3 ± 9.7), who underwent percutaneous peripheral intervention were included retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the angiographically detected lesions. Those with TASC A-B lesions were included in Group 1, and those with TASC C-D lesions were included in Group 2. TyG index was calculated as formula: ln[fasting TG (mg/dL) × fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)/2].

Results

There were 40 patients in Group 1 (90.3% men, with a mean age of 63.6 ± 9.3 years) and 31 patients in Group 2 (96.8% men, with a mean age of 62.0 ± 8.6 years). In the majority of patients in both groups, the target vessels are iliac arteries and femoral arteries. In Group 2, platelet count and TyG index were significantly high, according to Group 1. The TyG index was significantly correlated with TASC-II, Rutherford category, HbA1c, and HDL-C.

Conclusion

In this present study, we showed that the TyG index was an independent predictor of peripheral artery disease complexity, according to TASC-II classification, for the first time in the literature.

Association Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes with Cardiometabolic Index, Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Novel Anthropometric Indices: A Link of FTO-rs9939609 Polymorphism

Background

The role of metabolic states in cardiovascular risks among individuals with varying degrees of obesity is unknown. The study aimed to compare cardiometabolic index (CMI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and novel anthropometric indices in metabolic and non-metabolically obese individual with regard to the role of FTO gene in Iranian adults.

Methods

In total, 165 individuals were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Individuals grouped into four groups: metabolic healthy normal-weight (MHNW) individuals, metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUNW) individuals, metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals and metabolic unhealthy obese (MUO) individuals. The dietary intake was evaluated by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The cardiovascular indices (CMI, AIP and LAP) were calculated. A variety of anthropometric indices were calculated, including body adiposity Index (BAI), weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), A body shape index (ABSI) and waist-height ratio (WHR). The genotypes of FTO-rs9939609 subjects were detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

Results

The individuals with metabolically unhealthy phenotypes (MUO, MUNW) have higher levels of triglyceride and cardiovascular indices (AIP, LAP and CMI) than the individuals with metabolic healthy phenotypes (MHO, MHNW). With a similar degree of obesity, the anthropometric indices (BAI, WWI and WHR) levels were higher in metabolic unhealthy groups than metabolically healthy groups. The highest frequency of obesity-risk allele AA of FTO gene was observed in MUO, MHO, MUNW and MHNW, respectively.

Conclusion

Normal-weight individuals with metabolic unhealthy status are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases than obese individuals with metabolically healthy status. The genotype frequencies of obesity-risk allele AA of FTO gene were higher in obesity phenotypes than metabolic phenotypes.

Effect of fish paste products "Hanpen" intake in Sprague-Dawley rats

Fish paste product, "Hanpen," is a traditional type of Japanese food made from minced fish as well as imitation crab and kamaboko, and a marshmallow-like soft texture is characteristic of hanpen. Hanpen is known as a high-protein and low-fat food. However, there is a lack of evidence on its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hanpen intake on organ weight and biomarker levels in Sprague-Dawley rats with diets consisting of hanpen for 84 days as an initial study. Male, 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: group I, fed normal diets, and group II, fed normal diets with 5% dried hanpen. Throughout the 84-day treatment period, we checked body weight and food intake, and after 84 days, we performed organ weight and blood biochemical analyses. No significant differences were seen in body weight, food intake, organ weight, and most biochemical parameters between group I and group II. Interestingly, total cholesterol (T-CHO) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of group II were significantly higher than those of group I after administration for 84 days. Moreover, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of group II was marked lower than that of group I, and other liver function parameters of group II tended to be lower than those of group I. As conclusion, "Hanpen," a Japanese traditional food, could be effective as a functional food for human health management worldwide.

Increased atherogenic index in the general hearing loss population

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of hearing loss with atherogenic index (AI) in the general population.

Methods

A multistage study using cluster random sampling method was conducted in the Zhejiang province from 2016 to 2018. Pure-tone air-conduction hearing thresholds were measured at frequencies of 0.125-8 kHz for each subject. After obtaining their consent, all participants were asked to provide their own plasma lipid data.

Results

A total of 3,414 eligible participants were included, 1,765 (51.7%) were men and 1,649 (48.3%) were women and 1,113 (32.6%) had hearing loss. Ridge regression showed increased AI in subjects with hearing loss. The subgroup with the highest quartile of AI, presenting the highest risk of hearing loss as compared to the lowest quartile, comprised young and middle-aged women. Further analysis revealed that the AI in people with different categories of hearing loss was higher than that in the normal population, except for those with (extremely) severe hearing loss. Moreover, the young and middle-aged women exhibited the most significant correlations between AI and hearing loss.

Conclusion

AI was positively associated with hearing loss in the general population, especially the young and middle-aged women.

Is it possible to predict the complexity of peripheral artery disease with atherogenic index?

OBJECTIVES

Lower extremity peripheral artery disease develops mainly due to atherosclerosis and occurs as a result of the systemic atherosclerotic process. Increased triglyceride (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values increase atherosclerosis risk. With regard to this information, TG/HDL-C ratio is used as the atherogenic index. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of TG/HDL-C ratio to predict the complexity of disease in patients with peripheral artery disease.

METHODS

Patients who were diagnosed with peripheral artery disease and admitted to our clinic between August 2013 and August 2019 were included in this study retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups based on angiographic evaluations with TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-II classification. Those with TASC A-B lesions were included in Group 1 and those with TASC C-D lesions constituted Group 2.

RESULTS

The mean ages of Group 1 (n = 314) and Group 2 (n = 98) patients were 56.1 ± 9.3 and 58.4.1 ± 8.1 years, respectively. The frequency of male gender and coronary artery disease was significantly higher in Group 2 (p = 0.043, p = 0.001, respectively). In Group 2, triglyceride and TG/HDL-C ratios were significantly high, while HDL-C was significantly low (p = 0.022, p < 0.001, p = 0.010, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis performed to evaluate the parameters in predicting the angiographic complexity of peripheral artery disease showed that coronary artery disease (OR: 1.009 CI 95%: 1.003-1.021 p = 0.016) and TG/HDL-C ratio (OR: 5.385 CI 95%: 2.553-9.357 p = 0.001) were independent predictors for complexity. ROC analysis revealed that the cut-off value of TG/HDL-C was 2.9 (AUC = 0.670, p < 0.001) with 75.5% sensitivity and 56.7% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

It is possible to predict the angiographic complexity of peripheral artery disease with TG/HDL-C ratio, also known as atherogenic index, which is easily obtained by routine biochemical parameters.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Assessing the Effects of Angelica Gigas Nakai Extract on Blood Triglycerides

Angelica gigas Nakai, Korean dang-gui, has long been widely used in traditional treatment methods. There have been a number of studies of the health effects of A. gigas and related compounds, but studies addressing effects on blood triglycerides (TG) are lacking. To investigate the effects of A. gigas Nakai extract (AGNE) on TG in Korean subjects, we carried out a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Subjects who met the inclusion criterion (130 mg/dL ≤ fasting blood TG ≤ 200 mg/dL) were recruited for this study. One hundred subjects were assigned to the AGNE group (n = 50) or the placebo group (n = 50), who were given 1 g/day of AGNE (as a gigas Nakai extract 200 mg/d) in capsules and the control group for 12 weeks. Outcomes were efficacy TG, lipid profiles, atherogenic index, and safety parameters were assessed initially for a baseline measurement and after 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of supplementation, TG and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentration and TG/HDL-C ratio in the AGNE group were significantly reduced compared to the placebo group (p < 05). No significant changes in any safety parameter were observed. These results suggest that the ingestion of AGNE may improve TG and be useful to manage or prevent hypertriglyceridemia.

Changes in serum adipokines profile and insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by an altered glucose and lipid metabolism. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is involved in the pathogenesis of both RA and metabolic syndrome. This study evaluated the effects of anti-TNF-α agents (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with RA.Methods: A total of 33 RA, biological therapy-naive patients were recruited. Changes in Disease Activity, Body Mass Index, resistin, leptin and adiponectin serum levels, lipid profile, atherogenic index, insulin sensitivity index, and insulin resistance index were evaluated at baseline and after anti-TNF-α treatments.Results: Anti-TNF-α treatment was effective in reducing disease activity. An inverse relationship between disease activity and adiponectin levels was found, whereas leptin and resistin levels directly correlated with disease activity. TNF-α therapy significantly reduced leptin, resistin, and increased adiponectin. TNF-α inhibition resulted in a reduction of atherogenic index and insulin resistance index while increased insulin sensitivity index.Conclusion: Anti-TNF-α agents could have a crucial role in modifying the impact of lipid profile and glucose levels dysregulation in RA patients. TNF-α inhibition may be a potential strategy for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and could play a role in the reduction of cardiovascular risk in RA.

Assessment of the Antioxidant/Hypolipidemic Relationship of Sideritis hyssopifolia in an Experimental Animal Model

Many publications have described the potential cardioprotective action of different medicinal plants, relating this effect with blood lipid levels. However, these publications do not justify the right amount of plant administered, which can vary greatly. Sideritis hyssopifolia is a little woody plant endemic to western and southwestern Europe. We have quantified its antioxidant activity, which can be used as an indicator of its cardioprotective action. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of Sideritis hyssopifolia to design a feed whose hypolipidemic effects are proven in cholesterol-fed New Zealand rabbits. Antioxidant action was assessed in infusions, which were prepared with 1 or 3 g of plant in 200 mL of water by using an ABTS assay and expressed as Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC). Aqueous infusions with infusion times of 10 min and prepared with 3 g plant exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Sideritis hyssopifolia showed an intermediate antioxidant capacity for the concentrations and times of the infusion tested. According to our results, we suggest incorporating 2.36 g of S. hyssopifolia every 150 g of rabbit feeding stuff (15.73 g/kg). This chow decreased cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels in cholesterol-fed rabbits, as well as the atherogenic index. This reduction was similar to that obtained with simvastatin.

Atherogenic index of plasma is related to arterial stiffness but not to blood pressure in normotensive and never-treated hypertensive subjects

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), defined as the logarithm of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to examine the association of AIP with haemodynamic variables in normotensive and never-treated hypertensive subjects in a cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Supine haemodynamics in 615 subjects without antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications were examined using whole-body impedance cardiography and radial pulse wave analysis. Linear regression analysis was applied to investigate the association of AIP with haemodynamic variables and age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption, plasma C-reactive protein, electrolytes, uric acid, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), estimated glomerular filtration rate, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

RESULTS

The demographics and laboratory values of the study population were (mean ± 95% confidence interval): age 44.9 ± 1.0 years, BMI 26.8 ± 0.4 kg/m², office blood pressure 140.6 ± 1.6/89.4 ± 1.0 mmHg, total cholesterol 5.2 ± 0.08, LDL-C 3.1 ± 0.08, triglycerides 1.2 ± 0.08, HDL-C 1.6 ± 0.04 mmol/l, and AIP -0.15 ± 0.02. Age (standardized coefficient Beta 0.508, p < .001) and aortic systolic blood pressure (Beta 0.239, p < .001) presented with the strongest associations with pulse wave velocity. However, AIP was also associated with pulse wave velocity (Beta 0.145, p < .001). AIP was not related with aortic or radial blood pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or augmentation index.

CONCLUSIONS

AIP is directly and independently associated with arterial stiffness, a variable strongly related to cardiovascular risk. This supports more widespread use of AIP in standard clinical cardiovascular disease risk evaluation.

Anti-atherosclerosis of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Rhodiola rosea on rat model via hypolipemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities together with regulation of endothelial function

BACKGROUND

Rhodiola rosea has been used as a traditional medicine for a long history. Previous studies on oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Rhodiola rosea (OPCRR) have showed that it exhibited significant free radical-scavenging activities, antioxidant activities in aging mice and lipid lowering effects.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

We hypothesized that OPCRR can improve the atherosclerosis pathological in rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of OPCRR on the serum lipid profiles, oxidant stress status, inflammatory cytokines and atherosclerotic mediators, and endothelial dysfunction as well as changes in abdominal aorta of atherosclerosis rats.

METHODS

The major components of OPCRR were analyzed by using infrared spectrum and HPLC-ESI-MS. The atherosclerosis rat model was induced by high fat and vitamin D3 feeding for 9 weeks and two OPCRR doses (60 and 120 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered daily for 9 weeks. The rats were then sacrificed and the blood was collected via abdominal aorta and serum was separated by centrifugated for biochemical analysis. Part of the aorta tissues were excised immediately for histopathological examination and western blotting.

RESULTS

Compared to model group, OPCRR treatments significantly decreased the serum lipid profiles including total cholesterol, total triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and ox-LDL and increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); significant increased serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) and decrease of MDA content as a product of lipid peroxidation; lowered serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and enhanced IL-10 level; increased the serum release of nitric oxide and expression of iNOS in aortic, whereas decreased the expression of eNOS.

CONCLUSION

OPCRR can improve the progress of atherosclerosis by regulation of lipid metabolism, restoring of the antioxidant capacities, and attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemcytokines release, and improving the endothelial dysfunction indicated by nitric oxide system.

Effects of gender, age and treatment duration on lipid profile and renal function indices in diabetic patients attending a teaching hospital in South-Western Nigeria

Background

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with diabetic nephropathy and hyperlipidemia. Gender, age, medication adherence, lifestyle, culture and socioeconomic status could be sources of diversity in T2DM leading to differences in predisposition, development and clinical presentation.

Objectives

Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of gender, age and treatment duration on kidney and lipid-related biochemical indices of T2DM patients attending Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (EKSUTH).

Methods

Blood from diabetic patients and healthy subjects was analysed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), renal function parameters and lipid profile. Influence of age, gender and treatment duration on indices was assessed using standard baseline values.

Results

Dyslipidemia was pronounced among female diabetics while the incidence of diabetes was found to be higher in middle-age. The percentage of diabetics with high levels of FPG, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol after 9–10 years of treatment were lower compared with the percentage after 5–6 years of treatment.

Conclusion

Gender, age and treatment duration influenced clinical course of T2DM among patients presenting at EKSUTH but long term treatment appeared to improve T2DM among patients.

Arterial stiffness, plasma atherogenic index and soluble cell adhesion molecules in healthy young adults with reduced physical activity

OBJECTIVE

To examine some anthropometric parameters, arterial stiffness, lipid profile, and soluble adhesion molecules in young adults with reduced physical activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study is carried on 54 healthy young adults aged 20.97 ± 2.04 years. Two groups: 23 with reduced physical activity (INAC) and 31 with optimal physical activity (AC). Body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), central aortic systolic blood pressure (CSBP, mmHg), plasma atherogenic index (AIP), and serum soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) are followed up.

RESULTS

CSBP [115.56 ± 10.22 vs. 105.13 ± 9.88*], AIP [-0.04 ± 0.18 vs. -0.08 ± 0.08**] and sICAM-1 [362.5 ± 49.95 vs. 281.75 ± 80.39**] are significantly higher, and BMR [1431 ± 297.9 vs. 1674.6 ± 365.57*] is significantly lower in the physically inactive young healthy adults.

CONCLUSIONS

CSBP, AIP, and sICAM-1 are higher in young adults with reduced physical activity. This plays substantial role in the acceleration of atherogenic process and in long-term perspective could promote cardiovascular diseases.

The atherogenic index of plasma and its impact on recanalization of chronic total occlusion

BACKGROUND

The plasma-derived atherogenic index (AIP) is associated with an increasing risk for cardiovascular diseases. Whether an increased AIP may predict the complexity of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusion (CTO), according to available research, has never been investigated before.

METHODS

Three hundred seventeen patients were included prospectively and treated with PCI for at least one CTO between 2012 and 2017. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) plasma levels were measured 24 h before PCI. All patients were stratified into tertiles of AIP (defined as 0.11, 0.11-0.21, > 0.21) based on their TG/HDL-C (AIP) levels.

RESULTS

Mean AIP of all patients undergoing CTO-PCI was 0.53 ± 0.29. The majority of patients were male (82.6%), and mean age was 61 ± 10.4 years. Increased AIP > 0.21 was associated with longer occlusion length (statistical trend p = 0.082) and stent routes (p = 0.022) and with a higher number of implanted stents (n > 4) (statistical trend p = 0.072). Success rates were similar in all AIP categories (p = 0.461). In-hospital PCI-related complications were rare and not statistically different (p = 0.852).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates for the first time that an increased AIP may predict the complexity of CTO-PCI and additionally may help to improve planning and quality of CTO-PCI.

Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Kenaf Seed Oil, Macroemulsion, and Nanoemulsion in High-Cholesterol Diet Induced Rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of kenaf seed oil (KSO), kenaf seed oil-in-water macroemulsion (KSOM), kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (KSON), and emulsifier mixtures (EM) on serum lipid profile, liver oxidative status, and histopathological changes in high-cholesterol fed rats. Stability and characteristic of KSOM and KSON were carried out prior to in vivo study. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups (6 rats each) and induced hypercholesterolemia by feeding high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 14 days prior to treatments. Different treatments were introduced on day 15 to 29 while supplemented with HCD and removal of HCD during treatment on day 30 to 43, except for HCD group. Body weight and serum lipid profiles were measured at 3 different points: after hypercholesterolemia was induced, on day 29, and at the end of the experiment. Relative liver weight, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, and fecal total bile acids were also determined at the end of experiment. KSON showed significantly higher stability than KSOM and FTIR exhibited good encapsulation of KSO after 1.5 years of storage. Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid peroxidation levels in HCD group without treatment were significantly higher compared to normal control group and all treatment groups. All samples demonstrated hypocholesterolemic effect, but KSON exhibited higher efficiency in cholesterol-lowering properties, weight control and decreased liver fat as confirmed by histopathological evaluation. The overall results revealed that the efficacy of different treatments was in descending order of KSON, KSO, KSOM, and EM.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsion (KSON) has the potential to be used as a natural alternative to the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drug in the future. However, larger sample size and clinical trial are needed to confirm on this potential application. In addition, treatment with KSON was suggested to prevent cardiovascular disease and fatty liver.

Apple Cider Vinegar Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Risk of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Male Wistar Rats

Metabolic syndrome is a serious consequence of obesity characterized by increased cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. While diets enriched with natural antioxidants showed beneficial effects on oxidative stress, blood pressure, and serum lipid composition, diet supplementation with synthetic antioxidants showed contradictive results. Thus, we tested, in this study, whether a daily dosage of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) would affect cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Obese rats showed increased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and atherogenic index after 6 and 9 weeks of being fed an HFD. Importantly, ACV ameliorated all of these parameters significantly. Oxidative stress already developed after 6 weeks of HFD and was significantly reduced by daily doses of ACV. Oral administration of ACV normalized various biochemical and metabolic changes since it exhibited a very significant (P < .001) reduction in malondialdehyde levels, whereas an increase in thiol group concentrations and antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase [CAT] activities and vitamin E concentrations). In addition, a modulation in trace element levels was observed when compared with HFD groups. These findings suggested that HFD alters the oxidant-antioxidant balance, as evidenced by a reduction in the antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin E level, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. ACV can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress in HFD rats through the modulating antioxidant defense system and reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases by preventing the atherogenic risk.

Hypocholesterolemic activity of indigenous probiotic isolate Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARDMC1 in a rat model

The aim of this study was to investigate probiotic attributes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARDMC1 isolated from traditional rice beer starter cake and its hypocholesterolemic effects on Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. The indigenous isolate ARDMC1 showed potential probiotic characteristics such as tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal stress conditions, autoaggregation properties, and adhesion to intestinal epithelium Caco-2 cell line. In addition, ARDMC1 isolate exhibited in vitro cholesterol assimilation properties in media supplemented with cholesterol. Furthermore, administration of probiotic isolate to rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet resulted in significant reduction of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride at the end of 42 days. The present study envisages ARDMC1 as a promising starter culture for the preparation of functional foods with properties to combat cardiovascular diseases.

Myrtenal alleviates hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and improves pancreatic insulin level in STZ-induced diabetic rats

CONTEXT

Myrtenal is monoterpene a constituent of essential oils found mainly in herbs such as mint, pepper, cumin, etc. It exerts admirable pharmacological activities against many diseases including diabetes. Hyperlipidaemia is a secondary complication of diabetes and also a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The present study investigated the possible antihyperlipidaemic efficacy of myrtenal on plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin, plasma and tissue lipid levels in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg b.w.). Myrtenal (80 mg/kg) was administered orally to diabetic rats for a period of 28 d. Plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin, TC, TGs, FFAs, PLs, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL, atherogenic index, (HMG-CoA) reductase, LPL, LCAT and liver histology were analyzed.

RESULTS

Diabetic rats showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased plasma glucose (273.18 mg/dL), total cholesterol (142 mg/dL), triglycerides (126 mg/dL), free fatty acids (118 mg/dL), phospholipids (153 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (88.07 mg/dL), very low-density lipoprotein (25.2 mg/dL), atherogenic index, whereas a decrease in the levels of pancreatic insulin (97.48 ng/mg) and high-density lipoprotein (29.12 mg/dL). In addition, the activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (0.94 HMG-CoA ratio/(mevalonate) increased significantly in contrast to the activities of lipoprotein lipase (4.87 μmoles of glycerol liberated/h/L) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (54.61 μmoles of cholesterol esterified/h/L) in diabetic rats. Treatment with myrtenal significantly (p < 0.05) improved the levels of plasma glucose, pancreatic insulin and lipid profiles. Moreover, the histopathological analysis of liver was also in agreement with the biochemical findings.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates that myrtenal possess antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties, and could potentially be a useful phytochemical in treating diabetes.

Is the serum level of salusin-β associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis in the pediatric population?

BACKGROUND

Salusins are recently identified endogenous bioactive peptides that have hypotensive and bradycardiac effects. Salusin-β is involved in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis.

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study of a young patient population with hypertension (HTN). Based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), the adolescents were categorized into two groups, namely, a hypertensive group consisting of patients with essential (primary) HTN (HTN group) and a group consisting of patients with white-coat HTN [reference (R) group]. Correlations between serum salusin-β level and clinical, laboratory and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) variables were assessed.

RESULTS

The median salusin-β concentration was significantly higher in patients with essential HTN than in those with white-coat HTN (R group). Salusin-β was positively correlated with the body mass index Z-score, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) from three independent measurements, mean systolic BP during the daytime, triglyceride (TG) level, and atherogenic index (TG/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this preliminary study suggest that salusin-β may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HTN in a young population. Further research should focus on the role of salusin-β in the mechanism of essential HTN and the assessment of possible correlations between salusin-β and other well-known markers of atherosclerosis in both teenagers and adults. This research should serve as a base for future studies in this field.

Effect of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Garcinia atroviridis: a comparative study

BACKGROUND

Garcinia atroviridis is a seasonal fruit plant found in many parts of South East Asia. The fruit rind is used in cooking and traditionally consumed for various reasons, including to lower blood cholesterol. A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the influence of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the lipid-lowering and antioxidant activities of Garcinia atroviridis.

RESULTS

Aqueous extracts showed better antihyperlipidemic activity than the methanol extracts. Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the most potent antihyperlipidemic activity, comparable to that of atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglycerides (P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), very-low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (P < 0.01). In contrast, antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of all parts of G. atroviridis were higher than their respective aqueous extracts, whereby the stem and leaves extracts showed better antioxidant activities than the fruits.

CONCLUSION

Aqueous and methanol extracts of G. atroviridis showed higher antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed significant correlations with antioxidant but not with antihyperlipidemic activities, indicating the involvement of other compounds. Contrary to the traditional belief, the present findings suggest that the fruit has higher antihyperlipidemic potential than the fruit rind.

Effects of the Cynanchum wilfordii Ethanol Extract on the Serum Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ethanol extract of Cynanchum wilfordii (ECW) on the blood lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic rats. Thirty 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed free access to either a normal diet (AIN-93 diet), or 1% high-cholesterol diet with or without 0.5% or 1% ECW for 5 weeks. After sacrifice, the rat serum lipid profile was analyzed. The diets containing ECW decreased body weight gains compared to the normal diet. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels of ECW-fed groups were significantly increased in the hypercholesterolemic groups and normal groups (P<0.05). When 1% ECW was fed to the normal group, total cholesterol level was increased. Moreover, treatment of ECW in hypercholesterolemic groups yielded a dose-dependent and highly significant decrease in the atherogenic index as compared to the control. These results suggest that intake of Cynanchum wilfordii may help reduce the risks of hypercholesterolemia by increasing blood HDL-cholesterol and lowering the atherogenic index.

Serum lipid profile and correlates in newly presenting Nigerians with arterial hypertension

Background

Arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia are modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. The multiplicative effect of these risk factors may worsen the atherogenic index of an individual. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern and prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly presenting Nigerians with arterial hypertension, as well as determine some of its correlates.

Methods

This cross-sectional study compared 115 newly presenting, age- and sex-matched individuals with arterial hypertension with 115 normotensive individuals. Fasting lipids, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and fasting plasma glucose were estimated.

Results

Patients with arterial hypertension had higher body mass index (t=7.64; P=0.000), TC (t=2.95; P=0.006), and HDL-C (t=−5.18; P=0.000). The most common dyslipidemia was low HDL-C, found in both the hypertensive (44.3%) and normotensive (20.9%) patients. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in hypertensives and controls was 64% and 39%, respectively. In hypertensive patients, TC correlated positively to diastolic blood pressure (r=0.218; P=0.0019). Other positive correlates include LDL-C and age (r=0.217; P=0.020) and fasting plasma glucose (r=0.202; P=0.030) and body mass index (r=0.209; P=0.025). Among normotensive controls, TC correlated positively with LDL-C (r=0.63; P=0.000) but correlated negatively with tri glycerides (r=−0.30; P=0.001).

Conclusion

Lipid abnormalities are common in newly presenting Nigerians with arterial hypertension. Screening of these risk factors, promotion of healthy lifestyle, and the institution of therapy is desirable to reduce their multiplicative effects.

Effects of 6 months of abatacept treatment on aortic stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation plays an important role in the increased cardiac risk observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Effective control of inflammation and disease activity may be of benefit in reducing cardiovascular risk in RA patients.

OBJECTIVE

Our study was conducted in patients with active RA to investigate the effects of 24-week abatacept treatment on aortic stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV).

RESULTS

The study included 21 patients, of whom 17 were females, with a mean age of 65.2±13.7 years. Ten patients had positive rheumatoid factors, 16 positive anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, and 19 presented an erosive form of RA. Sixteen patients were nonresponders to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatments. After 6 months of abatacept treatment, there was a significant increase in PWV levels (9.8±2.9 versus 8.5±3.9 m/second; P=0.02). A nonsignificant increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed. There was also a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, which led to a nonsignificant decrease in atherogenic index. The improvement in disease activity was significant, and there was a decrease of systemic inflammatory parameters, but without reaching statistical significancy. Changes in PWV were significantly correlated with changes in Disease Activity Score on 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=0.46; P=0.035) and in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=-0.38; P=0.046). No correlation was observed with changes in C-reactive protein and in other parameters of lipid profile or in steroid dose.

CONCLUSION

The worsening of aortic stiffness found after 6 months of abatacept therapy might be due to an insufficient decrease in systemic inflammation.

Are metabolic syndrome antecedents in prepubertal children associated with being born idiopathic large for gestational age?

INTRODUCTION

Being born large for gestational age (LGA) is a risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents and adults.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate prepubertal children born idiopathic LGA to non-obese mothers without gestational diabetes or glucosuria with respect to the presence of MS antecedents.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study to compare 40 (19 F) LGA-born prepubertal children of a mean age of 6.1 ± 2.5 yr and 49 (25 F) appropriate for gestational age (AGA)-born body mass index (BMI)-matched peers of a mean age of 5.4 ± 1.8 yr with respect to their anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipids and atherogenic index (AI) [triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. HOMA-IR > 2.5 was used to define IR. HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL and TG ≥ 110 mg/dL were used to define dyslipidemia. Both groups were further divided into subgroups as obese and non-obese according to their BMI percentiles and the analyses were repeated.

RESULTS

Non-obese LGA children had higher waist circumference (WC) standard deviation scores (SDSs) than BMI-matched AGA-born peers (p = 0.024). There were no significant differences between pooled, obese and non-obese subgroups of LGA-born children and their AGA counterparts with respect to dyslipidemia and IR. AI was higher in non-obese LGA children than in AGA counterparts (p = 0.028).

CONCLUSIONS

Non-obese idiopathic LGA-born children have higher AIs than AGA-born counterparts in the absence of IR. WC seems to be a good clinical screening tool in identifying at risk of non-obese LGA children. Further studies are needed to evaluate MS antecedents in idiopathic LGA-born children.