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Güven Gülhan Ü, Nikerel E, Çakır T, Erdoğan Sevilgen F, Durmuş S. Species-level identification of enterotype-specific microbial markers for colorectal cancer and adenoma. Mol Omics 2024; 20:397-416. [PMID: 38780313 DOI: 10.1039/d4mo00016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Enterotypes have been shown to be an important factor for population stratification based on gut microbiota composition, leading to a better understanding of human health and disease states. Classifications based on compositional patterns will have implications for personalized microbiota-based solutions. There have been limited enterotype based studies on colorectal adenoma and cancer. Here, an enterotype-based meta-analysis of fecal shotgun metagenomic studies was performed, including 1579 samples of healthy controls (CTR), colorectal adenoma (ADN) and colorectal cancer (CRC) in total. Gut microbiota of healthy people were clustered into three enterotypes (Ruminococcus-, Bacteroides- and Prevotella-dominated enterotypes). Reference-based enterotype assignments were performed for CRC and ADN samples, using the supervised machine learning algorithm, K-nearest neighbors. Differential abundance analyses and random forest classification were conducted on each enterotype between healthy controls and CRC-ADN groups, revealing novel enterotype-specific microbial markers for non-invasive CRC screening strategies. Furthermore, we identified microbial species unique to each enterotype that play a role in the production of secondary bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, unveiling the correlation between cancer-associated gut microbes and dietary patterns. The enterotype-based approach in this study is promising in elucidating the mechanisms of differential gut microbiome profiles, thereby improving the efficacy of personalized microbiota-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünzile Güven Gülhan
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, TR 41400, Turkey.
| | - Emrah Nikerel
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, TR 34755, Turkey
| | - Tunahan Çakır
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, TR 41400, Turkey.
- PhiTech Bioinformatics, Gebze, TR 41470, Turkey
| | - Fatih Erdoğan Sevilgen
- The Institute for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, TR 34342, Turkey
- PhiTech Bioinformatics, Gebze, TR 41470, Turkey
| | - Saliha Durmuş
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, TR 41400, Turkey.
- PhiTech Bioinformatics, Gebze, TR 41470, Turkey
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DeLira-Bustillos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Velazquez-Roman J, Tapia-Pastrana G, Martínez-Villa FA, Velázquez-Cruz R, Salmerón J, Canizales-Quinteros S, Canizalez-Roman A. Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli harboring cyclomodulins and supplementary virulence genes isolates from clinical and environmental samples. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106634. [PMID: 38556104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyclomodulins (cdt, cnf, pks and cif) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from clinical and environmental samples, the presence of supplementary virulence genes (SVG), antibiotic resistance, and in vitro cytotoxicity. 413 E. coli were isolated from clinical (stool from obese subjects, normal weight subjects, children with diarrhea, and children without diarrhea; and urine from pregnant and non-pregnant women with urinary tract infections) and environmental (water and different foods) samples. PCR was performed to identify E. coli pathotypes, the four cyclomodulins, and 18 SVG; virulence score, cytotoxic assay, and antibiotic resistance assay were performed. Fifteen percent of E. coli were positive for cyclomodulins and were found in all isolation sources; however, in children with diarrhea, they were more frequent. The most frequent cyclomodulin was cdt. More DEC strains harbor cyclomodulins than non-DEC, and cyclomodulins were most frequent among aEPEC pathotype. SVG ehaC was associated with cyclomodulin-positive strains. Cyclomodulin-positive E. coli had a higher virulence score but no significant cytotoxic activity. They were slightly more resistant to antibiotics. In conclusion, cyclomodulins-positive E. coli was widely distributed in humans, food, and the environment, and they were associated with SVG ehaC, suggesting that these genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cyclomodulins. However, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora DeLira-Bustillos
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, 80030, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80058, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 71256, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, 14610, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80020, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico.
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3
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van der Vossen EWJ, Davids M, Bresser LRF, Galenkamp H, van den Born BJH, Zwinderman AH, Levin E, Nieuwdorp M, de Goffau MC. Gut microbiome transitions across generations in different ethnicities in an urban setting-the HELIUS study. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 37158898 PMCID: PMC10165778 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the course of history, various important lifestyle changes have caused profound transitions of the gut microbiome. These include the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry, a shift from a nomadic to a more sedentary lifestyle, and recently increased levels of urbanization and a transition towards a more Western lifestyle. The latter is linked with shifts in the gut microbiome that have a reduced fermentative capability and which are commonly associated with diseases of affluence. In this study, in which 5193 subjects are included, we investigated the direction of microbiome shifts that occur in various ethnicities living in Amsterdam by comparing 1st and 2nd generation participants. We furthermore validated part of these findings with a cohort of subjects that moved from rural Thailand to the USA. RESULTS The abundance of the Prevotella cluster, which includes P. copri and the P. stercorea trophic network, diminished in the 2nd generation Moroccans and Turks but also in younger Dutch, whilst the Western-associated Bacteroides/Blautia/Bifidobacterium (BBB) cluster, which has an inverse correlation with α-diversity, increased. At the same time, the Christensenellaceae/Methanobrevibacter/Oscillibacter trophic network, which is positively associated with α-diversity and a healthy BMI, decreased in younger Turks and Dutch. Large compositional shifts were not observed in South-Asian and African Surinamese, in whom the BBB cluster is already dominant in the 1st generation, but ASV-level shifts towards certain species, associated amongst others with obesity, were observed. CONCLUSION The Moroccan and Turkish populations, but also the Dutch population are transitioning towards a less complex and fermentative less capable configuration of the gut microbiota, which includes a higher abundance of the Western-associated BBB cluster. The Surinamese, whom have the highest prevalence of diabetes and other diseases of affluence, are already dominated by the BBB cluster. Given the continuous increase in diseases of affluence, this devolution towards low-diversity and fermentatively less capable gut microbiome compositions in urban environments is a worrying development. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard W J van der Vossen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Davids
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas R F Bresser
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Horaizon BV, Marshalllaan 2, 2625 GZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Galenkamp
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan H van den Born
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Horaizon BV, Marshalllaan 2, 2625 GZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Plaza-Diaz J. Dietary Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota Ecosystem. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204285. [PMID: 36296968 PMCID: PMC9610471 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (J.P.-D.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 41599) (A.I.Á.-M.)
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (J.P.-D.); Tel.: +34-958241000 (ext. 41599) (A.I.Á.-M.)
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López-Montoya P, Cerqueda-García D, Rodríguez-Flores M, López-Contreras B, Villamil-Ramírez H, Morán-Ramos S, Molina-Cruz S, Rivera-Paredez B, Antuna-Puente B, Velázquez-Cruz R, Villarreal-Molina T, Canizales-Quinteros S. Association of Gut Microbiota with Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Its Impact on Serum Lipid Levels after Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173545. [PMID: 36079803 PMCID: PMC9460232 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been suggested to modulate circulating lipids. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD), defined as the presence of both low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia, is not fully understood. Moreover, because obesity is among the main causes of secondary AD, it is important to analyze the effect of gut microbiota composition on lipid profiles after a weight loss intervention. We compared the microbial diversity and taxonomic composition in patients with AD (n = 41) and controls (n = 38) and sought correlations of genera abundance with serum lipid levels in 20 patients after weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Gut microbiota composition was profiled using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA. Gut microbiota diversity was significantly lower in atherogenic dyslipidemia. Moreover, relative abundance of two genera with LDA score >3.5 (Megasphaera and LPS-producing Escherichia-Shigella), was significantly higher in AD subjects, while the abundance of four short chain fatty acids (SCFA) producing-genera (Christensenellaceae R-7, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014; Akkermansia and [Eubacterium] eligens group) was significantly higher in controls. Notably, [Eubacterium] eligens group abundance was also significantly associated with higher HDL-C levels in RYGB patients one year after surgery. Although dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (PUFA/SFA) ratio and PUFA intake were higher in controls than in AD subjects, of the four genera differentiated in cases and controls, only Akkermansia abundance showed a positive and significant correlation with PUFA/SFA ratio. Our results suggest that SCFA-producing bacteria promote a healthy lipid homeostasis, while the presence of LPS-producing bacteria such Escherichia-Shigella may contribute to the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla López-Montoya
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Marcela Rodríguez-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Blanca López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Sofía Morán-Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Selene Molina-Cruz
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud (CIPPS), Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Antuna-Puente
- Infection Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | | | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Elsherbiny NM, Ramadan M, Abu Faddan NH, Hassan EA, Ali ME, Abd El-Rehim ASED, Abbas WA, Abozaid MAA, Hassanin E, Mohamed GA, Hetta HF, Salah M. Impact of Geographical Location on the Gut Microbiota Profile in Egyptian Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:6173-6187. [PMID: 35864993 PMCID: PMC9296103 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s361169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the compositional and functional characteristics of T1DM-associated gut microbiota in two Egyptian cities and to study the geographical locality effects. Patients and Methods This case-control study included 32 children with controlled T1DM and 16 controls, selected from two different regions of Egypt. The gut microbiota of both diabetic and control children was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing; this was done using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results Consistent findings among the diabetic children included significantly lower alpha diversity than the control children, as well as a lower mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, and reduced proportions of Firmicutes and the genera Prevotella and Ruminococcus. In the diabetic children, there were also significantly enriched representations of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria and the genera Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium. When comparing the two diabetic groups, the Ismailia group (IsDM) was found to have a significantly higher F/B ratio and diversity indices, with resultant differences at the functional level. Conclusion There are a number of consistent changes in the microbiota profile characterizing the diabetic groups irrespective of the geographical location including significantly lower alpha diversity, mean Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, and reduced proportions of Firmicutes and genera Prevotella and Ruminococcus. There are also significantly enriched representations of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria and genera Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium pointing to the greater driving power of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla M Elsherbiny
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nagla H Abu Faddan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Elham Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Wael A Abbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A A Abozaid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ghada A Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Choroszy M, Sobieszczańska B, Litwinowicz K, Łaczmański Ł, Chmielarz M, Walczuk U, Roleder T, Radziejewska J, Wawrzyńska M. Co-toxicity of Endotoxin and Indoxyl Sulfate, Gut-Derived Bacterial Metabolites, to Vascular Endothelial Cells in Coronary Arterial Disease Accompanied by Gut Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030424. [PMID: 35276782 PMCID: PMC8840142 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, alongside a high-fat diet and cigarette smoking, is considered one of the factors promoting coronary arterial disease (CAD) development. The present study aimed to research whether gut dysbiosis can increase bacterial metabolites concentration in the blood of CAD patients and what impact these metabolites can exert on endothelial cells. The gut microbiomes of 15 age-matched CAD patients and healthy controls were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The in vitro impact of LPS and indoxyl sulfate at concentrations present in patients' sera on endothelial cells was investigated. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed gut dysbiosis in CAD patients, further confirmed by elevated LPS and indoxyl sulfate levels in patients' sera. CAD was associated with depletion of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes. LPS and indoxyl sulfate demonstrated co-toxicity to endothelial cells inducing reactive oxygen species, E-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production. Moreover, both of these metabolites promoted thrombogenicity of endothelial cells confirmed by monocyte adherence. The co-toxicity of LPS and indoxyl sulfate was associated with harmful effects on endothelial cells, strongly suggesting that gut dysbiosis-associated increased intestinal permeability can initiate or promote endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Choroszy
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Beata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamil Litwinowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubińskiego 10 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12 Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Chmielarz
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Urszula Walczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Tomasz Roleder
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamienskiego 73a Street, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland;
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