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Cai Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. MTHFR gene polymorphisms in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 561:119825. [PMID: 38908773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) are three regulatory enzymes in the folic acid (FA) cycle play a critical role in the balance of methionine and homocysteine. MTHFR and MTRR gene polymorphisms affect the biochemical activities of enzymes, impairing the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. In 1972, severe MTHFR deficiency resulting in homocystinuria was first reported, suggesting MTHFR involvement in the disease. MTHFR C677T polymorphism can independently increase the risk of high homocysteine (HHcy) in plasma. Elevation of homocysteine levels could increase the risk of microvascular damage, thrombosis, heart disease, etc. Vascular complications were regarded as a leading major cause of diabetes mortality, and disability increases individual health and economic burden. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and conventional medications do not provide a complete cure for diabetes. It was essential to identify other risk factors for the intervention and prevention of diabetes. MTHFR gene polymorphism is an emerging risk factor in diabetes. Recent studies have shown that polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene play a significant role in the pathophysiology of diabetes, including inflammation and insulin resistance. This review summarizes the association between MTHER gene polymorphism and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai 5th People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhuhai 5th People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519055, China
| | - Yingping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai 5th People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519055, China
| | - Yuqiu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai 5th People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519055, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519001, China.
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Zhu J, Saikia G, Zhang X, Shen X, Kahe K. One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients, Genetic Variation, and Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:170-183. [PMID: 38468500 PMCID: PMC10995489 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 9.3% of the population globally. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DM, owing to its promotion of oxidative stress, β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance. HHcy can result from low status of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients (e.g., folate, choline, betaine, vitamin B6, B12), which work together to degrade homocysteine by methylation. The etiology of HHcy may also involve genetic variation encoding key enzymes in OCM. This review aimed to provide an overview of the existing literature assessing the link between OCM nutrients status, related genetic factors, and incident DM. We also discussed possible mechanisms underlying the role of OCM in DM development and provided recommendations for future research and practice. Even though the available evidence remains inconsistent, some studies support the potential beneficial effects of intakes or blood levels of OCM nutrients on DM development. Moreover, certain variants in OCM-related genes may influence metabolic handling of methyl-donors and presumably incidental DM. Future studies are warranted to establish the causal inference between OCM and DM and examine the interaction of OCM nutrients and genetic factors with DM development, which will inform the personalized recommendations for OCM nutrients intakes on DM prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Nutrition and Foods Program, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Gunjana Saikia
- Nutrition and Foods Program, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology & Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Shen
- Department of Mathematics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Ka Kahe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ma X, Zhou S, Xu J, Guo Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Gao L, Yuan L. Gender-specific association of SLC19A1 and MTHFR genetic polymorphism with oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma folate levels in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112208. [PMID: 37201763 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma folate levels are closely related to antioxidant capacity and are regulated by folate pathway gene polymorphism. However, few studies have explored the gender-specific association of folate pathway gene polymorphism with oxidative stress biomarkers. The present study was designed to explore the gender-specific independent and combined impacts of solute carrier family 19 member 1 (SLC19A1) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genetic polymorphisms on oxidative stress biomarkers in older adults. METHODS A total of 401 subjects were recruited, including 145 males and 256 females. Demographic characteristics of the participants were collected by using a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting venous blood samples were taken for folate pathway gene genotyping, circulating lipids parameters and erythrocyte oxidative stress biomarkers measurement. The difference of genotype distribution and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated by the Chi-square test. The general linear model was applied to compare the plasma folate levels and erythrocyte oxidative stress biomarkers. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the correlation between genetic risk scores and oxidative stress biomarkers. Logistic regression was used to explore the association of genetic risk scores of folate pathway gene with folate deficiency. RESULTS The male subjects have lower plasma folate and HDL-C levels than the female ones, and the male carrying MTHFR rs1801133 (CC) or MTHFR rs2274976 (GA) genotypes have higher erythrocyte SOD activity. The plasma folate levels, erythrocyte SOD and GSH-PX activities were negatively correlated with genetic risk scores in the male subjects. A positive correlation between the genetic risk scores and folate deficiency was observed in the male subjects. CONCLUSIONS There was association between folate pathway gene polymorphism of Solute Carrier Family 19 Member 1 (SLC19A1) and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) with erythrocyte SOD and GSH-PX activities, and folate levels in male but not in female aging subjects. Genetic variant of genes involved in folate metabolism has strong impact on plasma folate levels in the male aging subjects. Our data demonstrated that there was a potential interaction of gender and its genetic background in affecting the body's antioxidant capacity and the risk of folate deficiency in aging subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixiang Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jingjing Xu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujie Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lifang Gao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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Cai L. Impact of Nutrition or FDA-Approved Medicine Repurposing on Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetic Complications. Nutrients 2023; 15:2515. [PMID: 37299478 PMCID: PMC10255908 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Both obesity and diabetes are global health threats due to their high risk of developing different complications [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, and Wendy Novak Diabetes Institute, Norton HealthCare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Lu XT, Wang YN, Mo QW, Huang BX, Wang YF, Huang ZH, Luo Y, Maierhaba W, He TT, Li SY, Huang RZ, Yang MT, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Chen S, Fang AP, Zhang XG, Zhu HL. Effects of low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation on lowering homocysteine concentrations among Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled preliminary clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1599-1610. [PMID: 36717385 PMCID: PMC9886420 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that daily supplementation with low-dose B vitamins plus betaine could significantly reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia and free from background mandatory folic acid fortification. METHODS One hundred apparently healthy adults aged 18-65 years with hyperhomocysteinemia were recruited in South China from July 2019 to June 2021. They were randomly assigned to either the supplement group (daily supplementation: 400 μg folic acid, 8 mg vitamin B6, 6.4 μg vitamin B12 and 1 g betaine) or the placebo group for 12 weeks. Fasting venous blood was collected at baseline, week 4 and week 12 to determine the concentrations of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12 and betaine. Generalized estimation equations were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Statistically significant increments in blood concentrations of folate, vitamin B12 and betaine after the intervention in the supplement group indicated good participant compliance. At baseline, there were no significant differences in plasma homocysteine concentration between the two groups (P = 0.265). After 12-week supplementation, compared with the placebo group, there was a significant reduction in plasma homocysteine concentrations in the supplement group (mean group difference - 3.87; covariate-adjusted P = 0.012; reduction rate 10.1%; covariate-adjusted P < 0.001). In the supplement group, the decreased concentration of plasma homocysteine was associated with increments of blood concentrations of both folate (β = -1.680, P = 0.004) and betaine (β = -1.421, P = 0.020) after 12 weeks of supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation with low-dose B vitamins plus betaine for 12 weeks effectively decreased plasma homocysteine concentrations in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03720249 on October 25, 2018. Website: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03720249 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yi-Na Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Qi-Wan Mo
- Medical Examination Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Bi-Xia Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yu-Fang Wang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, No.3 Kehui 3Rd Street, No.99 Kexue Avenue Central, Guangzhou, 510663 Guangdong China
| | - Zi-Hui Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Wusiman Maierhaba
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Tong-Tong He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Shu-Yi Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Rong-Zhu Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Meng-Tao Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Zhan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Zhao-Yan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xu-Guang Zhang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, No.3 Kehui 3Rd Street, No.99 Kexue Avenue Central, Guangzhou, 510663 Guangdong China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhong Shan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China ,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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van der Vaart A, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL, Connelly MA, van Dijk PR, Dullaart RPF. Higher betaine is associated with lower incidence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (Zodiac-61). Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e13873. [PMID: 36102283 PMCID: PMC10078367 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amarens van der Vaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ni Y, Zheng A, Hu Y, Rong N, Zhang Q, Long W, Yang S, Nan S, Zhang L, Zhou K, Wu T, Fu Z. Compound dietary fiber and high-grade protein diet improves glycemic control and ameliorates diabetes and its comorbidities through remodeling the gut microbiota in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959703. [PMID: 35958251 PMCID: PMC9363113 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention with a low glycemic index and full nutritional support is emerging as an effective strategy for diabetes management. Here, we found that the treatment of a novel compound dietary fiber and high-grade protein diet (CFP) improved glycemic control and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, with a similar effect to liraglutide. In addition, CFP treatment ameliorated diabetes-related metabolic syndromes, such as hyperlipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and adipogenesis, systemic inflammation, and diabetes-related kidney damage. These results were greatly associated with enhanced gut barrier function and altered gut microbiota composition and function, especially those bacteria, microbial functions, and metabolites related to amino acid metabolism. Importantly, no adverse effect of CFP was found in our study, and CFP exerted a wider arrange of protection against diabetes than liraglutide. Thereby, fortification with balanced dietary fiber and high-grade protein, like CFP, might be an effective strategy for the management and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nianke Rong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianpeng Zhang
- Polaris Health Life Science Research Center, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Long
- Polaris Health Life Science Research Center, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujie Nan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianxing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. The anti-diabetic potential of betaine. Mechanisms of action in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112946. [PMID: 35413601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine (N, N, N-trimethylglycine) is an amino-acid derivative exerting numerous beneficial effects on the organism. This compound is found in human and animal diets but is also endogenously generated. However, its synthesis may be insufficient to maintain or improve health. Moreover, the tissue content of betaine reduces under some pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. This decrease may be, however, easily alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation. Rodent studies provided evidence that betaine effectively limits many diabetes-related disturbances. Betaine therapy improves glucose tolerance and insulin action, which is strongly associated with changes in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Betaine supplementation positively affects multiple genes, which expression is dysregulated in diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase is thought to play a central role in the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic betaine action. Moreover, studies with animal models of type 2 diabetes have shown that betaine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and also alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. These changes contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose clearance. The results of animal studies encourage the exploration of the therapeutic betaine efficacy in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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