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Lutz M, Moya PR, Gallorio S, Ríos U, Arancibia M. Effects of Dietary Fiber, Phenolic Compounds, and Fatty Acids on Mental Health: Possible Interactions with Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects. Nutrients 2024; 16:2578. [PMID: 39203714 PMCID: PMC11356825 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence shows that dietary patterns are a key environmental determinant of mental health. Dietary constituents can modify epigenetic patterns and thus the gene expression of relevant genetic variants in various mental health conditions. In the present work, we describe some nutrigenomic effects of dietary fiber, phenolic compounds (plant secondary metabolites), and fatty acids on mental health outcomes, with emphasis on their possible interactions with genetic and epigenetic aspects. Prebiotics, through their effects on the gut microbiota, have been associated with modulation in the neuroendocrine response to stress and the facilitation of the processing of positive emotions. Some of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms include the serotonin neurotransmitter system (TPH1 gene) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (inhibition of histone deacetylases). The consumption of phenolic compounds exerts a positive role in neurocognitive domains. The evidence showing the involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors comes mainly from animal models, highlighting the role of epigenetic mechanisms through miRNAs and methyltransferases as well as the effect on the expression of apoptotic-related genes. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have been mainly related to psychotic and mood disorders, but the genetic and epigenetic evidence is scarce. Studies on the genetic and epigenetic basis of these interactions need to be promoted to move towards a precision and personalized approach to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Lutz
- Center for Translational Studies in Stress and Mental Health (C-ESTRES), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (P.R.M.); (U.R.)
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362735, Chile
| | - Pablo R. Moya
- Center for Translational Studies in Stress and Mental Health (C-ESTRES), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (P.R.M.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Sofía Gallorio
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362735, Chile;
| | - Ulises Ríos
- Center for Translational Studies in Stress and Mental Health (C-ESTRES), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (P.R.M.); (U.R.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362735, Chile
| | - Marcelo Arancibia
- Center for Translational Studies in Stress and Mental Health (C-ESTRES), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (M.L.); (P.R.M.); (U.R.)
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362735, Chile
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Jarosz ŁS, Socała K, Michalak K, Wiater A, Ciszewski A, Majewska M, Marek A, Grądzki Z, Wlaź P. The effect of psychoactive bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, on brain proteome profiles in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:925-945. [PMID: 38156998 PMCID: PMC11031467 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gut microbiota may play an important role in the development and functioning of the mammalian central nervous system. The assumption of the experiment was to prove that the use of probiotic bacterial strains in the diet of mice modifies the expression of brain proteins involved in metabolic and immunological processes. OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS Albino Swiss mice were administered with Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 every 24 h for 28 days. Protein maps were prepared from hippocampal homogenates of euthanized mice. Selected proteins that were statistically significant were purified and concentrated and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Among the analysed samples, 13 proteins were identified. The mean volumes of calcyon, secreted frizzled-associated protein 3, and catalase in the hippocampus of mice from both experimental groups were statistically significantly higher than in the control group. In mice supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, a lower mean volume of fragrance binding protein 2, shadow of prion protein, and glycine receptor α4 subunit was observed compared to the control. CONCLUSION The psychobiotics Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1enhances expression of proteins involved in the activation and maturation of nerve cells, as well as myelination and homeostatic regulation of neurogenesis in mice. The tested psychobiotics cause a decrease in the expression of proteins associated with CNS development and in synaptic transmission, thereby reducing the capacity for communication between nerve cells. The results of the study indicate that psychobiotic bacteria can be used in auxiliary treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz S Jarosz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Ciszewski
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Grądzki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Sharma SP, Suk KT. Microbial influence on liver regeneration: understanding gut microbiota and hepatic recovery post partial hepatectomy. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2024; 13:314-316. [PMID: 38617487 PMCID: PMC11007337 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-23-663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
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Schellekens H, Ribeiro G, Cuesta-Marti C, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in nutritional neuroscience. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1159-1171. [PMID: 36222323 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2128007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence is highlighting the microbiome as a key regulator of the effect of nutrition on gut-brain axis signaling. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether the impact of nutrition is moderating the microbiota-gut-brain interaction or if diet has a mediating role on microbiota composition and function to influence central nervous system function, brain phenotypes and behavior. Mechanistic evidence from cell-based in vitro studies, animal models and preclinical intervention studies are linking the gut microbiota to the effects of diet on brain function, but they have had limited translation to human intervention studies. While increasing evidence demonstrates the triangulating relationship between diet, microbiota, and brain function across the lifespan, future mechanistic and translational studies in the field of microbiota and nutritional neuroscience are warranted to inform potential strategies for prevention and management of several neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. This brief primer provides an overview of the most recent advances in the nutritional neuroscience - microbiome field, highlighting significant opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Cuesta-Marti
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tang H, Chen X, Huang S, Yin G, Wang X, Shen G. Targeting the gut-microbiota-brain axis in irritable bowel disease to improve cognitive function - recent knowledge and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:763-773. [PMID: 36757367 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut axis forms a bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cognitive brain areas. Disturbances to this system in disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease have consequences for neuronal activity and subsequent cognitive function. The gut-microbiota-brain axis refers to the communication between gut-resident bacteria and the brain. This circuits exists to detect gut microorganisms and relay information to specific areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that in turn, regulate gut physiology. Changes in both the stability and diversity of the gut microbiota have been implicated in several neuronal disorders, including depression, autism spectrum disorder Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Correcting this imbalance with medicinal herbs, the metabolic products of dysregulated bacteria and probiotics have shown hope for the treatment of these neuronal disorders. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the intricate connections between the gut-microbiota and the brain. We discuss the contribution of gut microbiota to neuronal disorders and the tangible links between diseases of the GI tract with cognitive function and behaviour. In this regard, we focus on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) given its strong links to brain function and anxiety disorders. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting targeted therapeutic strategies to modulate the gut microbiota for the treatment of brain/mental-health-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Tang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- School of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shun Huang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Xin'an School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoming Shen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, 230012 Hefei, Anhui, China
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Xiong RG, Li J, Cheng J, Zhou DD, Wu SX, Huang SY, Saimaiti A, Yang ZJ, Gan RY, Li HB. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Anxiety, Depression, and Other Mental Disorders as Well as the Protective Effects of Dietary Components. Nutrients 2023; 15:3258. [PMID: 37513676 PMCID: PMC10384867 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals experiencing mental disorders (e.g., anxiety and depression) has significantly risen in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to seek prevention and treatment strategies for mental disorders. Several gut microbiota, especially Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, are demonstrated to affect mental health through microbiota-gut-brain axis, and the gut microbiota dysbiosis can be related to mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders. On the other hand, dietary components, including probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), prebiotics (e.g., dietary fiber and alpha-lactalbumin), synbiotics, postbiotics (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), dairy products, spices (e.g., Zanthoxylum bungeanum, curcumin, and capsaicin), fruits, vegetables, medicinal herbs, and so on, could exert protective effects against mental disorders by enhancing beneficial gut microbiota while suppressing harmful ones. In this paper, the mental disorder-associated gut microbiota are summarized. In addition, the protective effects of dietary components on mental health through targeting the gut microbiota are discussed. This paper can be helpful to develop some dietary natural products into pharmaceuticals and functional foods to prevent and treat mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Gu Xiong
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Jin Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Si-Xia Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Adila Saimaiti
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (R.-G.X.); (J.C.); (D.-D.Z.); (S.-X.W.); (S.-Y.H.); (A.S.); (Z.-J.Y.)
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Kelly JR, Clarke G, Harkin A, Corr SC, Galvin S, Pradeep V, Cryan JF, O'Keane V, Dinan TG. Seeking the Psilocybiome: Psychedelics meet the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100349. [PMID: 36605409 PMCID: PMC9791138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving towards a systems psychiatry paradigm embraces the inherent complex interactions across all levels from micro to macro and necessitates an integrated approach to treatment. Cortical 5-HT2A receptors are key primary targets for the effects of serotonergic psychedelics. However, the therapeutic mechanisms underlying psychedelic therapy are complex and traverse molecular, cellular, and network levels, under the influence of biofeedback signals from the periphery and the environment. At the interface between the individual and the environment, the gut microbiome, via the gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the unconscious parallel processing systems regulating host neurophysiology. While psychedelic and microbial signalling systems operate over different timescales, the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, as a convergence hub between multiple biofeedback systems may play a role in the preparatory phase, the acute administration phase, and the integration phase of psychedelic therapy. In keeping with an interconnected systems-based approach, this review will discuss the gut microbiome and mycobiome and pathways of the MGB axis, and then explore the potential interaction between psychedelic therapy and the MGB axis and how this might influence mechanism of action and treatment response. Finally, we will discuss the possible implications for a precision medicine-based psychedelic therapy paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Sinead C. Corr
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Galvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vishnu Pradeep
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Advances in the gut microbiome and mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023; 36:1-7. [PMID: 36131643 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut microbiome is in constant bidirectional communication with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain-axis. Mood disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders and include major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The gut microbiome is altered in individuals with mood disorders and has a role in its inflammatory pathophysiology. In this article, we performed a narrative review of clinical studies, randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses addressing advances in gut microbiome research in mood disorders and included articles that were published between 2021 and 2022. RECENT FINDINGS Studies highlight transdiagnostic alterations of microbiota in mood disorders, with reductions of butyrate-producing bacteria. Participants with major depressive disorder showed altered beta-diversity, while participants with bipolar disorder showed reduced alpha-diversity. Both disorders exhibit alterations in the metabolome. Early pilot studies addressed the possibility of using the gut microbiome for the prediction of treatment response and the blood microbiome for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Findings from clinical trials support the use of probiotics as an add-on therapy for major depressive disorder. The second published case report in the literature reported a favourable outcome of a patient with bipolar disorder after faecal microbiota transplantation. SUMMARY Gut microbiome modulations allow new treatment strategies including the use of psychobiotics for the treatment and prevention of mood disorders. Well designed clinical trials aiming for personalized medicine are needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of psychobiotic interventions.
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Matthewman C, Narin A, Huston H, Hopkins CE. Systems to model the personalized aspects of microbiome health and gut dysbiosis. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101115. [PMID: 36104261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic microbial entity that interacts with the environment and other parts of the body including the brain, heart, liver, and immune system. These multisystem interactions are highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, however the complexity and diversity of human microbiota compositions often yield a context that is unique to each individual. Yet commonalities remain across species, where a healthy gut microbiome will be rich in symbiotic commensal biota while an unhealthy gut microbiota will be experiencing abnormal blooms of pathobiont bacteria. In this review we discuss how omics technologies can be applied in a personalized approach to understand the microbial crosstalk and microbial-host interactions that affect the delicate balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis in an individual gut microbiome. We further highlight the strengths of model organisms in identifying and characterizing these conserved synergistic and/or pathogenic host-microbe interactions. And finally, we touch upon the growing area of personalized therapeutic interventions targeting gut microbiome.
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Tian H, Hu Z, Xu J, Wang C. The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e156. [PMID: 35875370 PMCID: PMC9301929 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the many hypotheses proposed to understand the molecular pathophysiology of depression, it is still unclear. Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, because of limited effectiveness, delayed efficacy (usually two weeks), and side effects. Consequently, novel drugs with increased speed of action and effectiveness are required. Ketamine has shown to have rapid, reliable, and long-lasting antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD patients and represent a breakthrough therapy for patients with MDD; however, concerns regarding its efficacy, potential misuse, and side effects remain. In this review, we aimed to summarize molecular mechanisms and pharmacological treatments for depression. We focused on the fast antidepressant treatment and clarified the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ketamine and its metabolites for the MDD treatment, along with a review of the potential pharmacological mechanisms, research challenges, and future clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Tian
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral NeuroscienceNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of PathophysiologySchool of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNingbo Kangning HospitalNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Department of Child PsychiatryNingbo Kanning HospitalNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Jia Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral NeuroscienceNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of PathophysiologySchool of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral NeuroscienceNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of PathophysiologySchool of MedicineNingbo UniversityNingboZhejiangChina
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
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Slykerman RF, Li E. A randomized trial of probiotic supplementation in nurses to reduce stress and viral illness. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14742. [PMID: 36042251 PMCID: PMC9427766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies demonstrate how the gut microbiota influence psychological health and immunity to viral infections through their actions along multiple dynamic pathways in the body. Considerable interest exists in probiotics to reduce stress and illness symptoms through beneficial effects in the gut, but translating pre-clinical evidence from animal models into humans remains challenging. We conducted a large trial in nurses working during the 2020 COVID19 pandemic year to establish whether daily ingestion of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 reduced perceived stress and the number of days participants reported symptoms of a viral illness. Our results showed no significant difference in perceived stress or the average number of illness days between probiotic supplemented nurses and the placebo group. Stress and viral illness symptoms reduced during the study for all participants, a trajectory likely influenced by societal-level factors. The powerful effect of a well-managed public health response to the COVID19 pandemic and the elimination of COVID19 from the community in 2020 may have altered the trajectory of stress levels and reduced circulating viral infections making it difficult to detect any effect of probiotic supplementation. Our study highlights the challenge in controlling environmental factors in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Slykerman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Building 507, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Eileen Li
- A Better Start - National Science Challenge University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sousa RJM, Baptista JAB, Silva CCG. Consumption of fermented dairy products is associated with lower anxiety levels in Azorean university students. Front Nutr 2022; 9:930949. [PMID: 36061890 PMCID: PMC9434012 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.930949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have found that the gut microbiota is involved in a variety of psychological processes and neuropsychiatric disorders, which include mood and anxiety disorders. Consumption of dairy products may contain bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria with various therapeutic benefits. The aim of the study was to investigate possible associations between the frequency of consumption of different types of dairy products and the state of anxiety in university students. The subjects were 311 Azorean university students, 231 women and 80 men, with an average age of 20.5 years. Subjects completed a quantitative questionnaire on the frequency of dairy product consumption and a short version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test. Among dairy products, semi-skimmed milk was the most commonly consumed, followed by cheese (ripened), drinking yogurt, skim milk, and set yogurt, while fresh cheese, whole milk, and dairy ice cream were the least common. Discriminant analysis showed that consumption of fermented products (yogurt and cheese) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the group with low anxiety level (score <40 in STAI test) than in the group with higher anxiety level (score ≥ 40). In this analysis, 62.4% of the initially grouped cases were correctly classified according to the frequency of fermented products consumption. No correlations were found between anxiety and unfermented dairy products. The results indicate that the consumption of fermented dairy products has a positive effect on reducing anxiety in young Azorean university students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Célia C. G. Silva
- IITAA-Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
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Ephraim E, Brockman JA, Jewell DE. A Diet Supplemented with Polyphenols, Prebiotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Modulates the Intestinal Microbiota and Improves the Profile of Metabolites Linked with Anxiety in Dogs. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070976. [PMID: 36101356 PMCID: PMC9312346 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study used a nutrition-based approach to examine the effects of foods supplemented with fish oil and a polyphenol blend (citrus pulp, carrot, and spinach) with or without added tomato pomace on anxiety-related biomarkers in dogs. First, all dogs consumed the same initial food, then either the control or test (with tomato pomace) foods, then the washout food, then switched over to the test or control foods, each for 30-day periods. Many more changes in plasma and fecal metabolites were observed when comparing the washout food with the control or test foods than when the control and test foods were compared. Plasma levels of several metabolites that were previously associated with anxiety disorders, including 4-ethylphenyl sulfate, were decreased with the control or test foods compared with the washout food. In addition, bacterial genera that are decreased in the feces of those with anxiety-like disorders were increased following the consumption of the control or test foods. Overall, these data indicate that foods supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and selected fiber and polyphenol sources lead to beneficial changes in anxiety-related metabolites and gut bacteria. Abstract A nutrition-based approach was utilized to examine the effects of fish oil and a polyphenol blend (with or without tomato pomace) on the fecal microbiota and plasma/fecal metabolomes. Forty dogs, aged 5–14 years, were fed a washout food, then randomized to consume a control (fish oil and polyphenol blend without tomato pomace) or test (fish oil and polyphenol blend with tomato pomace) food, then the washout food, and crossed over to consume the test or control food; each for 30 days. Several metabolites differed when comparing consumption of the washout with either the control or test foods, but few changed significantly between the test and control foods. Plasma levels of 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4-EPS), a metabolite associated with anxiety disorders, demonstrated the largest decrease between the washout food and the control/test foods. Plasma 4-EPS levels were also significantly lower after dogs ate the test food compared with the control food. Other plasma metabolites linked with anxiety disorders were decreased following consumption of the control/test foods. Significant increases in Blautia, Parabacteroides, and Odoribacter in the fecal microbiota correlated with decreases in 4-EPS when dogs ate the control/test foods. These data indicate that foods supplemented with polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids can modulate the gut microbiota to improve the profile of anxiety-linked metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Ephraim
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Topeka, KS 66617, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
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