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Chungchunlam SMS, Moughan PJ. Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-36. [PMID: 37522617 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2241541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins are essential components of enzyme systems involved in normal growth and function. The quantitative estimation of the proportion of dietary vitamins, that is in a form available for utilization by the human body, is limited and fragmentary. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the bioavailability of thirteen vitamins and choline, to evaluate whether there are differences in vitamin bioavailability when human foods are sourced from animals or plants. The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K in food awaits further studies. Animal-sourced foods are the almost exclusive natural sources of dietary vitamin B-12 (65% bioavailable) and preformed vitamin A retinol (74% bioavailable), and contain highly bioavailable biotin (89%), folate (67%), niacin (67%), pantothenic acid (80%), riboflavin (61%), thiamin (82%), and vitamin B-6 (83%). Plant-based foods are the main natural sources of vitamin C (76% bioavailable), provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene (15.6% bioavailable), riboflavin (65% bioavailable), thiamin (81% bioavailable), and vitamin K (16.5% bioavailable). The overview of studies showed that in general, vitamins in foods originating from animals are more bioavailable than vitamins in foods sourced from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2
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Camacho MDM, Martínez-Lahuerta JJ, García-Martínez E, Igual M, Martínez-Navarrete N. Bioavailability of Bioactive Compounds from Reconstituted Grapefruit Juice as Affected by the Obtention Process. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072904. [PMID: 37049665 PMCID: PMC10095604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the health benefits of including fruits and vegetables in the diet. However, for the compounds responsible for this beneficial effect to be effective at the level of the human organism, they must be available for absorption after digestion. In this sense, in vivo studies are needed to demonstrate the bioavailability of these compounds and their physiological activity. In order to provide information in this regard, this study collects data on the levels of vitamin C (VC) and naringenin (NAG) in the blood serum of the 11 volunteer participants in this trial, before and after consuming two different grapefruit juices. The juices were prepared by rehydrating the grapefruit powder obtained by freeze-drying (FD) the fruit puree or by spray-drying (SD) the liquefied grapefruit. No significant differences (p > 0.05) neither by juice nor by participant were observed in any case. The mean relative increase of VC, NAG and the radical scavenging ability (RSA) in blood serum due to grapefruit juices intake was 12%, 28% and 26%, respectively. Just VC showed a positive and significant Pearson's correlation with RSA. The mean bioavailability of VC was quantified as 1.529 ± 0.002 mg VC/L serum per 100 mg of VC ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Camacho
- Food Investigation and Innovation Group, Food Technology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez-Lahuerta
- CA Juan Llorens, Departamento Valencia-Hospital General, Consellería de Sanitat Universal i Salud Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva García-Martínez
- Food Investigation and Innovation Group, Food Technology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Igual
- I-Food IAD, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Martínez-Navarrete
- Food Investigation and Innovation Group, Food Technology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Rajat S, Thanawala S, Abiraamasundari R. Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Sustained-Release Vitamin C Oral Tablet: A Single Dose, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin C is available in various oral formulations for dietary supplementation and for use in deficiency. However, because of the saturable active transport mechanisms in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of vitamin C, oral doses above 400 mg/day are not effectively absorbed. This may be overcome by employing slow-release delivery systems. We tested this by evaluating the pharmacokinetics of a novel sustained-release oral tablet (C-Fence, Inventia Healthcare Limited, Mumbai, India). Methods We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-design, 500 mg single-dose pharmacokinetic study of this new preparation in 18 healthy, adult, human subjects (nine in each group) under fasting conditions. The concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of L-ascorbic acid, including Cmax (maximum plasma concentration), Tmax (time to reach Cmax), and AUC0-24h (area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 h to 24 h) were calculated using baseline-corrected values. Results The sustained-release tablets resulted in mean Cmax and AUC0-24h, respectively, of 1.39 ± 1.21 µg/mL and 11.72 ± 10.73 µg.h/mL against 0.18 ± 0.10 µg/mL and 0.89 ± 0.27 µg.h/mL, respectively, in the placebo group. The mean Tmax with the sustained release tablets was 4.3 ± 2.5 h. At 12, 16, and 24 h from dosing, the concentrations were 0.6, 0.4, and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively, above baseline values. Conclusion Novel sustained-release formulations of vitamin C are expected to help achieve plasma vitamin C values above the homeostatic saturation level and result in higher steady-state plasma concentration, which might result in better cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Rajat
- Inventia Healthcare Ltd, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Ali A, Mehta S, Starck C, Wong M, O'Brien WJ, Haswell C, McNabb W, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Ahmed Nasef N. Effect of SunGold Kiwifruit and Vitamin C Consumption on Ameliorating Exercise-Induced Stress Response in Women. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001219. [PMID: 33793050 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Markers of oxidative and psychological stress are elevated during high-intensity exercise. Additionally, when energy intake does not match expenditure, women who actively participate in sports and exercise are at risk of developing menstrual dysfunction, infertility, and osteoporosis. Vitamin C is known to reduce exercise-induced stress. Here, this study investigates the efficacy of consuming vitamin C from SunGold kiwifruit compared to in isolation, in ameliorating exercise-induced stress in recreationally active women. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten eumenorrheic women are recruited in this crossover study and attended three exercise and one rest trial. In the exercise trials, participants consumed 300 mg vitamin C from kiwifruit or drink, or have a placebo drink, followed by 30-min exercise on a cycle ergometer at 60% power. During rest visit, participants sat quietly and consumed a placebo drink. Salivary uric acid (oxidative stress) and cortisol (psychological stress) are measured before and immediately after exercise for 2 h. Both vitamin C and kiwifruit reduced exercise-induced uric acid, immediately after exercise. Vitamin C drink continued to decrease uric acid for a further 30 min and slightly attenuated exercise-induced cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Consuming liquid vitamin C prior to high-intensity cycling appears more effective than eating kiwifruit, in ameliorating exercise-induced stress in recreationally active women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Pathology Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Carlene Starck
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Marie Wong
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Wendy J O'Brien
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Haswell
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Warren McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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White R, Nonis M, Pearson JF, Burgess E, Morrin HR, Pullar JM, Spencer E, Vissers MCM, Robinson BA, Dachs GU. Low Vitamin C Status in Patients with Cancer Is Associated with Patient and Tumor Characteristics. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082338. [PMID: 32764253 PMCID: PMC7468872 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate) acts as an antioxidant and enzyme cofactor, and plays a vital role in human health. Vitamin C status can be affected by illness, with low levels being associated with disease due to accelerated turnover. However, robust data on the ascorbate status of patients with cancer are sparse. This study aimed to accurately measure ascorbate concentrations in plasma from patients with cancer, and determine associations with patient or tumor characteristics. We recruited 150 fasting patients with cancer (of 199 total recruited) from two cohorts, either prior to cancer surgery or during cancer chemo- or immunotherapy. A significant number of patients with cancer had inadequate plasma ascorbate concentrations. Low plasma status was more prevalent in patients undergoing cancer therapy. Ascorbate status was higher in women than in men, and exercising patients had higher levels than sedentary patients. Our study may prompt increased vigilance of ascorbate status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca White
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
| | - Maria Nonis
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
| | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;
| | - Eleanor Burgess
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
| | - Helen R. Morrin
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
- Cancer Society Tissue Bank, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Juliet M. Pullar
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (J.M.P.); (M.C.M.V.)
| | - Emma Spencer
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;
| | - Margreet C. M. Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (J.M.P.); (M.C.M.V.)
| | - Bridget A. Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
- Canterbury Regional Cancer and Hematology Service, Canterbury District Health Board, and Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; (R.W.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (H.R.M.); (B.A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-3640544
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Rowe S, Carr AC. Global Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Cause for Concern? Nutrients 2020; 12:E2008. [PMID: 32640674 PMCID: PMC7400810 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet in adequate amounts to prevent hypovitaminosis C, deficiency and its consequences-including the potentially fatal deficiency disease scurvy. Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency has not previously been reported, despite vitamin C's pleiotropic roles in both non-communicable and communicable disease. This review highlights the global literature on vitamin C status and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis C and deficiency. Related dietary intake is reported if assessed in the studies. Overall, the review illustrates the shortage of high quality epidemiological studies of vitamin C status in many countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries. The available evidence indicates that vitamin C hypovitaminosis and deficiency is common in low- and middle-income countries and not uncommon in high income settings. Further epidemiological studies are required to confirm these findings, to fully assess the extent of global vitamin C insufficiency, and to understand associations with a range of disease processes. Our findings suggest a need for interventions to prevent deficiency in a range of at risk groups and regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rowe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L35QA, UK;
| | - Anitra C. Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Pro- and Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C in Cancer in correspondence to Its Dietary and Pharmacological Concentrations. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7286737. [PMID: 31934267 PMCID: PMC6942884 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7286737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that may scavenge reactive oxygen species preventing DNA damage and other effects important in cancer transformation. Dietary vitamin C from natural sources is taken with other compounds affecting its bioavailability and biological effects. High pharmacological doses of vitamin C may induce prooxidant effects, detrimental for cancer cells. An oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbate, is transported through glucose transporters, and cancer cells switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in energy production so an excess of vitamin C may limit glucose transport and ATP production resulting in energetic crisis and cell death. Vitamin C may change the metabolomic and epigenetic profiles of cancer cells, and activation of ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins and downregulation of pluripotency factors by the vitamin may eradicate cancer stem cells. Metastasis, the main reason of cancer-related deaths, requires breakage of anatomical barriers containing collagen, whose synthesis is promoted by vitamin C. Vitamin C induces degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF-1, essential for the survival of tumor cells in hypoxic conditions. Dietary vitamin C may stimulate the immune system through activation of NK and T cells and monocytes. Pharmacological doses of vitamin C may inhibit cancer transformation in several pathways, but further studies are needed to address both mechanistic and clinical aspects of this effect.
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LeVatte MA, Lipfert M, Zheng J, Wishart DS. A fast, sensitive, single-step colorimetric dipstick assay for quantifying ascorbic acid in urine. Anal Biochem 2019; 580:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Munialo CD, Naumovski N, Sergi D, Stewart D, Mellor DD. Critical evaluation of the extrapolation of data relative to antioxidant function from the laboratory and their implications on food production and human health: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. Munialo
- School of Life Sciences Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group University of Canberra Bruce Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Health University of Canberra Bruce Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Nutrition & Health Substantiation Group, Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - David Stewart
- School of Life Sciences Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK
| | - Duane D. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences Coventry University Priory Street Coventry CV1 5FB UK
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group University of Canberra Bruce Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
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Vitamin C and immune cell function in inflammation and cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1147-1159. [PMID: 30301842 PMCID: PMC6195639 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is maintained at high levels in most immune cells and can affect many aspects of the immune response. Intracellular levels generally respond to variations in plasma ascorbate availability, and a combination of inadequate intake and increased turnover during severe stress can result in low plasma ascorbate status. Intracellular ascorbate supports essential functions and, in particular, acts as an enzyme cofactor for Fe- or Cu-containing oxygenases. Newly discovered enzymes in this family regulate cell metabolism and epigenetics, and dysregulation of their activity can affect cell phenotype, growth and survival pathways, and stem cell phenotype. This brief overview details some of the recent advances in our understanding of how ascorbate availability can affect the hydroxylases controlling the hypoxic response and the DNA and histone demethylases. These processes play important roles in the regulation of the immune system, altering cell survival pathways, metabolism and functions.
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Carr AC, Rosengrave PC, Bayer S, Chambers S, Mehrtens J, Shaw GM. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:300. [PMID: 29228951 PMCID: PMC5725835 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient which cannot be synthesised or stored by humans. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immune-supportive roles. Previous research has indicated that vitamin C levels are depleted in critically ill patients. In this study we have assessed plasma vitamin C concentrations in critically ill patients relative to infection status (septic shock or non-septic) and level of inflammation (C-reactive protein concentrations). Vitamin C status was also assessed relative to daily enteral and parenteral intakes to determine if standard intensive care unit (ICU) nutritional support is adequate to meet the vitamin C needs of critically ill patients. Methods Forty-four critically ill patients (24 with septic shock, 17 non-septic, 3 uncategorised) were recruited from the Christchurch Hospital Intensive Care Unit. We measured concentrations of plasma vitamin C and a pro-inflammatory biomarker (C-reactive protein) daily over 4 days and calculated patients’ daily vitamin C intake from the enteral or total parenteral nutrition they received. We compared plasma vitamin C and C-reactive protein concentrations between septic shock and non-septic patients over 4 days using a mixed effects statistical model, and we compared the vitamin C status of the critically ill patients with known vitamin C bioavailability data using a four-parameter log-logistic response model. Results Overall, the critically ill patients exhibited hypovitaminosis C (i.e., < 23 μmol/L), with a mean plasma vitamin C concentration of 17.8 ± 8.7 μmol/L; of these, one-third had vitamin C deficiency (i.e., < 11 μmol/L). Patients with hypovitaminosis C had elevated inflammation (C-reactive protein levels; P < 0.05). The patients with septic shock had lower vitamin C concentrations and higher C-reactive protein concentrations than the non-septic patients (P < 0.05). Nearly 40% of the septic shock patients were deficient in vitamin C, compared with 25% of the non-septic patients. These low vitamin C levels were apparent despite receiving recommended intakes via enteral and/or parenteral nutritional therapy (mean 125 mg/d). Conclusions Critically ill patients have low vitamin C concentrations despite receiving standard ICU nutrition. Septic shock patients have significantly depleted vitamin C levels compared with non-septic patients, likely resulting from increased metabolism due to the enhanced inflammatory response observed in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Patrice C Rosengrave
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simone Bayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Steve Chambers
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jan Mehrtens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Geoff M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Selby-Pham SNB, Miller RB, Howell K, Dunshea F, Bennett LE. Physicochemical properties of dietary phytochemicals can predict their passive absorption in the human small intestine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1931. [PMID: 28512322 PMCID: PMC5434065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A diet high in phytochemical-rich plant foods is associated with reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Oxidative stress and inflammation (OSI) is the common component underlying these chronic diseases. Whilst the positive health effects of phytochemicals and their metabolites have been demonstrated to regulate OSI, the timing and absorption for best effect is not well understood. We developed a model to predict the time to achieve maximal plasma concentration (Tmax) of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. We used a training dataset containing 67 dietary phytochemicals from 31 clinical studies to develop the model and validated the model using three independent datasets comprising a total of 108 dietary phytochemicals and 98 pharmaceutical compounds. The developed model based on dietary intake forms and the physicochemical properties lipophilicity and molecular mass accurately predicts Tmax of dietary phytochemicals and pharmaceutical compounds over a broad range of chemical classes. This is the first direct model to predict Tmax of dietary phytochemicals in the human body. The model informs the clinical dosing frequency for optimising uptake and sustained presence of dietary phytochemicals in circulation, to maximise their bio-efficacy for positively affect human health and managing OSI in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N B Selby-Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, 3030, Australia
| | | | - Kate Howell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, 3030, Australia.
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Moritz B, Schwarzbold ML, Guarnieri R, Diaz AP, Rodrigues ALS, Dafre AL. Effects of ascorbic acid on anxiety state and affect in a non-clinical sample. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Marginal Ascorbate Status (Hypovitaminosis C) Results in an Attenuated Response to Vitamin C Supplementation. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060341. [PMID: 27271663 PMCID: PMC4924182 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin C results in hypovitaminosis C, defined as a plasma ascorbate concentration ≤23 μmol/L. Our objective was to carry out a retrospective analysis of two vitamin C supplementation studies to determine whether supplementation with 50 mg/day vitamin C is sufficient to restore adequate ascorbate status (≥50 μmol/L) in individuals with hypovitaminosis C. Plasma ascorbate data from 70 young adult males, supplemented with 50 or 200 mg/day vitamin C for up to six weeks, was analyzed. Hypovitaminosis C status was identified based on plasma ascorbate being ≤23 μmol/L and the response of these individuals to vitamin C supplementation was examined. Of the participants consuming 50 mg/day vitamin C for up to six weeks, those with hypovitaminosis C at baseline achieved plasma concentrations of only ~30 μmol/L, whereas the remainder reached ~50 μmol/L. Participants who consumed 200 mg/day vitamin C typically reached saturating concentrations (>65 μmol/L) within one week, while those with hypovitaminosis C required two weeks to reach saturation. Regression modelling indicated that the participants’ initial ascorbate status and body weight explained ~30% of the variability in the final ascorbate concentration. Overall, our analysis revealed that supplementation with 50 mg/day vitamin C, which resulted in a total dietary vitamin C intake of 75 mg/day, was insufficient to achieve adequate plasma ascorbate concentrations in individuals with hypovitaminosis C. Furthermore, increased body weight had a negative impact on ascorbate status.
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Farshidfar F, Shulgina V, Myrie SB. Nutritional supplementations and administration considerations for sarcopenia in older adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/nua-150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Farshidfar
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Veronika Shulgina
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Semone B. Myrie
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Rijpma A, Meulenbroek O, van Hees AMJ, Sijben JWC, Vellas B, Shah RC, Bennett DA, Scheltens P, Olde Rikkert MGM. Effects of Souvenaid on plasma micronutrient levels and fatty acid profiles in mild and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015. [PMID: 26213579 PMCID: PMC4513634 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating levels of uridine, selenium, vitamins B12, E and C, folate, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been shown to be lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than in healthy individuals. These low levels may affect disease pathways involved in synapse formation and neural functioning. Here, we investigated whether, and to what extent, circulating levels of micronutrients and fatty acids can be affected by oral supplementation with Souvenaid (containing a specific nutrient combination), using data derived from three randomized clinical trials (RCT) and an open-label extension (OLE) study with follow-up data from 12 to 48 weeks. METHODS Subjects with mild (RCT1, RCT2) or mild-to-moderate AD (RCT3) received active or control product once daily for 12-24 weeks or active product during the 24-week OLE following RCT2 (n = 212-527). Measurements included plasma levels of B vitamins, choline, vitamin E, selenium, uridine and homocysteine and proportions of DHA, EPA and total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes. Between-group comparisons were made using t tests or non-parametric alternatives. RESULTS We found that 12-24-week active product intake increased plasma and/or erythrocyte micronutrients: uridine; choline; selenium; folate; vitamins B6, B12 and E; and fatty acid levels of DHA and EPA (all p < 0.001). In the OLE study, similar levels were reached in former control product/initial active product users, whereas 24-week continued active product intake showed no suggestion of a further increase in nutrient levels. CONCLUSIONS These data show that circulating levels of nutrients known to be decreased in the AD population can be increased in patients with mild and mild-tomoderate AD by 24-48-week oral supplementation with Souvenaid. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the effects of sustained dietary intake of uridine monophosphate on plasma uridine levels in humans. Uptake of nutrients is observed within 6 weeks, and a plateau phase is reached for most nutrients during prolonged intake, thus increasing the availability of precursors and cofactors in the circulation that may be used for the formation and function of neuronal membranes and synapses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rijpma
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Meulenbroek
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke M J van Hees
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John W C Sijben
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raj C Shah
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G M Olde Rikkert
- Radboud Alzheimer Center, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kong P, Cai Q, Geng Q, Wang J, Lan Y, Zhan Y, Xu D. Vitamin intake reduce the risk of gastric cancer: meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized and observational studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116060. [PMID: 25549091 PMCID: PMC4280145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The association between vitamin intake and gastric cancer (GC) has been widely debated due to the relatively weak evidence. In this study, a meta-analysis of prospective and well designed observational studies were performed to explore this association. METHODS MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Sciencedirect were searched for studies of vitamin consumption and gastric cancer. This produced 47 relevant studies covering 1,221,392 human subjects. Random effects models were used to estimate summary relative risk (RR). Dose-response, subgroup, sensitivity, meta-regression, and publication bias analyses were conducted. RESULTS The RR of gastric cancer in the group with the highest vitamin intake was compared to that of the lowest intake group. Total vitamin intake was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.71-0.83). In 9 studies that individuals were given doses at least 4 times above the tolerable upper intake (UL) vitamins, the RR was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.99-1.44). However, in 17 studies that individuals received doses below the UL, the RR was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.68-0.86). Dose-response analysis was conducted on different increments in different types of vitamins (vitamin A: 1.5 mg/day, vitamin C: 100 mg/day, vitamin E: 10 mg/day) intake with a significant reduction in the risk of gastric cancer, respectively, 29% in vitamin A, 26% in vitamin C, and 24% in vitamin E. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis clearly demonstrated that low doses of vitamins can significantly reduce the risk of GC, especially vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qirong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Lan
- Department of Oncological Surgery, the first affiliated hospital of Bengbu medical college, Bengbu, China
| | - Youqing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dazhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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