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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Ensenyat A, Naudí A, Serrano JCE. Short-Term Panax Ginseng Extract Supplementation Reduces Fasting Blood Triacylglycerides and Oxygen Consumption during Sub-Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Male Recreational Athletes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38785940 PMCID: PMC11118118 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a popular herbal supplement among athletes, is believed to enhance exercise capacity and performance. This study investigated the short-term effects of Panax ginseng extract (PG) on aerobic capacity, lipid profile, and cytokines. In a 14-day randomized, double-blind trial, male participants took 500 mg of PG daily. Two experiments were conducted: one in 10 km races (n = 31) and another in a laboratory-controlled aerobic capacity test (n = 20). Blood lipid and cytokine profile, ventilation, oxygen consumption, hemodynamic and fatigue parameters, and race time were evaluated. PG supplementation led to reduced total blood lipid levels, particularly in triacylglycerides (10 km races -7.5 mg/dL (95% CI -42 to 28); sub-maximal aerobic test -14.2 mg/dL (95% CI -52 to 23)), while post-exercise blood IL-10 levels were increased (10 km 34.0 pg/mL (95% CI -2.1 to 70.1); sub-maximal aerobic test 4.1 pg/mL (95% CI -2.8 to 11.0)), and oxygen consumption decreased during the sub-maximal aerobic test (VO2: -1.4 mL/min/kg (95% CI -5.8 to -0.6)). No significant differences were noted in race time, hemodynamic, or fatigue parameters. Overall, PG supplementation for 2 weeks showed benefits in blood lipid profile and energy consumption during exercise among recreational athletes. This suggests a potential role for PG in enhancing exercise performance and metabolic health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Hernández-García
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Ana Belén Granado-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Meritxell Martín-Gari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Assumpta Ensenyat
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, 08038 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Jose C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
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Kwak YB, Yoo HH, Yoon J. The impact of the administration of red ginseng ( Panax ginseng) on lipid metabolism and free fatty acid profiles in healthy horses using a molecular networking approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1285000. [PMID: 38332753 PMCID: PMC10851614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1285000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential benefits of the administration of red ginseng (RG) on lipid metabolism and the profiles of individual free fatty acids (FFAs) in healthy horses. Eight healthy horses, raised under similar conditions, were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising four horses. The experimental group received powdered RG (600 mg/kg/day) mixed with a carrier, and the control group received only the carrier. The parameters associated with lipid metabolism and probable adverse effects were evaluated in both groups after 3 weeks. The computational molecular networking (MN) approach was applied to analyze the FFA profiles. The results indicated that RG administration significantly reduced blood triglyceride levels in the experimental group. Analysis of the FFAs using MN revealed significant decreases in specific types of FFAs (C12:0, dodecanoic acid; C14:0, myristric acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid). RG consumption did not produce significant adverse effects on the renal, hepatic, and immune functions. Thus, RG was found to effectively modulate lipid metabolism and the levels of individual FFAs. The application of the MN for the analysis of FFAs represents a novel approach and can be considered for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kwak
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Referral Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Guo J, Yan E, He L, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Zhang P, Liu X, Yin J. Dietary Supplementation with Lauric Acid Improves Aerobic Endurance in Sedentary Mice via Enhancing Fat Mobilization and Glyconeogenesis. J Nutr 2023; 153:3207-3219. [PMID: 37696395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lauric acid (LA), a major, natural, medium-chain fatty acid, is considered an efficient energy substrate for intense exercise and in patients with long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation disorders. However, few studies have focused on the role of LA in exercise performance and related glucolipid metabolism in vivo. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with LA on exercise performance and related metabolic mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6N mice (14 wk old) were fed a basal diet or a diet containing 1% LA, and a series of exercise tests, including a high-speed treadmill test, aerobic endurance exercises, a 4-limb hanging test, and acute aerobic exercises, were performed. RESULTS Dietary supplementation with 1.0% LA accelerated the recovery from fatigue after explosive exercise (P < 0.05) and improved aerobic endurance and muscle strength in sedentary mice (P = 0.039). Lauric acid intake not only changed muscle fatty acid profiles, including increases in C12:0 and n-6/n-3 PUFAs (P < 0.001) and reductions in C18:0, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3, and n-3 PUFAs (P < 0.05) but also enhanced fat mobilization from adipose tissue and fatty acid oxidation in the liver, at least partly via the AMP-activated protein kinase-acetyl CoA carboxylase pathway (P < 0.05). Likewise, LA supplementation promoted liver glyconeogenesis and conserved muscular glycogen during acute aerobic exercise (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by an increase in the mitochondrial DNA copy number and Krebs cycle activity in skeletal muscle (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplemental LA serves as an efficient energy substrate for sedentary mice to improve aerobic exercise endurance and muscle strength through regulation of glucolipid metabolism. These findings imply that LA supplementation might be a promising nutritional strategy to improve aerobic exercise performance in sedentary people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangze Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Molecular design breeding Frontier Science Center of the Ministry of Education, China.
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Kyun S, Kim J, Hwang D, Jang I, Choi J, Kim J, Jung WS, Hwang H, Kim SW, Kim J, Jung K, Seo J, Sun Y, Park HY, Lim K. Exogenous lactate intake immediately after endurance exercise increases time to exhaustion in VO2max measurements in mice. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:13-18. [PMID: 37583067 PMCID: PMC10440182 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of lactate intake immediately after endurance exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in exercise performance. METHODS Seven-week-old mice from the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) were randomly divided into four groups: vehicle intake (SE/CON), lactate intake (SE/LAC), endurance exercise with vehicle intake (EX/ CON), and lactate intake with endurance exercise (EX/ LAC). Mice were subjected to 60-70% VO2max endurance exercise with or without oral lactate intake 5 days/ week for 4 weeks. VO2max measurements (VO2max, time to exhaustion (TTE), respiratory exchange rate, fat oxidation, and carbohydrate oxidation) were recorded at the end of the study period. After 48 h of VO2max measurement, the mice were sacrificed, and three different abdominal fat samples (epididymal, perirenal, and mesenteric) were collected. RESULTS Body weight and abdominal fat mass did not differ between the groups. When measuring VO2max, endurance exercise raised VO2max, and lactate intake after endurance exercise increased TTE. The change in energy substrate utilization during VO2max measurement demonstrated that although the respiratory exchange rate and fat oxidation were enhanced by lactate intake, there were no synergistic effects of lactate intake and endurance exercise. CONCLUSION Lactate intake immediately after endurance exercises can improve exercise performance, indicating the benefit of long-term exogenous lactate intake as an exercise supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deunsol Hwang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Choi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwon Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk Unisersity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yoo C, Kim J, Kyun S, Hashimoto T, Tomi H, Lim K. Synergic effect of exogenous lactate and caffeine on fat oxidation and hepatic glycogen concentration in resting rats. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:5-13. [PMID: 36775646 PMCID: PMC9925112 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although several physiological roles of lactate have been revealed in the last decades, its effects on energy metabolism and substrate oxidation remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of lactate on the energy metabolism of resting rats. METHODS Male rats were divided into control (Con; distilled water), caffeine (Caf; 10 mg/kg), L-lactate (Lac; 2 g/kg), and lactate-plus-caffeine (Lac+Caf; 2 g/ kg + 10 mg) groups. Following oral administration of supplements, resting energy expenditure (study 1), biochemical blood parameters, and mRNA expression involved in energy metabolism in the soleus muscle were measured at different time points within 120 minutes of administration (study 2). Moreover, glycogen level and Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity were measured. RESULTS Groups did not differ in total energy expenditure throughout the 6 hour post-treatment evaluation. Within the first 4 hours, the Lac and Lac+Caf groups showed higher fat oxidation rates than the Con group (p<0.05). Lactate treatment decreased blood free fatty acid levels (p<0.05) and increased the mRNA expression of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) (p<0.05) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) (p<0.05) in the skeletal muscle. Hepatic glycogen level in the Lac+Caf group was significantly increased (p<0.05). Moreover, after 30 and 120 minutes, PDH activity was significantly higher in lactate-supplemented groups compared to Con group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that Lac+Caf enhanced fat metabolism in the whole body and skeletal muscle while increasing hepatic glycogen concentration and PDH activity. This indicates Lac+Caf can be used as a potential post-workout supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongsung Yoo
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States of America
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kyun
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hironori Tomi
- Center for Regional Sustainability and Innovation Kochi University, B-200 Mononobe, Nankoku, Kochi 682035, Japan
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author : Kiwon Lim, Ph. D. Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-3827 Fax: +82-2-452-6027 E-mail:
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Hung Mai V, Hung Nguyen P, Giang Pham TK, Duong Thieu V. Study on the Effect of a Mixture of Hippocampus kuda Extract and Panax Ginseng on Testosterone Content and Semen Quality in Experimental Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:676-680. [PMID: 36098175 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.676.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Hippocampus kuda</i> and ginseng are commonly known for male sexual function mainly for their potency and libido enhancement effects, however, no study was reported that incorporates these fluids. This study aimed at the extraction of these two ingredients to understand the synergistic effect of increasing testosterone content and semen quality was studied in this article. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> After extracting and creating extracts of <i>Hippocampus kuda</i> and ginseng, a 1:1 extract was mixed to create a mixture of both ingredients. <b>Results:</b> The results obtained from this study confirmed that alcohol extracts from <i>Hippocampus kuda</i> and Panax ginseng have a positive effect on testosterone content and semen quality. In particular, the combination of extracts from these two ingredients significantly improves testosterone content and semen quality compared with using extracts separately. <b>Conclusion:</b> High-extract mixture extracted by alcohol from <i>Hippocampus kuda</i> and Panax ginseng at the rate of 1/1 showed a superior effect in increasing testosterone content and semen quality compared to the extract of each material. A high extract mixture used at a dosage of 240 mg/100 g body weight/day is suitable for increasing the testosterone content, increasing sperm density, increasing the survival rate of spermatozoa and reducing the rate of malformed sperm in real rats experience.
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Lu G, Liu Z, Wang X, Wang C. Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051030. [PMID: 34068545 PMCID: PMC8151278 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has been used both as food and medicine for nutrient supplements and treatment of human diseases in China for years. Fatigue, as a complex and multi-cause symptom, harms life from all sides. Millions worldwide suffer from fatigue, mainly caused by physical labor, mental stress, and chronic diseases. Multiple medicines, especially P. ginseng, were used for many patients or sub-healthy people who suffer from fatigue as a treatment or healthcare product. This review covers the extract and major components of P. ginseng with the function of anti-fatigue and summarizes the anti-fatigue effect of P. ginseng for different types of fatigue in animal models and clinical studies. In addition, the anti-fatigue mechanism of P. ginseng associated with enhancing energy metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-022-60912421
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Hashimoto T, Okada Y, Yamanaka A, Ono N, Uryu K, Maru I. The effect of eleutherococcus senticosus on metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 and C2C12 cells. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:13-18. [PMID: 33108713 PMCID: PMC7669464 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In vivo studies have demonstrated the ergogenic benefits of eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) supplementation. ES has been observed to enhance endurance capacity, improve cardiovascular function, and alter metabolic functions (e.g., increased fat utilization); however, the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether ES could effectively induce fat loss and improve muscle metabolic profiles through increases in lipolysis- and lipid metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, respectively, to uncover the direct effects of ES on adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. [Methods] Different doses of ES extracts (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) were added to cells (0.2 ES, 0.5 ES, and 1.0 ES, respectively) for 72 h and compared to the vehicle control (control). [Results] The intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for 0.2 ES, p < 0.01 for 0.5 ES and 1.0 ES) in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, which is involved in active lipolysis, was significantly higher in the 1.0 ES group than in the control group (p < 0.01) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In C2C12 cells, the mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was significantly increased in the 1.0 ES group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that 1.0 ES activated both 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in skeletal muscle cells (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that ES extracts decreased TG content, presumably by increasing lipase in adipocytes and metabolism-associated protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. These effects may corroborate previous in vivo findings regarding the ergogenic effects of ES supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoko Okada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Uryu
- Bizen Chemical Co., Ltd., Akaiwa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isafumi Maru
- Bizen Chemical Co., Ltd., Akaiwa, Okayama, Japan
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Jin TY, Rong PQ, Liang HY, Zhang PP, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. Clinical and Preclinical Systematic Review of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and Its Compounds for Fatigue. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1031. [PMID: 32765262 PMCID: PMC7379339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatigue, as a complex, multidimensional symptom, is associated with many physical illnesses. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (PG) is an important herbal drug which has been used for benefiting Qi for thousand years. Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and its compounds (PGC) possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-fatigue. Here, we conducted a systematic review of both randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and preclinical animal studies to investigate the efficacy and safety of PGC for fatigue. Methods Electronic searches were performed in 7 databases from the time of each database's inception to August 2019. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using 7-item checklist recommended by Cochrane Collaboration or by the CAMARADES 10-item quality checklist. All the data were analyzed using Rev-Man 5.3 and Stata SE software. Results Eight eligible RCTs and 30 animal studies were identified. The risk of bias scores in RCTs ranged from 4/7 to 7/7, and of animal studies varied from 4/10 to 7/10. Meta-analyses showed that PGC was superior to placebo according to their respective fatigue scales, heart rate recovery, and clinical effect (P < 0.05). There were a similar number of adverse effects between PGC and placebo group (P > 0.05). Meta-analyses showed that PGC can significantly decrease level of blood lactate, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde, and lactic dehydrogenase in serum, level of malondialdehyde in liver and level of gamma-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain tissue, and increase swimming time, level of glutathione peroxidase, glucose, superoxide dismutase in serum, level of glycogen and activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in skeletal muscle, level of hepatic glycogen in liver and level of dopamine, acetylcholine in brain tissue, compared with control (P < 0.05). Meta-analyses showed no significant difference in animal body weight between PGC and control (P > 0.05). Conclusion The present findings supported, to a certain degree, that PGC can be recommended for routine use in fatigue. The possible mechanism of PGC resists fatigue, mainly through antioxidant stress, regulating carbohydrate metabolism, delaying the accumulation of metabolites, promoting mitochondrial function, neuroprotection, antiapoptosis, and regulating neurotransmitter disorder in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pei-Qing Rong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yong Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pei-Pei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061726. [PMID: 32526977 PMCID: PMC7352690 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) ingestion reportedly affects body weight, food intake, and fat accumulation reduction. It also induces changes in energy metabolism regulation and glycemic control. Previously, 2-week RG ingestion with endurance training was found to enhance fat oxidation during exercise. However, such effects on energy metabolism and the expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in resting mice (untrained mice) are still unclear. Here, we determined the effect of RG on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in untrained male mice. Twenty-four mice were separated into an RG group that received a daily dosage of 1 g/kg RG for 2 weeks, and a control (CON). Energy expenditure, blood and tissue glycogen levels, and expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in muscles were measured before and 2 weeks after treatment. Total food intake was significantly lower in the RG than in the CON group (p < 0.05), but final body weights did not differ. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation over 24 h did not change in either group. There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius GLUT4, MCT1, MCT4, FAT/CD36, and CPT1b mRNA levels between groups. Thus, the effects of RG ingested during rest differ from the effects of RG ingestion in combination with endurance exercise; administering RG to untrained mice for 2 weeks did not change body weight and energy metabolism. Therefore, future studies should consider examining the RG ingestion period and dosage for body weight control and improving energy metabolism.
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Yun HY, Lee T, Jeong Y. High-Fat Diet Increases Fat Oxidation and Promotes Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Transporter Expression in Exercise-Trained Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:281-288. [PMID: 32119806 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on energy substrate utilization during long-term endurance exercise in mice. Male ICR mice (n = 32; 6 weeks old) were divided into two groups: low-fat diet (LFD, n = 16) and HFD (n = 16) and acclimatized to LFD or HFD feeding over 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the two dietary groups were each divided into two groups with or without exercise (EX): LF-CON, LF-EX, HF-CON, and HF-EX groups. The exercise groups were trained to run on a treadmill for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental protocol, energy metabolism in the whole body was measured at rest for 24 h and during exercise for 1 h using respiratory gas analysis. Furthermore, molecules involved in skeletal muscle fat metabolism were analyzed. Substrate utilization for energy metabolism in the whole body indicated that fat utilization was high in HFD intake. Notably, when HFD intake and exercise were combined, fat utilization was markedly increased during endurance exercise. In contrast, exercise showed no effect when combined with LFD intake. The gene expressions of Fat/Cd36, Fatp1, Fabp-pm, and Cpt1 were upregulated by HFD intake, with Fat/Cd36 and Cpt1 considerably elevated during long-term endurance exercise. In contrast, exercise showed no effect when combined with LFD intake. These results suggest that HFD intake effectively increased fat utilization as an energy substrate during long-term endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-Yeon Yun
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Jeong
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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12
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Naudí A, Serrano JC. Efficacy of Panax ginseng supplementation on blood lipid profile. A meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical randomized trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112090. [PMID: 31315027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely used ingredient in several traditional Chinese medicine formulation, mainly as a prophylactic and restorative agent. Ginseng's Chinese traditional formulations have shown protective effects against atherosclerosis, suggesting that ginseng may be useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether the supplementation with Panax ginseng (PG) has an effect on blood lipid profile in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to evaluate the effects of PG on blood lipid profile. RESULTS A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, from which 10 studies were performed in volunteers with at least one component of metabolic syndrome, 3 in postmenopausal women, 2 in healthy volunteers and 3 with other types of inclusion criteria. The doses employed ranged from 0.2 to 20 g/day (median 3 g/day, 95% CI 1.7, 5.8), while the treatment time ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median 8 weeks, 95% CI 6, 9). Few studies reported the composition of the PG extract employed. The main ginsenosides reported were Rb1 and Rg1 (content ranging from Rb1 0.023-6.44 mg/g and Rg1 0.028-3.21 mg/g). Significant modification in blood profile was described in 7 studies, in which 5 studies observed a reduction in total cholesterol, 4 in LDL-cholesterol, and 2 in triacylglycerides. The meta-analysis of 10 studies in volunteers with parameters related with metabolic syndrome describes that PG may induce a mean difference compared to a placebo of -2.30 (95% CI -3.79,-0.80) and -1.47 (95% CI -1.90,-1.05) mg/dL per g/day of PG in the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol, with no significant effects in HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerides. CONCLUSIONS PG extract may induce an improvement in blood lipid profile mainly by a reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Ce Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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13
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Chung N, Lim K. Influence of high fat and different types of carbohydrate diet on energy metabolism in growing mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:1-12. [PMID: 31743980 PMCID: PMC6823646 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Davis MP, Behm B. Ginseng: A Qualitative Review of Benefits for Palliative Clinicians. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:630-659. [PMID: 30686023 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118822704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for centuries to treat various diseases and has been commercially developed and cultivated in the past 300 years. Ginseng products may be fresh, dried (white), or dried and steamed (red). Extracts may be made using water or alcohol. There are over 50 different ginsenosides identified by chromatography. We did an informal systematic qualitative review that centered on fatigue, cancer, dementia, respiratory diseases, and heart failure, and we review 113 studies in 6 tables. There are multiple potential benefits to ginseng in cancer. Ginseng, in certain circumstances, has been shown to improve dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure through randomized trials. Most trials had biases or unknown biases and so most evidence is of low quality. We review the gaps in the evidence and make some recommendations regarding future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Bertrand Behm
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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15
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Chakraborty R, Roy S, Mandal V. Assessment of traditional knowledge of the antidiabetic plants of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas in the context of recent phytochemical and pharmacological advances. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 14:336-58. [PMID: 27641606 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(16)60267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas, a part of Eastern Himalayan Hotspot, is characterized by its richness of plant diversity. Herbal medicine has been one of the most popular and reliable healing practices among the different ethnic groups of this region for ages. However, the lack of documentation practice by the traditional healers has led to obscurity regarding the efficacy of herbal medicine among the present generation, though they have to depend on the same quite often. Meanwhile, several reviews have attempted to document the plants used for the treatment of diabetes from this region, but interestingly, very few research works can be obtained regarding the characterization of antidiabetic properties of the plants of this region. Therefore, it demands a better understanding of the potentiality of these plants in the purview of scientific evidence. This review article reports 55 such plant species which have been reported to be frequently used in the treatment of hyperglycemia and our objective was to validate the potentiality of the plants in the light of recent phytochemical and pharmacological researches being carried out locally or elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, APC Roy Government College, Siliguri-734010, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Botany, Kurseong College, Kurseong-734203, West Bengal, India
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda- 732103, West Bengal, India
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16
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Kim J, Park J, Lim K. Nutrition Supplements to Stimulate Lipolysis: A Review in Relation to Endurance Exercise Capacity. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2017; 62:141-61. [PMID: 27465721 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.62.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Athletes make great efforts to increase their endurance capacity in many ways. Using nutrition supplements for stimulating lipolysis is one such strategy to improve endurance performance. These supplements contain certain ingredients that affect fat metabolism; furthermore, in combination with endurance training, they tend to have additive effects. A large body of scientific evidence shows that nutrition supplements increase fat metabolism; however, the usefulness of lipolytic supplements as ergogenic functional foods remains controversial. The present review will describe the effectiveness of lipolytic supplements in fat metabolism and as an ergogenic aid for increasing endurance exercise capacity. There are a number of lipolytic supplements available on the market, but this review focuses on natural ingredients such as caffeine, green tea extract, L-carnitine, Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid), capsaicin, ginseng, taurine, silk peptides and octacosanol, all of which have shown scientific evidence of enhancing fat metabolism associated with improving endurance performance. We excluded some other supplements owing to lack of data on fat metabolism or endurance capacity. Based on the data in this review, we suggest that a caffeine and green tea extract improves endurance performance and enhances fat oxidation. Regarding other supplements, the data on their practical implications needs to be gathered, especially for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University
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17
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Kim J, Park J, Kim B, Lee CH, Lim K, Suh H. Effects of different doses of silk peptide on energy metabolism during exercise in mice. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:21-25. [PMID: 28828762 PMCID: PMC5569688 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was carried out to determine the optimal dose of silk peptide for
enhancing fat metabolism during exercise. [Methods] Fifty male ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups: Sed, SP0, SP200,
SP400, and SP800. All SP mice underwent training by running on a treadmill 5
times a week for 2 weeks (20 m/min, 8° slope, 50 min/day for the
first week and 25 m/min, 8° slope, 50 min/day at about 70-75% of
maximum oxygen uptake for the second week). [Results] After the 2 weeks, fat oxidation was measured during a 1-h exercise at the
training conditions of the second week and was found to be 1.02 ±
0.15, 1.04 ± 0.17, 0.98 ± 0.10, 1.14 ± 0.19, and 1.15
± 0.07 g/kg/h for Sed, SP0, SP200, SP400, and SP800 groups,
respectively. The SP800 group had significantly higher fat oxidation levels
than the SP0 group did at 36, 40, and 56 min and the Sed group did at 2, 4,
6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 40, 46, 50, 52, 56, and 60 min. However, there was no
significant difference among the groups in carbohydrate oxidation during the
1-h exercise. SP doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg did not show any effect on
fat and carbohydrate oxidation. [Conclusion] In conclusion, 800 mg/kg of silk peptide is the optimal dose for enhancing
fat metabolism during exercise. In addition, silk peptide treatment could
reduce body weight by enhancing fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heajung Suh
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lee NH, Jung HC, Lee S. Red Ginseng as an Ergogenic Aid: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:13-19. [PMID: 28150477 PMCID: PMC5545208 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This systematic review was performed to summarize clinical trials assessing the effect of Red Ginseng (RG) supplementation on exercise performance and fatigue recovery. [Methods] Two English databases (PUBMED, MEDLINE) and two Korean databases (KISS, RISS) were used as systematic searching engines. We included only articles written in the English and Korean languages. Clinical trials, which evaluated exercise performance and recovery variables with RG supplementation, were included in this review. The methodological quality of all studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Analysis was conducted with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3. [Results] In total, 135 potentially relevant studies were identified, and 14 studies were included. Overall, the aerobic capacity (VO2max, heart rate, time to exhaustion, shuttle run, and anaerobic threshold) exhibited no improvement with RG supplementation. In anaerobic capacity (peak power, mean power, and 30 m dash run), no significant improvements with RG supplementation was described in most of the studies. The antioxidant function predominantly measured by levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) showed mixed results. Red Ginseng’s effects on fatigue recovery were evaluated using lactate as a main outcome. Two studies observed significant effects while other 5 studies showed no significant effects. [Conclusion] The clinical effects of RG have been assessed in various conditions. Although the number of studies presented in this review is small and results of studies are mixed, it is hypothesized that this review article may provide useful guideline to design and conduct future studies investigating efficacy of RG supplementation on exercise performance and fatigue recovery in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hee Lee
- Department of Counseling, Health, and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Hyun Chul Jung
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, USA
| | - SukHo Lee
- Department of Counseling, Health, and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
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Lee BH, Kim J, Lee RM, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Hwang SH, Lee MK, Bae CS, Kim HC, Rhim H, Lim K, Nah SY. Gintonin enhances performance of mice in rotarod test: Involvement of lysophosphatidic acid receptors and catecholamine release. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:256-260. [PMID: 26706688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of use as a tonic for restoration of vigor. One example of ginseng-derived tonic effect is that it can improve physical stamina under conditions of stress. However, the active ingredient and the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the ergogenic effect are unknown. Recent studies show that ginseng contains a novel ingredient, gintonin, which consists of a unique class of herbal-medicine lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). Gintonin activates G protein-coupled LPA receptors to produce a transient [Ca(2+)]i signal, which is coupled to diverse intra- and inter-cellular signal transduction pathways that stimulate hormone or neurotransmitter release. However, relatively little is known about how gintonin-mediated cellular modulation is linked to physical endurance. In the present study, systemic administration of gintonin, but not ginsenosides, in fasted mice increased blood glucose concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Gintonin treatment elevated blood glucose to a maximum level after 30min. This elevation in blood glucose level could be abrogated by the LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, or the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. Furthermore, gintonin-dependent enhanced performance of fasted mice in rotarod test was likewise abrogated by Ki16425. Gintonin also elevated plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The present study shows that gintonin mediates catecholamine release through activation of the LPA receptor and that activation of the β-adrenergic receptor is coupled to liver glycogenolysis, thereby increasing the supply of glucose and enhancing performance in the rotarod test. Thus, gintonin acts via the LPA-catecholamine-glycogenolysis axis, representing a candidate mechanism that can explain how ginseng treatment enhances physical stamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Ra Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, South Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Chonnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-791, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
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Lee ES. A flood of health functional foods: what is to be recommended? J Menopausal Med 2015; 21:12-8. [PMID: 26046032 PMCID: PMC4452808 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2015.21.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Health functional food is referred to a food prepared or processed from specific components or ingredients for functionality beneficial to the body through extraction, concentration, purification, blending and other methods. The demand for health functional foods is steadily increasing, and red ginseng is the most demanded food among women in the 50s, followed by multivitamin, omega-3, glucosamine and aloe. To date, there is insufficient evidence on the effect of red ginseng on exercise capacity, somatic symptom and cognitive performance in healthy individuals. Moreover, evidence is insufficient that a nutritional dose of vitamin or mineral reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer, or mortality rate. A steady intake of oily fish is recommended to prevent the incidence of cardiovascular disease for postmenopausal women. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids is expected to prevent cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women with almost no intake of oily fish and those not taking statins. It still remains controversial whether glucosamine is effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Hence, physicians should fully inform patients with all controversial information about the effectiveness of glucosamine when prescribing glucosamine for patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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