1
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Gruba N, Sikora H, Ciesielska J, Rejmak W, Lesner A. Caspase-like activity is associated with bacterial infection of the urine in urinary tract diseases. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115473. [PMID: 38280678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a serious public health problem. They can be caused by a number of pathogens, but the most common are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Bacterial infection is diagnosed by examining a urine sample. The presence of bacteria or white blood cells is determined under a microscope or a urine culture is performed. In this study, we used a panel of chromogenic substrates for the qualitative determination of specific enzyme activity in the urine of patients with confirmed bacterial infection and/or urinary tract disease. Healthy patients were used as a control group. It turned out that in the case of Escherichia coli infection, we observed the activity of the caspase subunit of the human 20S proteasome. We did not observe similar correlations for infections with other types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Honorata Sikora
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciesielska
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Rejmak
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Rajangam SL, Narasimhan MK. Current treatment strategies for targeting virulence factors and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Future Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38683166 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A higher prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii infections and mortality rate has been reported recently in hospital-acquired infections (HAI). The biofilm-forming capability of A. baumannii makes it an extremely dangerous pathogen, especially in device-associated hospital-acquired infections (DA-HAI), thereby it resists the penetration of antibiotics. Further, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was exacerbated in DA-HAI during the epidemic. This review specifically examines the complex interconnections between several components and genes that play a role in the biofilm formation and the development of infections. The current review provides insights into innovative treatments and therapeutic approaches to combat A. baumannii biofilm-related infections, thereby ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Lakshmi Rajangam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
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3
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Bex S, Leidi A, Marti C, Meyssonnier V, Huttner A. Which trial do we need? Three-day course of antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in immunocompetent women. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:267-269. [PMID: 37690609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Bex
- General Internal Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Leidi
- General Internal Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Marti
- General Internal Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vanina Meyssonnier
- General Internal Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Infectious Diseases Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Clinical Trials Unit, Center for Clinical Research, Geneva University Hospitals and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Sharma S, Mohler J, Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Bruggemann L, Aalinkeel R. Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1614. [PMID: 37375116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is complex and consists of bacterial colonies that reside in an exopolysaccharide matrix that attaches to foreign surfaces in a living organism. Biofilm frequently leads to nosocomial, chronic infections in clinical settings. Since the bacteria in the biofilm have developed antibiotic resistance, using antibiotics alone to treat infections brought on by biofilm is ineffective. This review provides a succinct summary of the theories behind the composition of, formation of, and drug-resistant infections attributed to biofilm and cutting-edge curative approaches to counteract and treat biofilm. The high frequency of medical device-induced infections due to biofilm warrants the application of innovative technologies to manage the complexities presented by biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sharma
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - James Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Liana Bruggemann
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- Department of Urology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
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5
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Guo C, Zhao M, Sui X, Balsara Z, Zhai S, Ahdoot M, Zhang Y, Lam CM, Zhu P, Li X. Targeting the PRC2-dependent epigenetic program alleviates urinary tract infections. iScience 2023; 26:106925. [PMID: 37332606 PMCID: PMC10272480 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a pervasive health problem worldwide. Patients with a history of UTIs suffer increased risk of recurrent infections, a major risk of antibiotic resistance. Here, we show that bladder infections induce expression of Ezh2 in bladder urothelial cells. Ezh2 is the methyltransferase of polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2)-a potent epigenetic regulator. Urothelium-specific inactivation of PRC2 results in reduced urine bacterial burden, muted inflammatory response, and decreased activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway. PRC2 inactivation also facilitates proper regeneration after urothelial damage from UTIs, by attenuating basal cell hyperplasia and increasing urothelial differentiation. In addition, treatment with Ezh2-specific small-molecule inhibitors improves outcomes of the chronic and severe bladder infections in mice. These findings collectively suggest that the PRC2-dependent epigenetic reprograming controls the amplitude of inflammation and severity of UTIs and that Ezh2 inhibitors may be a viable non-antibiotic strategy to manage chronic and severe UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 3089, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiac Pathogenesis and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zarine Balsara
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhui Zhai
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Ahdoot
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 3089, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yingsheng Zhang
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 3089, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Christa M. Lam
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 3089, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiac Pathogenesis and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Xue Li
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis 3089, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Barrios-Villa E, Mendez-Pfeiffer P, Valencia D, Caporal-Hernandez L, Ballesteros-Monrreal MG. Intracellular bacterial communities in patient with recurrent urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus agalactiae: a case report and literature review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most frequent pathologies worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading etiological agent; however, depending on the patient's characteristics, the etiology may include some atypical pathogens. Some pathogenic bacteria can internalize in the urothelial and phagocytic cells complicating treatment and timely diagnosis.
Case presentation
We present a clinical case of a married female patient with urological alteration, constant catheterization, and urethral dilation with recurrent UTI for ten years, with five episodes per year and reports of negative urine culture. The microscopic analysis revealed intracellular bacterial communities (IBC) and pyocytes with active bacteria. A protocol was designed for the release of intracellular bacteria in urine samples; without the proposed treatment, the urine culture was negative. However, upon releasing the internalized bacteria, we obtained a polymicrobial urine culture. We isolated and identified Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Streptococcus agalactiae. All microorganisms were sensitive to nitrofurans and sulfas. The patient is under treatment with nitrofurantoin and continuous follow-up by our workgroup.
Conclusions
It is essential to look for IBC and pyocytes with active bacteria in patients with recurrent UTIs to avoid false-negative urine culture results and provide timely treatment. Polymicrobial culture must be considered depending on the patient and clinical history.
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7
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Geurtsen J, de Been M, Weerdenburg E, Zomer A, McNally A, Poolman J. Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617594. [PMID: 35749579 PMCID: PMC9629502 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most researched microbial organism in the world. Its varied impact on human health, consisting of commensalism, gastrointestinal disease, or extraintestinal pathologies, has generated a separation of the species into at least eleven pathotypes (also known as pathovars). These are broadly split into two groups, intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). However, components of E. coli's infinite open accessory genome are horizontally transferred with substantial frequency, creating pathogenic hybrid strains that defy a clear pathotype designation. Here, we take a birds-eye view of the E. coli species, characterizing it from historical, clinical, and genetic perspectives. We examine the wide spectrum of human disease caused by E. coli, the genome content of the bacterium, and its propensity to acquire, exchange, and maintain antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Our portrayal of the species also discusses elements that have shaped its overall population structure and summarizes the current state of vaccine development targeted at the most frequent E. coli pathovars. In our conclusions, we advocate streamlining efforts for clinical reporting of ExPEC, and emphasize the pathogenic potential that exists throughout the entire species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurtsen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Interaction of Neutrophils and Biofilm Formed by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains with Different Pathogenic Potential. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 174:51-56. [PMID: 36437333 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biofilm formation by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) allows bacteria to avoid the influence of the host immune system that determines the pathogenesis of persistent urinary tract infections. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the mutual influence of neutrophils and biofilms formed by UPEC with different set of virulence-associated genes (VAGs). E. coli R11 and R32 strains with a wide range of virulence factors were characterized by low biofilm biomass that did not change after interaction with neutrophils. The biomass index decreased after interaction with neutrophils for strains with a limited set of pathogenicity factors (R33, R36, R45, and R44) and a "thick" biofilm. Bacterial cells and biofilm supernatants of all UPEC strains reduced viability (DiOC6(3)+/PI-) and stimulated early apoptosis (DiOC6(3)-/PI-) of neutrophils. The number of viable neutrophils was higher, while the number of apoptotic and necrotic (DiOC6(3)-/PI+) cells was lower under the action of supernatants of strains R44, R36, R45 in comparison with bacterial cells. Thus, modulation of the innate cell functions depends on the realization of the pathogenic potential of UPEC bacteria in urinary tract biofilms that determines the development of recurrent urinary tract infections.
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9
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Corcoran JA, Napier BA. C3aR plays both sides in regulating resistance to bacterial infections. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010657. [PMID: 35925892 PMCID: PMC9352106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the complement pathway results in the production of bioactive C3a, a product of C3 cleavage, which interacts with membrane-bound receptor C3aR to regulate innate immune cell function and outcome of bacterial infection. Specifically, previous research has identified mechanistically distinct and cell type–specific roles for C3aR in regulating innate immune cell inflammatory state, antimicrobial killing capacity, and metabolism. Historically, the production of C3a has been relegated to the serum; however, recent studies have provided evidence that various cell types can produce intracellular C3a that stimulates intracellular C3aR. In light of these new results, it is imperative that we revisit previous studies regarding the role of C3aR in controlling bacterial infections and analyze these results in the context of both extracellular and intracellular C3a production and C3aR activation. Thus, this review will cover specific roles of C3aR in driving cell type–specific and tissue specific responses during bacterial infections and emphasize the contribution of the C3a–C3aR axis in regulating host resistance to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Corcoran
- Department of Biology and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brooke A. Napier
- Department of Biology and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. on LPS-induced cystitis in mice: potential candidate for cystitis treatment based on classic use. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:321-331. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Doualeh M, Payne M, Litton E, Raby E, Currie A. Molecular Methodologies for Improved Polymicrobial Sepsis Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094484. [PMID: 35562877 PMCID: PMC9104822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial sepsis is associated with worse patient outcomes than monomicrobial sepsis. Routinely used culture-dependent microbiological diagnostic techniques have low sensitivity, often leading to missed identification of all causative organisms. To overcome these limitations, culture-independent methods incorporating advanced molecular technologies have recently been explored. However, contamination, assay inhibition and interference from host DNA are issues that must be addressed before these methods can be relied on for routine clinical use. While the host component of the complex sepsis host–pathogen interplay is well described, less is known about the pathogen’s role, including pathogen–pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis. This review highlights the clinical significance of polymicrobial sepsis and addresses how promising alternative molecular microbiology methods can be improved to detect polymicrobial infections. It also discusses how the application of shotgun metagenomics can be used to uncover pathogen/pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis cases and their potential role in the clinical course of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Doualeh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
| | - Matthew Payne
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Edward Litton
- Intensive Care Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Intensive Care Unit, St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- State Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Microbiology Department, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(08)-9360-7426
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12
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Ala-Jaakkola R, Laitila A, Ouwehand AC, Lehtoranta L. Role of D-mannose in urinary tract infections - a narrative review. Nutr J 2022; 21:18. [PMID: 35313893 PMCID: PMC8939087 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases worldwide. Despite the efficacy of antibiotics targeted against UTI, the recurrence rates remain significant among the patients. Furthermore, the development of antibiotic resistance is a major concern and creates a demand for alternative treatment options. D-mannose, a monosaccharide naturally found in fruits, is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement for reducing the risk for UTIs. Research suggests that supplemented D-mannose could be a promising alternative or complementary remedy especially as a prophylaxis for recurrent UTIs. When excreted in urine, D-mannose potentially inhibits Escherichia coli, the main causative organism of UTIs, from attaching to urothelium and causing infection. In this review, we provide an overview of UTIs, E. coli pathogenesis and D-mannose and outline the existing clinical evidence of D-mannose in reducing the risk of UTI and its recurrence. Furthermore, we discuss the potential effect mechanisms of D-mannose against uropathogenic E.coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Ala-Jaakkola
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460, Kantvik, Finland.
| | - Liisa Lehtoranta
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460, Kantvik, Finland
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13
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Lindblad A, Johansson C, Persson K, Demirel I. The role of caspase-1, caspase-4 and NLRP3 in regulating the host cell response evoked by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2005. [PMID: 35132157 PMCID: PMC8821701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome-associated proteins caspase-1, caspase-4 and NLRP3 have been emphasised to be essential in the host cell response during urinary tract infection (UTI) by regulating IL-1β release. Our aim was to investigate how the inflammasome-associated proteins regulate the cell response of bladder epithelial cells during infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Human bladder epithelial cells (5637) and CRISPR/Cas9 generated caspase-1, caspase-4 and NLRP3 knockdown cells were stimulated with the UPEC strain CFT073. Using Olink proteomics and real time RT-PCR, we showed that caspase-1, caspase-4 and NLRP3 are vital for the expression of many inflammatory genes and proteins from bladder epithelial cells. When investigating the effect of inflammasome-associated proteins on neutrophils, we found that conditioned medium from UPEC-infected caspase-4 knockdown cells significantly increased phagocytosis of CFT073 and significantly decreased ROS production from neutrophils. In contrast, conditioned medium from UPEC-infected NLRP3 knockdown cells significantly decreased the phagocytosis of CFT073 and significantly increased the ROS production from neutrophils. In conclusion, we showed that the inflammasome-associated proteins contribute to the host cell response during UPEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lindblad
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Johansson
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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14
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Bacterial Morphotypes as Important Trait for Uropathogenic E. coli Diagnostic; a Virulence-Phenotype-Phylogeny Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112381. [PMID: 34835506 PMCID: PMC8621242 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong to the most common pathologies in Mexico and are mainly caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC possesses a wide diversity of virulence factors that allow it to carry out its pathogenesis mechanism in the urinary tract (UT). The development of morphotypes in UT represents an important feature of UPEC because it is associated with complications in diagnosis of UTI. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of bacterial morphotypes, virulence genes, virulence phenotypes, antibiotic resistant, and phylogenetic groups in clinical isolates of UPEC obtained from women in Sonora, Mexico. Forty UPEC isolates were obtained, and urine morphotypes were observed in 65% of the urine samples from where E. coli was isolated. Phylogenetic group B2 was the most prevalent. The most frequent virulence genes were fimH (100%), fliCD (90%), and sfaD/focC (72%). Biofilm formation (100%) and motility (98%) were the most prevalent phenotypes. Clinical isolates showed high resistance to aminoglycosides and β-lactams antibiotics. These data suggest that the search for morphotypes in urine sediment must be incorporated in the urinalysis procedure and also that clinical isolates of UPEC in this study can cause upper, lower, and recurrent UTI.
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15
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Gu H, Cai X, Zhang X, Luo J, Zhang X, Hu X, Cai W, Li G. A previously uncharacterized two-component signaling system in uropathogenic Escherichia coli coordinates protection against host-derived oxidative stress with activation of hemolysin-mediated host cell pyroptosis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010005. [PMID: 34653218 PMCID: PMC8550376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) deploy an array of virulence factors to successfully establish urinary tract infections. Hemolysin is a pore-forming toxin, and its expression correlates with the severity of UPEC infection. Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism by which bacteria sense environmental cues and respond by initiating adaptive responses. Here, we began this study by characterizing a novel TCS (C3564/C3565, herein renamed orhK/orhR for oxidative resistance and hemolysis kinase/regulator) that is encoded on a UPEC pathogenicity island, using bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. A prevalence analysis indicates that orhK/orhR is highly associated with the UPEC pathotype, and it rarely occurs in other E. coli pathotypes tested. We then demonstrated that OrhK/OrhR directly activates the expression of a putative methionine sulfoxide reductase system (C3566/C3567) and hemolysin (HlyA) in response to host-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. OrhK/OrhR increases UPEC resistance to H2O2in vitro and survival in macrophages in cell culture via C3566/C3567. Additionally, OrhK/OrhR mediates hemolysin-induced renal epithelial cell and macrophage death via a pyroptosis pathway. Reducing intracellular H2O2 production by a chemical inhibitor impaired OrhK/OrhR-mediated activation of c3566-c3567 and hlyA. We also uncovered that UPEC links the two key virulence traits by cotranscribing the c3566-c3567 and hlyCABD operons. Taken together, our data suggest a paradigm in which a signal transduction system coordinates both bacterial pathogen defensive and offensive traits in the presence of host-derived signals; and this exquisite mechanism likely contributes to hemolysin-induced severe pathological outcomes. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of urinary tract infections, and approximately half of UPEC isolates produce a pore-forming toxin, hemolysin. Clinically, hemolysin carriage is associated with severe pathology and symptoms during UPEC infections. However, overexpression of hemolysin can be detrimental to UPEC colonization. Therefore, fine-tuning of hemolysin expression in response to in vivo-relevant signals is critical for optimal UPEC fitness in the urinary tract. In this study, we describe a virulence strategy employed by UPEC, i.e., the bacteria use a two-component signaling (TCS) system to coordinate oxidative stress resistance and hemolysin-mediated pyroptosis of host cells in response to host-derived oxidative signals. The TCS achieves this coordination by cotranscribing genes encoding the oxidative stress resistance and the hemolysin. As a result, UPEC is able to link defense to offense, and this exquisite virulence mechanism likely contributes to UPEC fitness in vivo and hemolysin-induced severe pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Gu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wentong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (GL)
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (GL)
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16
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Staphylococcus aureus cell wall structure and dynamics during host-pathogen interaction. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009468. [PMID: 33788901 PMCID: PMC8041196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the major structural component of the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall, in which it maintains cellular integrity, is the interface with the host, and its synthesis is targeted by some of the most crucial antibiotics developed. Despite this importance, and the wealth of data from in vitro studies, we do not understand the structure and dynamics of peptidoglycan during infection. In this study we have developed methods to harvest bacteria from an active infection in order to purify cell walls for biochemical analysis ex vivo. Isolated ex vivo bacterial cells are smaller than those actively growing in vitro, with thickened cell walls and reduced peptidoglycan crosslinking, similar to that of stationary phase cells. These features suggested a role for specific peptidoglycan homeostatic mechanisms in disease. As S. aureus missing penicillin binding protein 4 (PBP4) has reduced peptidoglycan crosslinking in vitro its role during infection was established. Loss of PBP4 resulted in an increased recovery of S. aureus from the livers of infected mice, which coincided with enhanced fitness within murine and human macrophages. Thicker cell walls correlate with reduced activity of peptidoglycan hydrolases. S. aureus has a family of 4 putative glucosaminidases, that are collectively crucial for growth. Loss of the major enzyme SagB, led to attenuation during murine infection and reduced survival in human macrophages. However, loss of the other three enzymes Atl, SagA and ScaH resulted in clustering dependent attenuation, in a zebrafish embryo, but not a murine, model of infection. A combination of pbp4 and sagB deficiencies resulted in a restoration of parental virulence. Our results, demonstrate the importance of appropriate cell wall structure and dynamics during pathogenesis, providing new insight to the mechanisms of disease. The prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in both hospitals and the wider community places a huge weight on healthcare providers. To discover new control regimes, it is therefore important to understand how the pathogen behaves within the relevant environment of the host. This is often hampered by the ability to obtain sufficient ex vivo pathogen samples for study. We have developed a method to isolate S. aureus from the infected host to be able to analyse cellular morphology and structure. S. aureus, isolated from an infected kidney abscess are smaller in size, with thicker cell walls than exponentially growing cells in vitro. Their cell wall peptidoglycan also is less crosslinked. These features suggested the role of components controlling cell wall homeostasis as being important for infections. We tested the role of PBP4, known to increase cell wall crosslinking and found a pbp4 mutant to have increased survival in macrophages and fitness within the murine host. Conversely the peptidoglycan hydrolase SagB, whose loss results in thinner cell walls was attenuated in the murine systemic model of infection, with concomitant loss of fitness within macrophages. Our study reveals an important adaptation to the host environment and the role of those components involved in cell wall homeostasis in vivo.
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17
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Sex Differences in Population Dynamics during Formation of Kidney Bacterial Communities by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00716-20. [PMID: 33468577 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00716-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary etiologic agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), encounters a restrictive population bottleneck within the female mammalian bladder. Its genetic diversity is restricted during establishment of cystitis because successful UPEC must invade superficial bladder epithelial cells prior to forming clonal intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs). In this study, we aimed to understand UPEC population dynamics during ascending pyelonephritis, namely, formation of kidney bacterial communities (KBCs) in the renal tubular lumen and nucleation of renal abscesses. We inoculated the bladders of both male and female C3H/HeN mice, a background which features vesicoureteral reflux; we have previously shown that in this model, males develop severe, high-titer pyelonephritis and renal abscesses much more frequently than females. Mice were infected with 40 isogenic, PCR-tagged ("barcoded") UPEC strains, and tags remaining in bladder and kidneys were ascertained at intervals following infection. In contrast to females, males maintained a majority of strains within both the bladder and kidneys throughout the course of infection, indicating only a modest host-imposed bottleneck on overall population diversity during successful renal infection. Moreover, the diverse population in the infected male kidneys obscured any restrictive bottleneck in the male bladder. Finally, using RNA in situ hybridization following mixed infections with isogenic UPEC bearing distinct markers, we found that despite their extracellular location (in the urinary space), KBCs are clonal in origin. This finding indicates that even with bulk reflux of infected bladder urine into the renal pelvis, successful ascension of UPEC to establish the tubular niche is an uncommon event.
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18
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Straub TJ, Chou WC, Manson AL, Schreiber HL, Walker BJ, Desjardins CA, Chapman SB, Kaspar KL, Kahsai OJ, Traylor E, Dodson KW, Hullar MAJ, Hultgren SJ, Khoo C, Earl AM. Limited effects of long-term daily cranberry consumption on the gut microbiome in a placebo-controlled study of women with recurrent urinary tract infections. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:53. [PMID: 33596852 PMCID: PMC7890861 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect 15 million women each year in the United States, with > 20% experiencing frequent recurrent UTIs. A recent placebo-controlled clinical trial found a 39% reduction in UTI symptoms among recurrent UTI sufferers who consumed a daily cranberry beverage for 24 weeks. Using metagenomic sequencing of stool from a subset of these trial participants, we assessed the impact of cranberry consumption on the gut microbiota, a reservoir for UTI-causing pathogens such as Escherichia coli, which causes > 80% of UTIs. RESULTS The overall taxonomic composition, community diversity, carriage of functional pathways and gene families, and relative abundances of the vast majority of observed bacterial taxa, including E. coli, were not changed significantly by cranberry consumption. However, one unnamed Flavonifractor species (OTU41), which represented ≤1% of the overall metagenome, was significantly less abundant in cranberry consumers compared to placebo at trial completion. Given Flavonifractor's association with negative human health effects, we sought to determine OTU41 characteristic genes that may explain its differential abundance and/or relationship to key host functions. Using comparative genomic and metagenomic techniques, we identified genes in OTU41 related to transport and metabolism of various compounds, including tryptophan and cobalamin, which have been shown to play roles in host-microbe interactions. CONCLUSION While our results indicated that cranberry juice consumption had little impact on global measures of the microbiome, we found one unnamed Flavonifractor species differed significantly between study arms. This suggests further studies are needed to assess the role of cranberry consumption and Flavonifractor in health and wellbeing in the context of recurrent UTI. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01776021 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Straub
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Abigail L Manson
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Henry L Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce J Walker
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christopher A Desjardins
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Orsalem J Kahsai
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Traylor
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen W Dodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meredith A J Hullar
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ashlee M Earl
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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19
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McLellan LK, McAllaster MR, Kim AS, Tóthová Ľ, Olson PD, Pinkner JS, Daugherty AL, Hreha TN, Janetka JW, Fremont DH, Hultgren SJ, Virgin HW, Hunstad DA. A host receptor enables type 1 pilus-mediated pathogenesis of Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009314. [PMID: 33513212 PMCID: PMC7875428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 pili have long been considered the major virulence factor enabling colonization of the urinary bladder by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The molecular pathogenesis of pyelonephritis is less well characterized, due to previous limitations in preclinical modeling of kidney infection. Here, we demonstrate in a recently developed mouse model that beyond bladder infection, type 1 pili also are critical for establishment of ascending pyelonephritis. Bacterial mutants lacking the type 1 pilus adhesin (FimH) were unable to establish kidney infection in male C3H/HeN mice. We developed an in vitro model of FimH-dependent UPEC binding to renal collecting duct cells, and performed a CRISPR screen in these cells, identifying desmoglein-2 as a primary renal epithelial receptor for FimH. The mannosylated extracellular domain of human DSG2 bound directly to the lectin domain of FimH in vitro, and introduction of a mutation in the FimH mannose-binding pocket abolished binding to DSG2. In infected C3H/HeN mice, type 1-piliated UPEC and Dsg2 were co-localized within collecting ducts, and administration of mannoside FIM1033, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of FimH, significantly attenuated bacterial loads in pyelonephritis. Our results broaden the biological importance of FimH, specify the first renal FimH receptor, and indicate that FimH-targeted therapeutics will also have application in pyelonephritis. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. While much has been discovered about how E. coli cause bladder infections, less is known about the host-pathogen interactions that underlie kidney infection (pyelonephritis). We employed recently developed mouse models to show that bacterial surface fibers called type 1 pili, which bear the adhesive protein FimH and are known to mediate E. coli binding to bladder epithelium, are also required for ascending kidney infection. We developed a cell-culture model of bacterial binding to renal collecting duct, then performed a screen using the gene-editing tool CRISPR to identify the first known FimH receptor in the kidney. This epithelial cell-surface protein, desmoglein-2, was shown to directly bind FimH, and we localized this binding to specific extracellular domains of DSG2. Further, we showed that mannosides, small-molecule FimH inhibitors currently in development to treat bladder infection, are also effective in experimental kidney infection. Our study reveals a novel host-pathogen interaction during pyelonephritis and demonstrates how this interaction may be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. McLellan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael R. McAllaster
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ľubomíra Tóthová
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jerome S. Pinkner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Allyssa L. Daugherty
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Teri N. Hreha
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mishra R, Krishnamoorthy P, Kumar H. MicroRNA-30e-5p Regulates SOCS1 and SOCS3 During Bacterial Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:604016. [PMID: 33585275 PMCID: PMC7873556 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.604016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate immunity is the major player against continuous microbial infection. Various pathogenic bacteria adopt the strategies to evade the immunity and show resistance toward the various established therapies. Despite the advent of many antibiotics for bacterial infections, there is a substantial need for the host-directed therapies (HDTs) to combat the infection. HDTs are recently being adopted to be useful in eradicating intracellular bacterial infection. Changing the innate immune responses of the host cells alters pathogen's ability to reside inside the cell. MicroRNAs are the small non-coding endogenous molecules and post-transcriptional regulators to target the 3'UTR of the messenger RNA. They are reported to modulate the host's immune responses during bacterial infections. Exploiting microRNAs as a therapeutic candidate in HDTs upon bacterial infection is still in its infancy. Here, initially, we re-analyzed the publicly available transcriptomic dataset of macrophages, infected with different pathogenic bacteria and identified significant genes and microRNAs common to the differential infections. We thus identified and miR-30e-5p, to be upregulated in different bacterial infections which enhances innate immunity to combat bacterial replication by targeting key negative regulators such as SOCS1 and SOCS3 of innate immune signaling pathways. Therefore, we propose miR-30e-5p as one of the potential candidates to be considered for additional clinical validation toward HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Pandikannan Krishnamoorthy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India.,WPI Immunology, Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Zhang Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bartkuhn M, Markmann M, Hossain H, Chakraborty T, Hake SB, Jia Z, Meinhardt A, Bhushan S. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factor α-Hemolysin Reduces Histone Acetylation to Inhibit Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1040-1051. [PMID: 33453118 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are common and costly diseases affecting millions of people. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a primary cause of these infections and has developed multiple strategies to avoid the host immune response. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanisms underpinning UPEC inhibition of inflammatory cytokine in vitro and in vivo. We found that UPEC infection simulates nuclear factor-κB activation but does not result in transcription of cytokine genes. Instead, UPEC-mediated suppression of the metabolic enzyme ATP citrate lyase results in decreased acetyl-CoA levels, leading to reduced H3K9 histone acetylation in the promotor region of CXCL8. These effects were dependent on the UPEC virulence factor α-hemolysin and were reversed by exogenous acetate. In a murine cystitis model, prior acetate supplementation rapidly resolved UPEC-elicited immune responses and improved tissue recovery. Thus, upon infection, UPEC rearranges host cell metabolism to induce chromatin remodeling processes that subvert expression of host innate immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Marek Bartkuhn
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melanie Markmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamid Hossain
- Klinikum St Marien Amberg, Amberg and Kliniken Nordoberpfalz AG, Weiden, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra B Hake
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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22
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Gaston JR, Johnson AO, Bair KL, White AN, Armbruster CE. Polymicrobial interactions in the urinary tract: is the enemy of my enemy my friend? Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00652-20. [PMID: 33431702 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of research pertaining to urinary tract infection has focused on a single pathogen in isolation, and predominantly Escherichia coli. However, polymicrobial urine colonization and infection are prevalent in several patient populations, including individuals with urinary catheters. The progression from asymptomatic colonization to symptomatic infection and severe disease is likely shaped by interactions between traditional pathogens as well as constituents of the normal urinary microbiota. Recent studies have begun to experimentally dissect the contribution of polymicrobial interactions to disease outcomes in the urinary tract, including their role in development of antimicrobial-resistant biofilm communities, modulating the innate immune response, tissue damage, and sepsis. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology of polymicrobial urine colonization, provide an overview of common urinary tract pathogens, and present key microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions that influence infection progression, persistence, and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Gaston
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Alexandra O Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Kirsten L Bair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Ashley N White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
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23
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Huang WC, Hashimoto M, Shih YL, Wu CC, Lee MF, Chen YL, Wu JJ, Wang MC, Lin WH, Hong MY, Teng CH. Peptidoglycan Endopeptidase Spr of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Contributes to Kidney Infections and Competitive Fitness During Bladder Colonization. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:586214. [PMID: 33391204 PMCID: PMC7774453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Antibiotic therapy is the conventional measure to manage such infections. However, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance has reduced the efficacy of antibiotic treatment. Given that the bacterial factors required for the full virulence of the pathogens are potential therapeutic targets, identifying such factors may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies against UPEC UTIs. The peptidoglycan (PG) endopeptidase Spr (also named MepS) is required for PG biogenesis in E. coli. In the present study, we found that Spr deficiency attenuated the ability of UPEC to infect kidneys and induced a fitness defect during bladder colonization in a mouse model of UTI. Based on the liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis of the bacterial envelope, spr deletion changed the levels of some envelope-associated proteins, suggesting that Spr deficiency interfere with the components of the bacterial structure. Among the proteins, FliC was significantly downregulated in the spr mutant, which is resulted in reduced motility. Lack of Spr might hinder the function of the flagellar transcriptional factor FlhDC to decrease FliC expression. The motility downregulation contributed to the reduced fitness in urinary tract colonization. Additionally, spr deletion compromised the ability of UPEC to evade complement-mediated attack and to resist intracellular killing of phagocytes, consequently decreasing UPEC bloodstream survival. Spr deficiency also interfered with the UPEC morphological switch from bacillary to filamentous shapes during UTI. It is known that bacterial filamentation protects UPEC from phagocytosis by phagocytes. In conclusion, Spr deficiency was shown to compromise multiple virulence properties of UPEC, leading to attenuation of the pathogen in urinary tract colonization and bloodstream survival. These findings indicate that Spr is a potential antimicrobial target for further studies attempting to develop novel strategies in managing UPEC UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Shih
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Feng Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hao Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Abbott IJ, Roberts JA, Meletiadis J, Peleg AY. Antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and preclinical in vitro models to support optimized treatment approaches for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:271-295. [PMID: 32820686 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1813567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely common. Millions of people, particularly healthy women, are affected worldwide every year. One-in-two women will have a recurrence within 12-months of an initial UTI. Inadequate treatment risks worsening infection leading to acute pyelonephritis, bacteremia and sepsis. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, it is critical to provide optimized antimicrobial treatment. AREAS COVERED Literature was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar (up to 06/2020), examining the etiology, diagnosis and oral antimicrobial therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, with emphasis on urinary antimicrobial pharmacokinetics (PK) and the application of dynamic in vitro models for the pharmacodynamic (PD) profiling of pathogen response. EXPERT OPINION The majority of antimicrobial agents included in international guidelines were developed decades ago without well-described dose-response relationships. Microbiology laboratories still apply standard diagnostic methodology that has essentially remained unchanged for decades. Furthermore, it is uncertain how relevant standard in vitro susceptibility is for predicting antimicrobial efficacy in urine. In order to optimize UTI treatments, clinicians must exploit the urine-specific PK of antimicrobial agents. Dynamic in vitro models are valuable tools to examine the PK/PD and urodynamic variables associated with UTIs, while informing uropathogen susceptibility reporting, optimized dosing schedules, clinical trials and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Moazzezy N, Asadi Karam MR, Rafati S, Bouzari S, Oloomi M. A Synthetic Peptide 2Abz 23S 29 Reduces Bacterial Titer and Induces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2797-2807. [PMID: 32764879 PMCID: PMC7381768 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s259937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A urinary tract infection (UTI), which is often caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains, affects many people worldwide annually. UPEC causes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the bladder epithelial cells; however, it has been proven that the UPEC can inhibit the early activation of the innate immune system. Methods This study aimed to examine the antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of different doses of truncated alpha-defensins (human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1) analog 2Abz23S29 on the mouse UTI model. Experimentally uropathogenic E. coli CFT073-infected mice were treated with low-dose 2Abz23S29 (250µg/mL), high-dose 2Abz23S29 (750µg/mL), ciprofloxacin (cip) (800µg/mL), or high-dose 2Abz23S29plus cip once a day 24 h post-infection. The 2Abz23S29 and cip treatment were given for two consecutive days. Results The in vivo results showed that fewer UPEC were recovered from the bladders of mice treated transurethrally with 2Abz23S29. Moreover, low-dose 2Abz23S29 significantly decreased the level of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas high-dose 2Abz23S29 increased pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein/2 (MIP/2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in infected bladders of mice. Besides, the levels of cytokines IL-6 and MIP/2 in infected mice treated with a combination of high-dose 2Abz23S29 and cip were significantly higher than the untreated mice. In contrast, CFT073-infected mice treated with a combination of high-dose 2Abz23S29 and cip showed no changes in cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β levels, indicating that ciprofloxacin may play an anti-inflammatory role. Conclusion Collectively, apart from the direct antibacterial role of 2Abz23S29, our data illustrated that 2Abz23S29 modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production of bladder in a dose-dependent manner, which has implications for the development of new anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Moazzezy
- Molecular Biology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Rafati
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Molecular Biology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Oloomi
- Molecular Biology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020059. [PMID: 32028684 PMCID: PMC7167820 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the fact that bacterial biofilm may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease has led to an increased focus on identifying diseases that may be biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are typically chronic in nature, as biofilm-residing bacteria can be resilient to both the immune system, antibiotics, and other treatments. This is a comprehensive review describing biofilm diseases in the auditory, the cardiovascular, the digestive, the integumentary, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system. In most cases reviewed, the biofilms were identified through various imaging technics, in addition to other study approaches. The current knowledge on how biofilm may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease indicates a number of different mechanisms. This spans from biofilm being a mere reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, to playing a more active role, e.g., by contributing to inflammation. Observations also indicate that biofilm does not exclusively occur extracellularly, but may also be formed inside living cells. Furthermore, the presence of biofilm may contribute to development of cancer. In conclusion, this review shows that biofilm is part of many, probably most chronic infections. This is important knowledge for development of effective treatment strategies for such infections.
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27
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Flores-Mireles A, Hreha TN, Hunstad DA. Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2020; 25:228-240. [PMID: 31548790 DOI: 10.1310/sci2503-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common microbial infections in humans and represent a substantial burden on the health care system. UTIs can be uncomplicated, as when affecting healthy individuals, or complicated, when affecting individuals with compromised urodynamics and/or host defenses, such as those with a urinary catheter. There are clear differences between uncomplicated UTI and catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) in clinical manifestations, causative organisms, and pathophysiology. Therefore, uncomplicated UTI and CAUTI cannot be approached similarly, or the risk of complications and treatment failure may increase. It is imperative to understand the key aspects of each condition to develop successful treatment options and improve patient outcomes. Here, we will review the epidemiology, pathogen prevalence, differential mechanisms used by uropathogens, and treatment and prevention of uncomplicated UTI and CAUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri N Hreha
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - David A Hunstad
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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28
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Marchenko IА, Babiichuk LO, Mishyna MM, Makieieva NI, Zubov PM. Peculiarities of leukocyte apoptosis modulation in children with pyelonephritis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the leading places among inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract of children belongs to pyelonephritis, the course of which presents in most cases as a severe infectious disease threatening the patient’s life, which is the main reason for development of chronic kidney failure. This study was conducted to compare apoptosis stages in peripheral blood of children of different age categories with pyelonephritis depending on etiological factor and complications. The problem of mechanisms underlying immune system misregulation, especially functional activity of leukocytes in children with pyelonephritis, have not been explored in recent years. Assessment of leukocytes (neutrophils) apoptosis stages in peripheral blood of children of different age categories with pyelonephritis depending on complications and etiological factor was the aim of present study. The children's peripheral blood samples were analysed and assessed using a flow cytofluorimeter. The present study demonstrates an increase of the level of apoptotic cells at an early stage of apoptosis in children of all age categories with chronic pyelonephritis, which can be explained by associations of a wide range of pathogens and the presence of sequelae. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the late stage of apoptosis is observed in children aged 1 month – 8 years, in children 8–18 years, the amount of apoptotic cells is reduced by 1.5 times. The study of apoptosis stages allows complete characterization of the dynamics of the apoptotic process and supplementation of the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis in children. Such studies will make it possible to affect apoptosis modulation to regulate or correct it and encourage the finding of innovative solutions in the treatment related to influence on the immune response. We conclude that enhancement of peripheral blood leukocyte apoptosis in chronic form of pyelonephritis especially in young children is due to the polyetiology of this form of pyelonephritis and the development of complications.
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29
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Ching CB, Becknell B. Novel role for androgen signaling in pyelonephritis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:455-457. [PMID: 30143065 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in urinary tract infection (UTI) susceptibility and severity are known, but have historically focused on anatomic differences between males and females. Until recently, experimental UTI has been limited to female animals due to ease of transurethral bladder catheterization. Olson and colleagues have developed a model of experimental UTI independent of sex that relies on direct bladder inoculation and thus permits investigation of sex differences in UTI susceptibility. They now build upon their prior work in this model by implicating androgens as drivers of tubular invasion by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, which form luminal bacterial communities preceding renal abscess formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Ching
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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30
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Poolman JT, Anderson AS. Escherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus: leading bacterial pathogens of healthcare associated infections and bacteremia in older-age populations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:607-618. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1488590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan T. Poolman
- Bacterial Vaccines Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Olson PD, McLellan LK, Hreha TN, Liu A, Briden KE, Hruska KA, Hunstad DA. Androgen exposure potentiates formation of intratubular communities and renal abscesses by Escherichia coli. Kidney Int 2018; 94:502-513. [PMID: 30041870 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Females across their lifespan and certain male populations are susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTI). The influence of female vs. male sex on UTI is incompletely understood, in part because preclinical modeling has been performed almost exclusively in female mice. Here, we employed established and new mouse models of UTI with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) to investigate androgen influence on UTI pathogenesis. Susceptibility to UPEC UTI in both male and female hosts was potentiated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone, while males with androgen receptor deficiency and androgenized females treated with the androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide were protected from severe pyelonephritis. In androgenized females and in males, UPEC formed dense intratubular, biofilm-like communities, some of which were sheltered from infiltrating leukocytes by the tubular epithelium and by peritubular fibrosis. Abscesses were nucleated by small intratubular collections of UPEC first visualized at five days postinfection and briskly expanded over the subsequent 24 hours. Male mice deficient in Toll-like receptor 4, which fail to contain UPEC within abscesses, were susceptible to lethal dissemination. Thus, androgen receptor activation imparts susceptibility to severe upper-tract UTI in both female and male murine hosts. Visualization of intratubular UPEC communities illuminates early renal abscess pathogenesis and the role of abscess formation in preventing dissemination of infection. Additionally, our study suggests that androgen modulation may represent a novel therapeutic route to combat recalcitrant or recurrent UTI in a range of patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Olson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa K McLellan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Teri N Hreha
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alice Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelleigh E Briden
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith A Hruska
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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32
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Sintsova A, Smith S, Subashchandrabose S, Mobley HL. Role of Ethanolamine Utilization Genes in Host Colonization during Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00542-17. [PMID: 29229730 PMCID: PMC5820945 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00542-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infection in humans, making it a global health priority. Nearly half of all women will experience a symptomatic UTI, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) being the major causative agent of the infection. Although there has been extensive research on UPEC virulence determinants, the importance of host-specific metabolism remains understudied. We report here that UPEC upregulates the expression of ethanolamine utilization genes during uncomplicated UTIs in humans. We further show that UPEC ethanolamine metabolism is required for effective bladder colonization in the mouse model of ascending UTI and is dispensable for bladder colonization in an immunocompromised mouse model of UTI. We demonstrate that although ethanolamine metabolism mutants do not show increased susceptibility to antimicrobial responses of neutrophils, this metabolic pathway is important for surviving the innate immune system during UTI. This study reveals a novel aspect of UPEC metabolism in the host and provides evidence for an underappreciated link between bacterial metabolism and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sintsova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sara Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Harry L Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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33
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Influence of Different Bacteria Strains Isolated from Septic Children on Release and Degradation of Extracellular Traps by Neutrophils from Healthy Adults. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1108:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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The SPOR Domain, a Widely Conserved Peptidoglycan Binding Domain That Targets Proteins to the Site of Cell Division. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00118-17. [PMID: 28396350 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00118-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporulation-related repeat (SPOR) domains are small peptidoglycan (PG) binding domains found in thousands of bacterial proteins. The name "SPOR domain" stems from the fact that several early examples came from proteins involved in sporulation, but SPOR domain proteins are quite diverse and contribute to a variety of processes that involve remodeling of the PG sacculus, especially with respect to cell division. SPOR domains target proteins to the division site by binding to regions of PG devoid of stem peptides ("denuded" glycans), which in turn are enriched in septal PG by the intense, localized activity of cell wall amidases involved in daughter cell separation. This targeting mechanism sets SPOR domain proteins apart from most other septal ring proteins, which localize via protein-protein interactions. In addition to SPOR domains, bacteria contain several other PG-binding domains that can exploit features of the cell wall to target proteins to specific subcellular sites.
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35
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Sahlberg Bang C, Demirel I, Kruse R, Persson K. Global gene expression profiling and antibiotic susceptibility after repeated exposure to the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) in multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178541. [PMID: 28591134 PMCID: PMC5462378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of urinary tract infections is today a challenge due to the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). There is an urgent need for new treatment strategies for multidrug-resistant UPEC and preferably with targets that have low potential for development of resistance. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are novel and potent antibacterial agents. The present study examines the transcriptomic targets of CORM-2 in a multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing UPEC isolate in response to a single exposure to CORM-2 and after repeated exposure to CORM-2. The bacterial viability and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were also examined after repeated exposure to CORM-2. Microarray analysis revealed that a wide range of processes were affected by CORM-2, including a general trend of down-regulation in energy metabolism and biosynthesis pathways and up-regulation of the SOS response and DNA repair. Several genes involved in virulence (ibpB), antibiotic resistance (marAB, mdtABC) and biofilm formation (bhsA, yfgF) were up-regulated, while some genes involved in virulence (kpsC, fepCEG, entABE), antibiotic resistance (evgA) and biofilm formation (artIP) were down-regulated. Repeated exposure to CORM-2 did not alter the gene expression patterns, the growth inhibitory response to CORM-2 or the MIC values for CORM-2, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim. This study identifies several enriched gene ontologies, modified pathways and single genes that are targeted by CORM-2 in a multidrug-resistant UPEC isolate. Repeated exposure to CORM-2 did not change the gene expression patterns or fold changes and the susceptibility to CORM-2 remained after repeated exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sahlberg Bang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, iRiSC—Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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36
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The Adherent/Invasive Escherichia coli Strain LF82 Invades and Persists in Human Prostate Cell Line RWPE-1, Activating a Strong Inflammatory Response. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3105-3113. [PMID: 27600504 PMCID: PMC5067744 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00438-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains have recently been receiving increased attention because they are more prevalent and persistent in the intestine of Crohn's disease (CD) patients than in healthy subjects. Since AIEC strains show a high percentage of similarity to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), neonatal meningitis-associated E. coli (NMEC), and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains, here we compared AIEC strain LF82 with a UPEC isolate (strain EC73) to assess whether LF82 would be able to infect prostate cells as an extraintestinal target. The virulence phenotypes of both strains were determined by using the RWPE-1 prostate cell line. The results obtained indicated that LF82 and EC73 are able to adhere to, invade, and survive within prostate epithelial cells. Invasion was confirmed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Moreover, cytochalasin D and colchicine strongly inhibited bacterial uptake of both strains, indicating the involvement of actin microfilaments and microtubules in host cell invasion. Moreover, both strains belong to phylogenetic group B2 and are strong biofilm producers. In silico analysis reveals that LF82 shares with UPEC strains several virulence factors: namely, type 1 pili, the group II capsule, the vacuolating autotransporter toxin, four iron uptake systems, and the pathogenic island (PAI). Furthermore, compared to EC73, LF82 induces in RWPE-1 cells a marked increase of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and of NF-κB already by 5 min postinfection, thus inducing a strong inflammatory response. Our in vitro data support the hypothesis that AIEC strains might play a role in prostatitis, and, by exploiting host-cell signaling pathways controlling the innate immune response, likely facilitate bacterial multiplication and dissemination within the male genitourinary tract.
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37
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McLellan LK, Hunstad DA. Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Outlook. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:946-957. [PMID: 27692880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical syndromes comprising urinary tract infection (UTI) continue to exert significant impact on millions of patients worldwide, most of whom are otherwise healthy women. Antibiotic therapy for acute cystitis does not prevent recurrences, which plague up to one fourth of women after an initial UTI. Rising antimicrobial resistance among uropathogenic bacteria further complicates therapeutic decisions, necessitating new approaches based on fundamental biological investigation. In this review, we highlight contemporary advances in the field of UTI pathogenesis and how these might inform both our clinical perspective and future scientific priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K McLellan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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38
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Al-Quraishy SA, Dkhil MA, Abdel-Baki AAA, Delic D, Wunderlich F. Protective Vaccination against Blood-Stage Malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi: Differential Gene Expression in the Liver of Balb/c Mice toward the End of Crisis Phase. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1087. [PMID: 27471498 PMCID: PMC4943960 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective vaccination induces self-healing of otherwise fatal blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi in female Balb/c mice. To trace processes critically involved in self-healing, the liver, an effector against blood-stage malaria, is analyzed for possible changes of its transcriptome in vaccination-protected in comparison to non-protected mice toward the end of the crisis phase. Gene expression microarray analyses reveal that vaccination does not affect constitutive expression of mRNA and lincRNA. However, malaria induces significant (p < 0.01) differences in hepatic gene and lincRNA expression in vaccination-protected vs. non-vaccinated mice toward the end of crisis phase. In vaccination-protected mice, infections induce up-regulations of 276 genes and 40 lincRNAs and down-regulations of 200 genes and 43 lincRNAs, respectively, by >3-fold as compared to the corresponding constitutive expressions. Massive up-regulations, partly by >100-fold, are found for genes as RhD, Add2, Ank1, Ermap, and Slc4a, which encode proteins of erythrocytic surface membranes, and as Gata1 and Gfi1b, which encode transcription factors involved in erythrocytic development. Also, Cldn13 previously predicted to be expressed on erythroblast surfaces is up-regulated by >200-fold, though claudins are known as main constituents of tight junctions acting as paracellular barriers between epithelial cells. Other genes are up-regulated by <100- and >10-fold, which can be subgrouped in genes encoding proteins known to be involved in mitosis, in cell cycle regulation, and in DNA repair. Our data suggest that protective vaccination enables the liver to respond to P. chabaudi infections with accelerated regeneration and extramedullary erythropoiesis during crisis, which contributes to survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Azeem A Abdel-Baki
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma Biberach, Germany
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
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Local Generation of Kynurenines Mediates Inhibition of Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1176-1183. [PMID: 26857571 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01202-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During epithelial infections, pathogenic bacteria employ an array of strategies to attenuate and evade host immune responses, including the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN; neutrophils). Among the most common bacterial infections in humans are those of the urinary tract, caused chiefly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). During the establishment of bacterial cystitis, UPEC suppresses innate responses via multiple independent strategies. We recently described UPEC attenuation of PMN trafficking to the urinary bladder through pathogen-specific local induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a tryptophan catabolic enzyme previously shown to have regulatory activity only in adaptive immunity. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which IDO induction attenuates PMN migration. Local tryptophan limitation, by which IDO is known to influence T cell longevity and proliferation, was not involved in its effect on PMN trafficking. Instead, metabolites in the IDO pathway, particularly L-kynurenine, directly suppressed PMN transepithelial migration and induced an attached, spread morphology in PMN both at rest and in the presence of chemotactic stimuli. Finally, kynurenines represent known ligands of the mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and UPEC infection of Ahr(-/-)mice recapitulated the derepressed PMN recruitment observed previously in Ido1(-/-)mice. UPEC therefore suppresses neutrophil migration early in bacterial cystitis by eliciting an IDO-mediated increase in local production of kynurenines, which act through the AHR to impair neutrophil chemotaxis.
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