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Puente H, Arguello H, Cortey M, Gómez-García M, Mencía-Ares O, Pérez-Perez L, Díaz I, Carvajal A. Detection and genetic characterization of enteric viruses in diarrhoea outbreaks from swine farms in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 37349807 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and distribution of Porcine astrovirus (PAstV), Porcine kobuvirus (PKoV), Porcine torovirus (PToV), Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) and Porcine mastadenovirus (PAdV) as well as their association with widely recognized virus that cause diarrhoea in swine such as coronavirus (CoVs) and rotavirus (RVs) in diarrhoea outbreaks from Spanish swine farms. Furthermore, a selection of the viral strains was genetically characterized. RESULTS PAstV, PKoV, PToV, MRV and PAdV were frequently detected. Particularly, PAstV and PKoV were detected in almost 50% and 30% of the investigated farms, respectively, with an age-dependent distribution; PAstV was mainly detected in postweaning and fattening pigs, while PKoV was more frequent in sucking piglets. Viral co-infections were detected in almost half of the outbreaks, combining CoVs, RVs and the viruses studied, with a maximum of 5 different viral species reported in three investigated farms. Using a next generation sequencing approach, we obtained a total of 24 ARN viral genomes (> 90% genome sequence), characterizing for first time the full genome of circulating strains of PAstV2, PAstV4, PAstV5 and PToV on Spanish farms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that PAstV, PKoV and PToV from Spanish swine farms clustered together with isolates of the same viral species from neighboring pig producing countries. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies to evaluate the role of these enteric viruses in diarrhoea outbreaks are required, their wide distribution and frequent association in co-infections cannot be disregard. Hence, their inclusion into routine diagnostic panels for diarrhoea in swine should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Puente
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Héctor Arguello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Oscar Mencía-Ares
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Lucía Pérez-Perez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Qiu X, Ding C. RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS analysis of antiviral effects mediated by cold stress and stress hormone corticosterone in chicken DF-1 cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu Y, Shi H, Hu Y, Yao R, Liu P, Yang Y, Li S. RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) promotes protein kinase B (AKT) activation to enhance glucose metabolism and reduce apoptosis in skeletal muscle of mice under acute cold exposure. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:603-618. [PMID: 36149580 PMCID: PMC9672220 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The main danger of cold stress to animals in cold regions is systemic metabolic changes and protein synthesis inhibition. RBM3, an exceptional cold shock protein, is rapidly upregulated in response to hypothermia to resist the adverse effects of cold stress. However, the mechanism of the protective effect and the rapid upregulation of RBM3 remains unclear. O-GlcNAcylation, an atypical O-glycosylation, is precisely regulated only by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) and participates in the signal transduction of multiple cellular stress responses as a "stress and nutrition receptor." Therefore, our study aimed to explore the mechanism of RBM3 regulating glucose metabolism and promoting survival in skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure. Meanwhile, our study verifies whether O-GlcNAcylation mediated by OGT rapidly upregulates RBM3. The blood and skeletal muscle of mice were collected at the end of cold exposure treatment for 0, 2, and 4 h. Changes in levels of RBM3, AKT, glycolysis apoptosis, and OGT were measured. The results show that acute cold exposure upregulated RBM3, OGT, and AKT phosphorylation and increased energy consumption, which enhanced glycolysis and prevent apoptosis. In the 32 °C mild hypothermia model in vitro, overexpression of RBM3 enhanced AKT phosphorylation. Meanwhile, inactivation of AKT by wortmannin resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure. In addition, OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65 was confirmed in mouse myoblast cell line (C2C12) cells at mild hypothermia. O-GlcNAcylation level affected p65 activity and nuclear translocation. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, RBM3 and p65 phosphorylation were decreased in specific skeletal muscle Ogt (KO) mice, whereas AKT phosphorylation, glycolysis, and apoptosis were increased. Taken together, O-GlcNAcylation of p65 upregulates RBM3 to promote AKT phosphorylation, enhance glucose metabolism, and reduce apoptosis in skeletal muscle of mice under acute cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhao Shi
- Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Xianyang, 712199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Hu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhi Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Yang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Shize Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, People's Republic of China.
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Ding C, Luo T, Qiu X. Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Chicken Kidneys in Response to Coronavirus IBV Infection Under Stress Induced by Dexamethasone. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945865. [PMID: 35909955 PMCID: PMC9335950 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in poultry can lead to changes in body metabolism and immunity, which can increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, knowledge regarding chicken responses to viral infection under stress is limited. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid similar to that secreted by animals under stress conditions, and has been widely used to induce stress in chickens. Herein, we established a stress model in 7-day-old chickens injected with Dex to elucidate the effects of stress on IBV replication in the kidneys. The metabolic changes, immune status and growth of the chickens under stress conditions were comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, the metabolic profile, weight gain, viral load, serum cholesterol levels, cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte ratio were compared in chickens treated with Dex and infected with IBV. An LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics method was used to examine differentially enriched metabolites in the kidneys. A total of 113 metabolites whose abundance was altered after Dex treatment were identified, most of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules. The principal metabolic alterations in chicken kidneys caused by IBV infection included fatty acid, valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism. Dex treatment before and after IBV infection mainly affected the host’s tryptophan, phenylalanine, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In addition, Dex led to up-regulation of serum cholesterol levels and renal viral load in chickens, and to the inhibition of weight gain, peripheral blood lymphocytes and IL-6 production. We also confirmed that the exogenous cholesterol in DF-1 cells promoted the replication of IBV. However, whether the increase in viral load in kidney tissue is associated with the up-regulation of cholesterol levels induced by Dex must be demonstrated in future experiments. In conclusion, chick growth and immune function were significantly inhibited by Dex. Host cholesterol metabolism and the response to IBV infection are regulated by Dex. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms in poultry stress, and should support further research on the intrinsic link between cholesterol metabolism and IBV replication under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
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Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071420. [PMID: 35891398 PMCID: PMC9323342 DOI: 10.3390/v14071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea.
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Blázquez E, Pujols J, Segalés J, Rodríguez C, Campbell J, Russell L, Polo J. Estimated quantity of swine virus genomes based on quantitative PCR analysis in spray-dried porcine plasma samples collected from multiple manufacturing plants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259613. [PMID: 35604901 PMCID: PMC9126402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This survey was conducted to estimate the incidence and level of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma. Samples of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) were collected over a 12- month period from eight spray drying facilities in Spain, England, Northern Ireland, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. In this survey, viral load for several porcine pathogens including SVA, TGEV, PRRSV (EU and US strains), PEDV, PCV-2, SIV, SDCoV and PPV were determined by qPCR. Regression of Ct on TCID50 of serial diluted stock solution of each virus allowed the estimate of potential viral level in SDPP and unprocessed liquid plasma (using typical solids content of commercially collected porcine plasma). In this survey SVA, TGEV or SDCoV were not detected in any of the SDPP samples. Brazil SDPP samples were free of PRRSV and PEDV. Samples of SDPP from North America primarily contained the PRRSV-US strain while the European samples contained the PRRSV-EU strain (except for one sample from each region containing a relatively low estimated level of the alternative PRRSV strain). Estimated viral level tended to be in the range from <1.0 log10 TCID50 to <2.5 log10 TCID50. Estimated level of SIV was the exception with a very low incidence rate but higher estimated viral load <3.9 log10 TCID50. In summary, the incidence of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma was variable and estimated virus level in samples containing viral DNA/RNA was relatively low compared with that occurring at the peak viremia during an infection for all viruses or when considering the minimal infectious dose for each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blázquez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- APC EUROPE S.L.U., Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE S.L.U., Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
- APC LLC, Ankeny, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Park JY, Ryu J, Park JE, Hong EJ, Shin HJ. Heat shock protein 70 could enhance porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus replication by interacting with membrane proteins. Vet Res 2021; 52:138. [PMID: 34717778 PMCID: PMC8557036 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) replication. We found that PEDV infection induced strong HSP70 overexpression in the very early stage of infection. We also confirmed that HSP70 overexpression increased the speed of PEDV replication, resulting in the generation of more virions. In contrast, knockout of HSP70 in cells significantly downregulated PEDV protein expression, resulting in a significant reduction in PEDV replication. Most importantly, we confirmed that among the structural proteins of PEDV, membrane (M) proteins have this important role. We found that membrane proteins control cellular HSP70 expression in PEDV-infected cells. We confirmed HSP70/M complex formation by both immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. Additionally, PEDV M overexpression induced strong HSP70 expression. All our results clearly confirmed that in PEDV-infected cells, the M protein plays a very important role in PEDV replication in collaboration with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ryu
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 13434, Republic of Korea.
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