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Kozlowski T, Bargiel W, Grabarczyk M, Skibinska M. Peripheral S100B Protein Levels in Five Major Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1334. [PMID: 37759935 PMCID: PMC10527471 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Five major psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, show a shared genetic background and probably share common pathobiological mechanisms. S100B is a calcium-binding protein widely studied in psychiatric disorders as a potential biomarker. Our systematic review aimed to compare studies on peripheral S100B levels in five major psychiatric disorders with shared genetic backgrounds to reveal whether S100B alterations are disease-specific. EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were searched for relevant studies published until the end of July 2023. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Overall, 1215 publications were identified, of which 111 full-text articles were included in the systematic review. Study designs are very heterogeneous, performed mostly on small groups of participants at different stages of the disease (first-episode or chronic, drug-free or medicated, in the exacerbation of symptoms or in remission), and various clinical variables are analyzed. Published results are inconsistent; most reported elevated S100B levels across disorders included in the review. Alterations in S100B peripheral levels do not seem to be disease-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kozlowski
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Bargiel
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Grabarczyk
- Student’s Research Group “Biology of the Neuron”, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Protein Biomarkers Unit, Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Carreon RL, Rivas-Grajales AM, Murphy N, Mathew SJ, Jha MK. Biomarkers in Psychiatric Drug Development: From Precision Medicine to Novel Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:287-297. [PMID: 36928855 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Burden of psychiatric disorders is compounded by their wide prevalence as well as the limited efficacy of currently available treatments and the current approaches for prescribing these treatments. The selection of treatments continues to be subjective and often results in a trial-and-error approach. Emerging research suggests that biological markers (or biomarkers) can be used to develop precision medicine approaches for psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the biomarkers also promise to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms which in turn can be used to develop novel therapeutic treatments. In this chapter we have focused on mood disorders and reviewed studies on electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood-based biomarkers that can guide selection of one treatment versus another (treatment-selection biomarker) as well as biomarkers that can guide the development of novel therapeutics. These studies suggest that the use of objective physiological data is poised to alter the landscape of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. However, practical and economic barriers remain as major hurdles. The key to finding such translational diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, and despite the tremendous advances in neuroscience, it is clear there remains much left to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Lozano Carreon
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ana Maria Rivas-Grajales
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Murphy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manish K Jha
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, O'Donnell Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Carlessi AS, Botelho MEM, Manosso LM, Borba LA, Maciel LR, Andrade NM, Martinello NS, Padilha APZ, Generoso CM, Bencke CV, de Moura AB, Lodetti BF, Collodel A, Joaquim L, Bonfante S, Biehl E, Generoso JS, Arent CO, Barichello T, Petronilho F, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Sex differences on the response to antidepressants and psychobiotics following early life stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173468. [PMID: 36174752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent mood disorder globally. Most antidepressants available for the treatment of MDD increase the concentration of monoamines in the synaptic cleft. However, such drugs have a high latency time to obtain benefits. Thus, new antidepressants with fast action and robust efficacy are very important. This study evaluated the effects of escitalopram, ketamine, and probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in rats submitted to the maternal deprivation (MD). MD rats received saline, escitalopram, ketamine, or probiotic for 10, 30, or 50 days, depending on the postnatal day (PND):21, 41, and 61. Following behavior, this study examined the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and oxidative stress markers. MD induced depressive-like behavior in females with PND21 and males with PND61. All treatments reversed depressive-like behavior in females and escitalopram and ketamine in males. MD induced an increase in the permeability of the BBB, an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. Treatments regulated the oxidative damage and the integrity of the BBB induced by MD. The treatment with escitalopram, ketamine, or probiotics may prevent behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with MDD, depending on the developmental period and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise S Carlessi
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda M Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa R Maciel
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Andrade
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicoly S Martinello
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Alex Paulo Z Padilha
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Generoso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Clara Vitória Bencke
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Lodetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Allan Collodel
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Erica Biehl
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila O Arent
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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Tural U, Irvin MK, Iosifescu DV. Correlation between S100B and severity of depression in MDD: A meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:456-463. [PMID: 34854356 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2013042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated elevated levels of the S100B protein (located in glial cells) in major depressive disorder (MDD) as compared to healthy controls. However, studies reporting correlation between S100B levels and depression severity have been conflicting. METHODS We investigated, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the correlation between S100B levels and depression severity is significant in patients with MDD. Pearson correlation coefficients reported in the individual studies were converted to Fisher's Z scores, then pooled using the random effects model. Meta-regression was used to test modifiers of the effect size. RESULTS Sixteen studies including 658 patients with MDD met eligibility criteria. No publication bias was observed. There was a significant and positive correlation between serum S100B level and depression severity (r = 0.204, z = 2.297, p = 0.022). A meta-regression determined that onset age of MDD and percentage of female participants are significant modifiers of this correlation. A moderate, but non-significant heterogeneity was observed in serum studies (44%). CONCLUSION As many studies have reported significantly increased levels of S100B in MDD compared to controls, this meta-analysis supports the assumption that the increase in S100B correlates with the severity of MDD. Additional studies investigating the precise biological connection between S100B and MDD are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Molly Kennedy Irvin
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Dan Vlad Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Navinés R, Oriolo G, Horrillo I, Cavero M, Aouizerate B, Schaefer M, Capuron L, Meana JJ, Martin-Santos R. High S100B Levels Predict Antidepressant Response in Patients With Major Depression Even When Considering Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:468-478. [PMID: 35176771 PMCID: PMC9211008 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between antidepressant response and glial, inflammatory, and metabolic markers is poorly understood in depression. This study assessed the ability of biological markers to predict antidepressant response in major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS We included 31 MDD outpatients treated with escitalopram or sertraline for 8 consecutive weeks. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was administered at baseline and at week 4 and 8 of treatment. Concomitantly, blood samples were collected for the determination of serum S100B, C-reactive protein (CRP), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)-C levels. Treatment response was defined as ≥50% improvement in the MADRS score from baseline to either week 4 or 8. Variables associated with treatment response were included in a linear regression model as predictors of treatment response. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients (87%) completed 8 weeks of treatment; 74% and 63% were responders at week 4 and 8, respectively. High S100B and low HDL-C levels at baseline were associated with better treatment response at both time points. Low CRP levels were correlated with better response at week 4. Multivariate analysis showed that high baseline S100B levels and low baseline HDL-C levels were good predictors of treatment response at week 4 (R2 = 0.457, P = .001), while S100B was at week 8 (R2 = 0.239, P = .011). Importantly, baseline S100B and HDL-C levels were not associated with depression severity and did not change over time with clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS Serum S100B levels appear to be a useful biomarker of antidepressant response in MDD even when considering inflammatory and metabolic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Navinés
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Oriolo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Hospital de día Córcega, Centre Psicoterapèutic Barcelona (CPB); and Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Horrillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Myriam Cavero
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France,CH Charles Perrens, Pole de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire, Centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitâtsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Addiction Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Es-sen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Lucile Capuron
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; CIBERSAM, Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rocio Martin-Santos
- Correspondence: Rocio Martin-Santos, MD, PhD, Senior Consultant, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM; and Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08036-Barcelona, Spain ()
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Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1452-1475. [PMID: 34994953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the treatment effects with ketamine, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), escitalopram, alone or in combination in adult rats of both sexes, subjected to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). All groups were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST), splash and open field tests. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum were collected to analyze oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. MD induced depressive-like behavior in the FST test in males and reduced grooming time in male and female rats. The treatments alone or combined reversed depressive and anhedonic behavior in females. In males, all treatments increased grooming time, except for ECS + escitalopram + ketamine. MD increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, nitrite/nitrate concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females. However, the treatment's response was sex dependent. Catalase activity decreased in the PFC of males and the PFC and hippocampus of females, and most treatments were not able to reverse it. MD increased the inflammation biomarkers levels in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females, and most treatments were able to reverse this increase. In all groups, a reduction in the interleukin-10 levels in the PFC and hippocampus of female and male rats was observed. Our study shows different responses between the sexes in the patterns evaluated and reinforces the use of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to early stress and in the response of the therapeutic strategies used.
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Doney E, Cadoret A, Dion-Albert L, Lebel M, Menard C. Inflammation-driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2851-2894. [PMID: 33876886 PMCID: PMC9290537 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of emotions is generally associated exclusively with the brain. However, there is evidence that peripheral systems are also involved in mood, stress vulnerability vs. resilience, and emotion‐related memory encoding. Prevalence of stress and mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder is increasing in our modern societies. Unfortunately, 30%–50% of individuals respond poorly to currently available treatments highlighting the need to further investigate emotion‐related biology to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of inflammation‐related mechanisms involved in mood regulation and stress responses discovered using animal models. If clinical studies are available, we discuss translational value of these findings including limitations. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression and maladaptive stress responses have been receiving increasing attention, and thus, the first part is centered on inflammation and dysregulation of brain and circulating cytokines in stress and mood disorders. Next, recent studies supporting a role for inflammation‐driven leakiness of the blood–brain and gut barriers in emotion regulation and mood are highlighted. Stress‐induced exacerbated inflammation fragilizes these barriers which become hyperpermeable through loss of integrity and altered biology. At the gut level, this could be associated with dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, and alteration of the gut–brain axis which is central to production of mood‐related neurotransmitter serotonin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, the fast‐acting antidepressant ketamine, and probiotics could directly act on the mechanisms described here improving mood disorder‐associated symptomatology. Discovery of biomarkers has been a challenging quest in psychiatry, and we end by listing promising targets worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Doney
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alice Cadoret
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Lebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
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IL-33 in Mental Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57040315. [PMID: 33810498 PMCID: PMC8066291 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders are common in the general population; every year about 25% of the total European population is affected by a mental condition. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders might be underestimated. Emerging evidence highlights the role of immune response as a key factor in MDs. Immunological biomarkers seem to be related to illness progression and to treatment effectiveness; several studies suggest strong associations among IL-6, TNFa, S100b, IL 1b, and PCR with affective or schizophrenic disorders. The purpose of this review is to examine and to understand the possible link between mental disorders and interleukin 33 to clarify the role of this axis in the immune system. We found 13 research papers that evaluated interleukin 33 or interleukin 31 levels in subjects affected by mental disorders. Eight studies investigated cytokines in affective disorders. Three studies measured levels of IL-33 in schizophrenia and two studies focused on patients affected by autism spectrum disorders. Alterations in brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome are affected by multiple levels of organization. Disorders of the autoimmune response, and of the IL-33/31 axis, may therefore be one of the factors involved in this process. These results support the evidence that alarmins, particularly the IL-33/31 axis, need more consideration among researchers and practitioners.
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9
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Charvériat M, Guiard BP. Serotonergic neurons in the treatment of mood disorders: The dialogue with astrocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:197-228. [PMID: 33541677 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes were traditionally regarded as cells important to neuronal activity, providing both metabolic and structural supports. Recent evidence suggests that they may also play a crucial role in the control of higher brain functions. In keeping with this hypothesis, it is now well accepted that astrocytes contribute to stress but also react to antidepressant drugs as they express serotonergic transporters and receptors. However, the downstream mechanisms leading to the fine-tuned regulation of mood are still unknown. This chapter pays attention to the role of astrocytes in the regulation of emotional behavior and related serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, it gives a current state of the clinical and preclinical evidence showing that astrocytes respond to environmental conditions and antidepressant drugs through the release of gliotransmitters and neurotrophic factors which in turn, influence serotonergic tone in discrete brain areas. This state-of-the-art review aims at demonstrating the remarkable potential for novel therapeutic antidepressant strategies targeting these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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10
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Rengasamy M, Marsland A, McClain L, Kovats T, Walko T, Pan L, Price RB. Longitudinal relationships of cytokines, depression and anhedonia in depressed adolescents. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:74-80. [PMID: 32919038 PMCID: PMC7952030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression has been associated with low-grade elevation of plasma cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6, IL-6; tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα) in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in adults. Preclinical and clinical studies also suggest that IL-6 and TNFα elevation are associated with anhedonia. However, few studies have examined longitudinal relationships between cytokines and depression/anhedonia in clinically depressed samples, particularly adolescents. METHODS Thirty-six adolescents with a depressive disorder receiving standard-of-care community treatment were assessed at a baseline and a follow-up timepoint. Self-report and clinical measures of depression and anhedonia, along with plasma IL-6 and TNFα levels, were obtained at both timepoints. Baseline cytokine measures were examined in association with baseline and follow-up clinical measures. On an exploratory basis, change in clinical measures over time was examined in relation to change in cytokine levels over time. RESULTS Higher baseline TNFα levels predicted higher follow-up depression severity after approximately four months (controlling for baseline depression). Higher baseline TNFα levels also associated positively with baseline anhedonia and predicted higher anhedonia at follow-up (controlling for baseline anhedonia). No association was found between change in clinical measures and change in cytokine levels over time. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents receiving standard-of-care community treatment for depression, higher levels of TNFα predicted greater depressive symptoms at 4-month follow-up, suggesting this cytokine may be used to help identify patients in need of more intensive treatment. Elevated TNFα levels were also associated with concurrent and future anhedonia symptoms, suggesting a specific mechanism in which TNFα affects depression trajectories. Future studies should examine the relationships between cytokine levels and depression/anhedonia symptoms at multiple timepoints in larger cohorts of depressed adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivel Rengasamy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Anna Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tessa Kovats
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Walko
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lisa Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca B Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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