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Terefe EM, Okalebo FA, Derese S, Muriuki J, Mas-Claret E, Langat MK. Anti-HIV crotocascarin ω from Kenyan Croton dichogamus. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2809-2816. [PMID: 36278900 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2134998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An anti-HIV methanol-soluble fraction of a 1:1 CH2Cl2:CH3OH extract of twigs of a Kenyan Croton dichogamus yielded seven compounds, the new crotocascarin ω (1), the known β-oplopanone (2), dihydroconiferyl acetate (3), 3'(4''-hydroxyphenyl)-propyl benzoate (4), lupeol, sitosterol and stigmasterol. Crotocascarin ω (90%) inhibited HIV-1 replication with an IC50 value of 5.3 nM, and the compound was cytotoxic towards MT-4 cells presenting an IC50 value of 84 µM. In silico modelling showed that the anti-HIV activity for compound 1 could be through the HIV-1 protease inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Mergia Terefe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith A Okalebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Muriuki
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Richard K, Andrae-Marobela K, Tietjen I. An ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traditionally used by the BaKalanga people of the Tutume subdistrict in Central Botswana to manage HIV/AIDS, HIV-associated conditions, and other health conditions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116759. [PMID: 37301306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE While access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) continues to improve worldwide, HIV infection and AIDS persist as serious health challenges, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM), as part of indigenous and pluralistic medical systems, are important contributors to primary health care worldwide. However, this knowledge remains relatively undocumented in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa such as the Tutume subdistrict of Central Botswana, where CAM is widely used including potentially for HIV/AIDS and HIV-associated conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the extent to which CAM is used by the BaKalanga Peoples of the Tutume subdistrict, we performed an exploratory community-based project to record medicinal plant use from this relatively undocumented region, with a particular focus on species used for management of HIV/AIDS and HIV-associated conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the snowball sampling technique, we recruited 13 Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) and conducted in-depth interviews to explore medicinal plant uses and treatment regimens. Plant specimens were collected and bio-authenticated. RESULTS We documented 83 plant species used as CAM to treat or manage a variety of conditions including HIV/AIDS, HIV-associated conditions, and other health conditions. Plants from the family Leguminosae were most frequently reported, comprising 21 species (25.3%), followed by 5 from both Euphorbiaceae and Combretaceae families (6.0%). Four plants (4.8%) were used specifically to manage HIV (Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. root, Aloe zebrina Baker root, Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. whole plant, and Harpagophytum procumbens var. subulobatum (Engl.) tuber), while an additional 7 (8.4%) were reported specifically for treating combinations of HIV-related symptoms. Notably, 25 (30.1%) have not been reported previously as CAM and/or lack reported bioactivity data. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first detailed ethnobotanical survey of CAM used by the BaKalanga Peoples of the Tutume subdistrict to manage HIV/AIDS and HIV-associated and other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khumoekae Richard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada; The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kerstin Andrae-Marobela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Block 235/217, Gaborone, Botswana; Center for Scientific Research, Indigenous Knowledge & Innovation (CesrIKi), PO Box 70237, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada; The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Rubegeta E, Makolo F, Kamatou G, Enslin G, Chaudhary S, Sandasi M, Cunningham AB, Viljoen A. The African cherry: A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116004. [PMID: 36535336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae), commonly known as "Pygeum" or "African cherry", occurs in mainland montane forests scattered across sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and some surrounding islands. Traditionally, decoctions of the stem-bark are taken orally for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), stomach ache, chest pain, malaria, heart conditions, and gonorrhoea, as well as urinary and kidney diseases. The timber is used to make axe handles and for other household needs. The dense wood is also sawn for timber. AIM The fragmented information available on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of the medicinally important P. africana was collated, organised, and analysed in this review, to highlight knowledge voids that can be addressed through future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bibliometric analysis of research output on P. africana was conducted on literature retrieved, using the Scopus® database. The trend in the publications over time was assessed and a network analysis of collaborations between countries and authors was carried out. Furthermore, a detailed review of the literature over the period 1971 to 2021, acquired through Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Pubmed, Scirp, DOAJ and Google Scholar, was conducted. All relevant abstracts, full-text articles and various book chapters on the botanical and ethnopharmacological aspects of P. africana, written in English and German, were consulted. RESULTS A total of 455 documents published from 1971 to 2021, were retrieved using the Scopus search. Analysis of the data showed that the majority of these documents were original research articles, followed by reviews and lastly a miscellaneous group comprising conference papers, book chapters, short surveys, editorials and letters. Data were analysed for annual output and areas of intense research focus, and countries with high research output, productive institutions and authors, and collaborative networks were identified. Prunus africana is reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antiviral, antimutagenic, anti-asthmatic, anti-androgenic, antiproliferative and apoptotic activities amongst others. Phytosterols and other secondary metabolites such as phenols, triterpenes, fatty acids, and linear alcohols have been the focus of phytochemical investigations. The biological activity has largely been ascribed to the phytosterols (mainly 3-β-sitosterol, 3-β-sitostenone, and 3-β-sitosterol-glucoside), which inhibit the production of prostaglandins in the prostate, thereby suppressing the inflammatory symptoms associated with BPH and chronic prostatitis. CONCLUSIONS Many of the ethnobotanical assertions for the biological activity of P. africana have been confirmed through in vitro and in vivo studies. However, a disparity exists between the biological activity of the whole extract and that of single compounds isolated from the extract, which were reported to be less effective. This finding suggests that a different approach to biological activity studies should be encouraged that takes all secondary metabolites present into consideration. A robust technique, such as multivariate biochemometric data analysis, which allows for a holistic intervention to study the biological activity of a species is suggested. Furthermore, there is a need to develop rapid and efficient quality control methods for both raw materials and products to replace the time-consuming and laborious methods currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Rubegeta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Felix Makolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Guy Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Gill Enslin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Sushil Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maxleene Sandasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Anthony B Cunningham
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Zekeya N, Mamiro B, Ndossi H, Mallya RC, Kilonzo M, Kisingo A, Mtambo M, Kideghesho J, Chilongola J. Screening and evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral effects of secondary metabolites from water extracts of Bersama abyssinica against SARS-CoV-2 Delta. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:280. [PMID: 36289484 PMCID: PMC9598020 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bersama abyssinica is a common herb in Africa, with diverse medical uses in different areas. The plant is well-known in Tanzania for treating respiratory disorders such as TB, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and asthma, and it has lately been utilized to treat COVID-19 symptoms. Water extract of leaf and stem bark has been registered as an herbal medication known as 'Coviba Dawa' in Tanzania for the relief of bacterial respiratory infections. The extracts, however, have not been scientifically tested for their anti-viral activities. The aim of this work was to test for the cytotoxicity and antiviral effects of bioactive ingredients from B. abyssinica extracts against the Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Methods B. abyssinica leaves and stem bark were dried under shade in room temperature and then pulverized to obtain small pieces before soaking into different solvents. One hundred grams of each, leaves and stem bark, were extracted in petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Water extract was obtained by decoction of stem bark and leaves into water. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidants were confirmed as components of the extracts. Analysis of polar extracts of bark stem bark and leaves was done. Antiviral screening and cytotoxicity experiments were conducted in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Laboratory facility according to International Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Results By the use of LC–MS/MS analysis, this study confirmed the existence of four phenolic compounds in B. abyssinica water extract; 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl propionate, 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 2,3, 6-trimethoxyflavone with antioxidant activity. This study showed that, while the water extracts of B. abyssinica had significant antiviral activity against SARS Cov2 virus, it showed no cytotoxicity effect on Vero E6 cells. In particular, the water extract (Coviba dawa) showed 75% while ethylacetate fraction of B. abyssinica leaves showed a 50% in vitro viral inhibition, indicating that these substances may be useful for the development of future anti-viral agents. Conclusion We therefore recommend isolation of compounds for further profiling and development with a broader concentration range. We further recommend studies that determine the antiviral activity of extracts of B.abyssinica on other viral pathogens of clinical concern. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03754-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Never Zekeya
- grid.442468.80000 0001 0566 9529Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, CAWM, P.O. Box 3031, Mweka, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Tanzania
| | - Bertha Mamiro
- grid.463666.70000 0001 0358 5436Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO), P.O. Box 23235, Msasani, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey Ndossi
- grid.463666.70000 0001 0358 5436Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO), P.O. Box 23235, Msasani, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rehema Chande Mallya
- grid.25867.3e0000 0001 1481 7466School of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mhuji Kilonzo
- grid.442459.a0000 0001 1998 2954University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Alex Kisingo
- grid.442468.80000 0001 0566 9529Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, CAWM, P.O. Box 3031, Mweka, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Tanzania
| | - Mkumbukwa Mtambo
- grid.463666.70000 0001 0358 5436Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO), P.O. Box 23235, Msasani, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jafari Kideghesho
- grid.442468.80000 0001 0566 9529Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, CAWM, P.O. Box 3031, Mweka, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Tanzania
| | - Jaffu Chilongola
- grid.412898.e0000 0004 0648 0439Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O. Box 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro Tanzania
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Rotich W. Botanical aspects, chemical overview, and pharmacological activities of 14 plants used to formulate a Kenyan Multi-Herbal Composition (CareVid™). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Terefe EM, Okalebo FA, Derese S, Muriuki J, Rotich W, Mas-Claret E, Sadgrove N, Padilla-González GF, Prescott TAK, Siddique H, Langat MK. Constituents of Croton megalocarpus with Potential Anti-HIV Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1861-1866. [PMID: 35709365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is an anti-HIV monochlorinated compound, 1β-acetoxy-3β-chloro-5α,6α-dihydroxycrotocascarin L (1), of the rare crotofolane diterpenoid class. Compound 1, a suspected artifact of extraction, along with the previously undescribed 11β-acetoxycrotocascarin L (2) and a known compound, crotocascarin K (3), were isolated from the bark of Croton megalocarpus, a Kenyan oil-producing seed crop. Compounds 1 and 3 inhibited HIV-1 replication with IC50 values of 28 and 5.5 nM, respectively. Furthermore, both compounds lacked cytotoxicity toward MT-4 cells and FM-55-M1 cells at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Compounds 1 and 3 were both found to inhibit HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Mergia Terefe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith A Okalebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Muriuki
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Winnie Rotich
- Sigowet-Soin Sub-County Hospital, Sondu-Kapsoit Road, Sigowet, Kericho County, 112-20200, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Eduard Mas-Claret
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K
| | - Nicholas Sadgrove
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K
| | | | | | - Holly Siddique
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K
| | - Moses K Langat
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, U.K
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Investigation of potential inhibitor properties of violacein against HIV-1 RT and CoV-2 Spike RBD:ACE-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:161. [PMID: 35834025 PMCID: PMC9281270 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A violacein-producing bacterium was isolated from a mud sample collected near a hot spring on Kümbet Plateau in Giresun Province and named the GK strain. According to the phylogenetic tree constructed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the GK strain was identified and named Janthinobacterium sp. GK. The crude violacein pigments were separated into three different bands on a TLC sheet. Then violacein and deoxyviolacein were purified by vacuum liquid column chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. According to the inhibition studies, the HIV-1 RT inhibition rate of 1 mM violacein from the GK strain was 94.28% and the CoV-2 spike RBD:ACE2 inhibition rate of 2 mM violacein was 53%. In silico studies were conducted to investigate the possible interactions between violacein and deoxyviolacein and three reference molecules with the target proteins: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain. Ligand violacein binds strongly to the receptor ACE2, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain with a binding energy of −9.94 kcal/mol, −9.32 kcal/mol, and −8.27 kcal/mol, respectively. Deoxyviolacein strongly binds to the ACE2, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain with a binding energy of −10.38 kcal/mol, -9.50 kcal/mol, and −8.06 kcal/mol, respectively. According to these data, violacein and deoxyviolacein bind to all the receptors quite effectively. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and HIV-1-RT inhibition studies with violacein and deoxyviolacein were performed for the first time in the literature.
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HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitory Effects of Major Compounds Present in CareVid™: An Anti-HIV Multi-Herbal Remedy. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030417. [PMID: 35330168 PMCID: PMC8950597 DOI: 10.3390/life12030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continued study on the anti-HIV activity of compounds present in CareVidTM, we report the HIV-1 integrase ((HIV-1 IN) inhibitory effects of pellitorine (1), oleuropein (2), magnoflorine (3), crotepoxide (4), ent-kaurane-16β,17-diol (5), crotocorylifuran (6), lupeol (7), betulin (8), and ellagic acid (9) in an in vitro enzyme assay, and in an in silico study. Ellagic acid, pellitorine, lupeol, and betulin showed an in vitro percentage inhibition against HIV-1 IN of 21.1%, 19.0%, 18.5%, and 16.8%, respectively, at a standard concentration of 25 μg/mL. However, from a pharmacokinetic perspective, ellagic acid has poor bioavailability, due to rapid elimination in metabolism in the gut microbiome. It was postulated that known gut catabolites of ellagic acid, urolithin A (10) and urolithin B (11) could be more promising candidates in exploring the anti-HIV activity of ellagic acid-rich medicinal species consumed orally. On the contrary, urolithin A and urolithin B demonstrated lower activity with comparison to ellagic acid. The binding affinity of compounds 1–9, urolithin A, and urolithin B against the catalytic domain of HIV-1 IN was also explored by in silico methods. Docking studies showed oleuropein as the best candidate, with a predicted energy of binding of ΔG −5.81 kcal/mol, while ellagic acid showed moderate predicted inhibition (ΔG −4.38 kcal/mol) caused by the interaction between the carbonyl and the key Mg2+ ion in the active site.
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