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Alotaibi B, Elekhnawy E, El-Masry TA, Saleh A, Alosaimi ME, Alotaibi KN, Negm WA. Antibacterial potential of Euphorbia canariensis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria causing respiratory tract infections. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:261-269. [PMID: 38696143 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2345891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The widespread dissemination of bacterial resistance has led to great attention being paid to finding substitutes for traditionally used antibiotics. Plants are rich in various phytochemicals that could be used as antibacterial therapies. Here, we elucidate the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia canariensis ethanol extract (EMEE) and then elucidate the antibacterial potential of ECEE against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. ECEE showed minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. The impact of ECEE on the biofilm-forming ability of the tested isolates was elucidated using crystal violet assay and qRT-PCR to study its effect on the gene expression level. ECEE exhibited antibiofilm potential, which resulted in a downregulation of the expression of the biofilm genes (algD, pelF, and pslD) in 39.13% of the tested isolates. The antibacterial potential of ECEE was studied in vivo using a lung infection model in mice. A remarkable improvement was observed in the ECEE-treated group, as revealed by the histological and immunohistochemical studies. Also, ELISA showed a noticeable decrease in the oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide and malondialdehyde). The gene expression of the proinflammatory marker (interleukin-6) was downregulated, while the anti-inflammatory biomarker was upregulated (interleukin-10). Thus, clinical trials should be performed soon to explore the potential antibacterial activity of ECEE, which could help in our battle against resistant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriyah Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta
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2
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Alhamdi HW, Anazi HK, Mokhtar FA, Elhawary SS, Elbehairi SEI, Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Fahmy LI, Elekhnawy E, Hassan A, Negm WA, Fahmy SA, Selim N. Panicum maximum Jacq. mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and biological activities supported by molecular docking. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:411-425. [PMID: 39193730 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2395811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study uses the aerial parts of Panicum maximum total extract (PMTE) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an environmentally friendly manner. TEM, SEM, FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, UV, and FTIR were used to characterize the green silver nanoparticles (PM-AgNPs). PM-AgNPs were evaluated as anticancer agents compared to (PMTE) against breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), and ovary adenocarcinoma (SKOV3) human tumour cells. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The PM-AgNPs had an absorbance of 418 nm, particle size of 15.18 nm, and zeta potential of -22.4 mV, ensuring the nanosilver's stability. XRD evaluated the crystallography nature of the formed PM-AgNPs. The cytotoxic properties of PM-AgNPs on MCF-7 and SKOV 3 were the strongest, with IC50s of 0.13 ± 0.015 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/ml, respectively, as compared to A549 (13 ± 3.2 µg/mL). The increase in the apoptotic cells was 97.79 ± 1.61 and 96.6 ± 1.91% for MCF-7 and SKOV3 cell lines, respectively. PM-AgNPs were found to affect the membrane integrity and membrane permeability of 50 and 43.75% of the tested isolates, respectively. Also, PM-AgNPs have recorded a reduction in the biofilm formation of S. aurues. These results suggest using PM-AgNPs to treat breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba W Alhamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Khalaf Anazi
- Department of Biology, Collage of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Alzahraa Mokhtar
- Fujairah Research Centre, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Seham S Elhawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Serag Eldin I Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa I Fahmy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Afnan Hassan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherif Ashraf Fahmy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil Selim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Al-Qahtani Z, Al-Kuraishy HM, Ali NH, Elewa YHA, Batiha GES. Kynurenine pathway in type 2 diabetes: Role of metformin. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22243. [PMID: 39129450 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The Kynurenine pathway (KP) which is involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from tryptophan (Trp) is intricate in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory reactions in response to cardiometabolic disorders can induce the development of IR through the augmentation of KP. However, kynurenine (KYN), a precursor of kynurenic acid (KA) is increased following physical exercise and involved in the reduction of IR. Consequently, KP metabolites KA and KYN have anti-diabetogenic effects while other metabolites have diabetogenic effects. KP modulators, either inhibitors or activators, affect glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in T2D in a bidirectional way, either protective or detrimental, that is not related to the KP effect. However, metformin through inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways can reduce the activation of KP in T2D. These findings indicated a strong controversy regarding the role of KP in T2D. Therefore, the objectives of this mini review were to clarify how KP induces the development of IR and T2D. In addition, this review aimed to find the mechanistic role of antidiabetic drug metformin on the KP, and how KP modulators affect the pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainah Al-Qahtani
- Internal Medicine Department, Neurology Section, College of Medicine, King Khaled university, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Naif H Ali
- Department of internal medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
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4
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Nabiyi S, Sajedi F, Zamani A, Behzad M. Effect of sitagliptin therapy on IL-29 and its associated signaling molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110833. [PMID: 38897073 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential immunoregulatory capacity of sitagliptin on interleukin-29 (IL-29) and genes involved in its intracellular pathway were explored in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS T2D patients treated with six months of sitagliptin (Sita+), patients not treated with sitagliptin (Sita-), and healthy controls (HCs) were included. IL-29 levels in the supernatant of stimulated mononuclear immune cells was determined with ELISA. The mRNA expression levels of IL-29, FOS, JUN, NF-AT2, NF-KB1, STAT1-2, IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, and IRF9 was assessed with real-time qPCR. RESULTS Increased protein and gene levels of IL-29 were observed in Sita- group compared to HCs (p < 0.001 and p = 0.026), while those levels were diminished in Sita+ group in comparison with Sita- group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008). Expression of FOS, NF-AT2 and NF-KB1 in Sita- patients was higher than HCs (p = 0.018, p = 0.021, and p = 0.001). A significant decrease in expression of FOS, NF-AT2, and NF-KB1 was found in Sita+ group versus Sita- parients (p = 0.027, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002). In Sita- patients, IL-29 levels were correlated to glucose metabolism parameters including FPG and HbA1c (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Sitagliptin administration has a regulatory effect on the aggressive expression of IL-29 and its signaling molecules including FOS, NF-AT2 and NF-KB1 in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Nabiyi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Firozeh Sajedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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5
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Alrouji M, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alshammari MS, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Bahaa MM, Batiha GE. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) inhibitors in Parkinson disease. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18412. [PMID: 38842132 PMCID: PMC11154839 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a protein expressed in postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Cdk5 is activated by p35 and p39 which are neuron regulatory subunits. Cdk5/p35 complex is activated by calpain protease to form Cdk5/p35 which has a neuroprotective effect by regulating the synaptic plasticity and memory functions. However, exaggerated Cdk5 is implicated in different types of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson disease (PD). Therefore, modulation of Cdk5 signalling may mitigate PD neuropathology. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to discuss the critical role of Cdk5 in the pathogenesis of PD, and how Cdk5 inhibitors are effectual in the management of PD. In conclusion, overactivated Cdk5 is involved the development of neurodegeneration, and Cdk5/calpain inhibitors such as statins, metformin, fenofibrates and rosiglitazone can attenuate the progression of PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesShaqra UniversityShaqraSaudi Arabia
| | - Haydar M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Mohammed S. Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesShaqra UniversityShaqraSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Research & Development, FunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Mostafa M. Bahaa
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of PharmacyHorus UniversityNew DamiettaEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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Alqahtani J, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, Hussein IA, Hassan HS, Alanzi AR, Moglad E, Ahmed R, Ibrahim S, El-Sherbeni SA. Potential Surviving Effect of Cleome droserifolia Extract against Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection: Investigation of the Chemical Content of the Plant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:450. [PMID: 38786178 PMCID: PMC11118852 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing rates of morbidity and mortality owing to bacterial infections, particularly Staphylococcus aureus have necessitated finding solutions to face this issue. Thus, we elucidated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of Cleome droserifolia extract (CDE). Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the main phytoconstituents of CDE were explored, which were kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-alpha-L-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, kaempferide, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, quinic acid, isocitrate, mannitol, apigenin, acacetin, and naringenin. The CDE exerted an antibacterial action on S. aureus isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. Also, CDE exhibited antibiofilm action using a crystal violet assay. A scanning electron microscope was employed to illuminate the effect of CDE on biofilm formation, and it considerably diminished S. aureus cell number in the biofilm. Moreover, qRT-PCR was performed to study the effect of CDE on biofilm gene expression (cna, fnbA, and icaA). The CDE revealed a downregulating effect on the studied biofilm genes in 43.48% of S. aureus isolates. Regarding the in vivo model, CDE significantly decreased the S. aureus burden in the liver and spleen of CDE-treated mice. Also, it significantly improved the mice's survival and substantially decreased the inflammatory markers (interleukin one beta and interleukin six) in the studied tissues. Furthermore, CDE has improved the histology and tumor necrosis factor alpha immunohistochemistry in the liver and spleen of the CDE-treated group. Thus, CDE could be considered a promising candidate for future antimicrobial drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ismail A. Hussein
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | | | - Abdullah R. Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rehab Ahmed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Suzy A. El-Sherbeni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
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7
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Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, Mahgoub S, Ibrahim HA, Ibrahim Elberri A, Abo Mansour HE, Mosalam EM, Moglad E, Alzahraa Mokhtar F. Dioon rzedowskii: An antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer plant extract with multi-faceted effects on cell growth and molecular signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111957. [PMID: 38554441 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial properties of Dioon rzedowskii extract, which had not been previously explored. We aimed to determine the extract's effect on liver and breast cancer cell lines and on solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) mouse model to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Three female albino mice groups were established: a tumor control group, a group treated with 100 mg/kg of the extract (D100), and a group treated with 200 mg/kg of the extract (D200) for 16 days after tumor development. Results showed that the D. rzedowskii extract inhibited cell growth in both MCF-7 and HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This was achieved by suppressing the cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The extract also improved liver, heart, and kidney functions compared to the tumor control. Furthermore, oral administration of the extract reduced tumor volume and alleviated oxidative stress in tumor tissue. The anticancer effects were associated with overexpression of p53 and Bax and downregulation of cyclin D1 expression, which was attributed to decreased phosphorylated MAPK kinases. Additionally, D. rzedowskii exhibited antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae isolated from cancer patients. The extract inhibited bacterial growth and reduced the membrane integrity. The study suggests that D. rzedowskii has promising potential as an adjunctive therapy for cancer treatment. Further investigations are needed to explore its combined anticancer efficacy. These results emphasize the value of natural products in developing compounds with potential anticancer activity and support a paradigm shift in cancer management to improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Sebaey Mahgoub
- Food Analysis Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Aya Ibrahim Elberri
- Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Hend E Abo Mansour
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EL-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Esraa M Mosalam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin EL-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatma Alzahraa Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida 44813, Sharkia, Egypt; Fujairah Research Centre, Sakamkam Road, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Ali NH, Alhamdan NA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Batiha GES. Irisin/PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway in Parkinson's disease: truth under the throes. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1985-1995. [PMID: 37819389 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative brain diseases which involves the deposition of α-synuclein. Irisin hormone, a newly discovered adipokine, has a valuable role in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the possible role of the irisin hormone in PD neuropathology. Irisin hormone has a neuroprotective effect against the development and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders by increasing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Irisin hormone has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative impacts, thereby reducing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the progression of neuroinflammation. Irisin-induced PGC-1α could potentially prevent α-synuclein-induced dopaminergic injury, neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity in PD. Inhibition of NF-κB by irisin improves PGC-1α and FNDC5 signaling pathway with subsequent attenuation of PD neuropathology. Therefore, the irisin/PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway could prevent dopaminergic neuronal injury. In conclusion, the irisin hormone has a neuroprotective effect through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impacts with the amelioration of brain BDNF levels. Further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Ahmad Alhamdan
- Department of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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9
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Abulaban AA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Alanazi A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Role of fenofibrate in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:113. [PMID: 38336772 PMCID: PMC10854163 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The underlying pathophysiology of MS is the destruction of myelin sheath by immune cells. The formation of myelin plaques, inflammation, and injury of neuronal myelin sheath characterizes its neuropathology. MS plaques are multiple focal regions of demyelination disseminated in the brain's white matter, spinal cords, deep grey matter, and cerebral cortex. Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferative activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) that attenuates the inflammatory reactions in MS. Fenofibrate inhibits differentiation of Th17 by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory signaling. According to these findings, this review intended to illuminate the mechanistic immunoinflammatory role of fenofibrate in mitigating MS neuropathology. In conclusion, fenofibrate can attenuate MS neuropathology by modulating different pathways, including oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory-signaling pathways, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abulaban
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Neurology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Departments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Asma Alanazi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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10
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Eldahshan OA, Abdelkhalek YM, El Dahshan M, Ahmed EA, Sabatier JM, Batiha GES. The possible role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 activators in the management of Covid-19. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23605. [PMID: 38069809 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 leading to pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations due to oxidative stress (OS) development and hyperinflammation. COVID-19 is primarily asymptomatic though it may cause acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), systemic inflammation, and thrombotic events in severe cases. SARS-CoV-2-induced OS triggers the activation of different signaling pathways, which counterbalances this complication. One of these pathways is nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which induces a series of cellular interactions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2-mediated viral toxicity and OS-induced cellular injury. Nrf2 pathway inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Therefore, Nrf2 activators may play an essential role in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced inflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19. Furthermore, Nrf2 activators can attenuate endothelial dysfunction (ED), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation, immune thrombosis, and coagulopathy. Thus this mini-review tries to clarify the possible role of the Nrf2 activators in the management of COVID-19. Nrf2 activators could be an effective therapeutic strategy in the management of Covid-19. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Iraq
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Magdy El Dahshan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gaber E-S Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
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11
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Hamad RS, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Ahmed EA, Saad HM, Batiha GES. SARS-CoV-2 infection and dysregulation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:657-673. [PMID: 37796433 PMCID: PMC10746631 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) leading to pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations due to the development of oxidative stress (OS) and hyperinflammation. The underlying cause for OS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 may be related to the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidative responses and cellular homeostasis. The Nrf2 pathway inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm and OS in COVID-19. Nrf2 activators can attenuate endothelial dysfunction (ED), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation, immune thrombosis, and coagulopathy. Hence, this review aimed to reveal the potential role of the Nrf2 pathway and its activators in the management of COVID-19. As well, we tried to revise the mechanistic role of the Nrf2 pathway in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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12
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Ruan Z, Tang J, Zeng M, Fan P. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220637. [PMID: 37426619 PMCID: PMC10329278 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus nearly 3 years ago, the world's public health has been under constant threat. At the same time, people's travel and social interaction have also been greatly affected. The study focused on the potential host targets of SARS-CoV-2, CD13, and PIKfyve, which may be involved in viral infection and the viral/cell membrane fusion stage of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. In this study, electronic virtual high-throughput screening for CD13 and PIKfyve was conducted using Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds in ZINC database. The results showed that dihydroergotamine, Saquinavir, Olysio, Raltegravir, and Ecteinascidin had inhibitory effects on CD13. Dihydroergotamine, Sitagliptin, Olysio, Grazoprevir, and Saquinavir could inhibit PIKfyve. After 50 ns of molecular dynamics simulation, seven compounds showed stability at the active site of the target protein. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were formed with target proteins. At the same time, the seven compounds showed good binding free energy after binding to the target proteins, providing potential drug candidates for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Ruan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mingtang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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13
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Elekhnawy E, Almurshedi AS, Abdelkader DH, El-Masry TA, Aldosari BN, El-Bouseary MM, Donia AA, Negm WA. Green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles reveal potent in vivo and in vitro antibacterial efficacy against Proteus mirabilis isolates. Int J Pharm 2023:123111. [PMID: 37302668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the spread of antimicrobial resistance dissemination is expanding at an accelerated rate. Therefore, numerous researchers haveinvestigatedalternative treatments in an effort to combat this significant issue. This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesised by Cycas circinalis against Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates. HPLC was utilised for the identification and quantification of C. circinalis metabolites. The green synthesis of ZnO NPs has been confirmed using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of metal oxide bonds has been compared to the free C. circinalis extract spectrum. The crystalline structure and elemental composition were investigated using X-ray diffraction and Energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The morphology of nanoparticles was assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, which revealed an average particle size of 26.83±5.87 nm with spherical outlines. The dynamic light scattering technique confirms the optimum stability of ZnO NPs with a zeta potential value equal to 26.4±0.49 mV. Using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, we elucidated the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs in vitro. MIC values for ZnO NPs ranged from 32 to 128 µg/mL. In 50% of the tested isolates, the membrane integrity was compromised by ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, we assessed the in vivo antibacterial capacity of ZnO NPs by a systemic infection induction using P. mirabilis bacteria in mice. The bacterial count in the kidney tissues was determined, and a significant decrease in CFU/g tissues was observed. The survival rate was evaluated, and the ZnO NPs treated group had higher survival rates. The histopathological studies demonstrated that kidney tissues treated with ZnO NPs had normal structures and architecture. Moreover, the immunohistochemical examinations and ELISA revealed that ZnO NPs substantially decreased the proinflammatory mediators NF-kβ, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in kidney tissues. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that ZnO NPs are effective against bacterial infections caused by P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Alanood S Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dalia H Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Basmah N Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Donia
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menofia University, Menofia City, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
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14
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Nag S, Mandal S, Mukherjee O, Mukherjee S, Kundu R. DPP-4 Inhibitors as a savior for COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Future Virol 2023:10.2217/fvl-2022-0112. [PMID: 37064327 PMCID: PMC10096336 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at particular risk of severe COVID-19. Human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a membrane-bound aminopeptidase that regulates insulin release by inactivating incretin. DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) are therefore used as oral anti-diabetic drugs to restore normal insulin levels. These molecules also have anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertension effects. Recent studies on the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and DPP-4 predict a possible entry route for SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, DPP-4is could be effective at reducing the virus-induced 'cytokine storm', thereby ceasing inflammatory injury to vital organs. Moreover, DPP-4is may interfere with viral entry into host cells. Herein, we have reviewed the efficacy of DPP-4is as potential repurposed drugs to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Nag
- Department of Zoology, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731 235, India
| | - Samanwita Mandal
- Department of Zoology, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731 235, India
| | - Oindrila Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731 235, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Science, Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, 713 340, India
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Department of Zoology, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731 235, India
- Author for correspondence:
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15
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Alkazmi L, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, El-Bouseary MM, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. Dantrolene and ryanodine receptors in COVID-19: The daunting task and neglected warden. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:335-352. [PMID: 36732880 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dantrolene (DTN) is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist that inhibits Ca2+ release from stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. DTN is mainly used in the management of malignant hyperthermia. RyRs are highly expressed in immune cells and are involved in different viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because Ca2+ is necessary for viral replication, maturation and release. DTN can inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, indicating its potential role in reducing entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. DTN may increase clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and promote coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery by shortening the period of infection. DTN inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) mediated platelets aggregations and thrombosis. Therefore, DTN may inhibit thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19 through suppression of platelet NMDA receptors. Moreover, DTN has a neuroprotective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced brain injury through modulation of NMDA receptors, which are involved in excitotoxicity, neuronal injury and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In conclusion, DTN by inhibiting RyRs may attenuate inflammatory disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated cardio-pulmonary complications. Therefore, DNT could be a promising drug therapy against COVID-19. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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16
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Que L, Qin W, Shi Y, Ding Y, Huang K, Qian Z, Huang B, Zhou P, He Q. Pharmacokinetic comparison of sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release tablets versus JANUMET ® XR in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1105767. [PMID: 37033652 PMCID: PMC10073488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Janumet® XR is the combination of sitagliptin and extended metformin hydrochloride produced by Merck Sharp & Dohme. It is specially designed for diabetes mellitus patients taking both drugs already. Janumet® XR exhibited clinically significant blood glucose lowering efficacy and long-term use safety. However, no generic form of Janumet® XR has been approved in western countries. The relatively high cost made the medication less prescribed. A more affordable form of this drug may benefit an immense diabetes mellitus population. The current study compared the bioequivalence (BE) of sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin 1000 mg produced by Nanjing Chia-Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Company to Janumet® XR in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy Chinese subjects were enrolled in Study 1 and 2, respectively. Both studies were conducted with an open, randomized, two-period crossover design using the test (T) or the reference (R) drug. Study 1 is conducted under the fasting state, and Study 2 is under the fed state. Subjects received an oral dose of sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin 1000 mg, and plasma concentrations of sitagliptin and metformin were determined up to 72 h post-dose. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, including maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve up to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t) of both sitagliptin and metformin, were calculated and compared between the T and R treatments. Results: In the fasting study, the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ for sitagliptin were 109.42%, 101.93%, and 101.95%, respectively; the corresponding ratios for metformin were 98.69%, 94.12%, and 93.42%, respectively. In the fed study, the geometric mean ratios of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ for sitagliptin were 98.41%, 100.30%, and 100.24%, respectively; the corresponding ratios for metformin were 97.79%, 99.28%, and 100.69%, respectively. The 90% CIs of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ in both studies were all within acceptance limits (80.00%-125.00%). Conclusion: The results demonstrated for the first time that sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin 1000 mg produced by Nanjing Chia-Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Company was bioequivalent to the branded Janumet® XR, and both drugs were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Que
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfei Shi
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Qian
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bingjie Huang
- Nanjing Chia-Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Company, Nanjing, China
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Nanjing Chia-Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Company, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing He
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Qing He,
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